3. Lesson Outcomes:
1. Define Globalization, Migration, and Hybridity
2. Identify the types of migration and;
3. Create a poster showin the optimistic side of globalization,
migration, and hybridity in the 21st century.
4. Activity:
Using the venn diagram give the differences and similarities
among globalization, migration, and hybridity.
globalization migration
hybridity
5. Introduction
Globalization
the process by which businesses or other
organizations develop international influence or start operating
on an international scale.
Migration
The movement of a person or people from one
country, locality, place of residence, to settle in another; an
instance of this.
6. introduction
Hybridity
refers to any mixing of east and western culture. Within
colonial and postcolonial literature, it most commonly refers to
colonial subjects from Asia or Africa who have found a balance
between eastern and western cultural attributes.
8. Main lesson
Many of the sources I have found regarding globalization in
the Philippines has stated that globalization has had a
negative impact on the Philippines. It has caused more
poverty, and inequality throughout the country. According to
a survey taken in 2012 the percentage of Filipinos is 27.9%.
9. Main lesson
In 1995 when the Philippines signed the WTO* to join in
globalization it was considered unprepared and undeveloped
which is a big reason why globalization has affected its poverty
yearly. There is about 80 million people living in the Philippines
and 60 percent of them are living in poverty. One reason for the
increase in poverty comes from the lack of agricultural jobs which
was caused by the government taking over farmer’s land for
companies to build their factories.
10. Main lesson
They’re also in poverty because they are forced to compete with
the crops from foreign countries. Seeing as there is more
competition less produce is being made forcing the prices on the
produce to increase. This keeps the poor people poor and
hungry while the rich stay full. The most popular way for a
Filipino to become rich is for a person to find a job overseas and
make a living that way. Otherwise there is little chance for a
Filipino to become rich under the poverty conditions in the
Philippines. This is one inequality globalization has caused.
11. Main lesson
In the Philippines globalization isn’t given equally to
different ethnic groups. For example Muslims feel as
though they’re being neglected during the globalization
process. The Muslims groups begin to feel that they’d be
better without the central government and they continue to
search for new leadership in order to make their hopes and
dreams reality.
12. Main lesson
Not only Muslims feel that they’re being neglected but there
are other groups that have made similar complaints. Another
example of the inequality that goes on in the Philippines is
some actors are treated better than others depending on
some of the characteristics they have. You could say that
Philippines does not have everything situated before they
decided to join globalization.
14. Main Lesson
The issue of globalization is linked with migration and with
movement of capital and commodities.
Migration is said to be as old as human civilizations, and
there is clear proof that globalization is inextricably related
to it. The growing demand for laborers of the most capitalist
countries precipitated the migration of many families from
the unprivileged communities.
15. Main Lesson
According to estimates, more or less 20% of the labor force
in the Philippines want to leave the country in search for a
job abroad. Some of them become victims of illegal
recruitment and human trafficking.
16. Main Lesson
WHAT IS MIGRATION?
National Geographic defines human migration as
the movement of people from one territory to another for
the purpose of taking up either a permanent or temporary
residence.
17. Main Lesson
People migrate for various reasons. The reasons may
fall under four categories:
1. economic
2. environmental
3. cultural
4. political
18. Main Lesson
Within these categories, National Geographic categorized them
as “push” and “pull” factors of migration.
Push factors – are those that motivate people to move from
one place to another because of difficulty, such as food
shortage, war, flood, etc.
Pull factors – are those that motivate people to move their
place to another place simply because of some desirable
reasons such as nicer climate, better food supply, freedom and
others.
20. Main Lesson
External Migration – moving in a different country, state or
continent to a new residence
Internal Migration – this is defined as the process where
migrants look for a new residence within their own country, state,
or continent.
Forced Migration – this happens when the state or authorities
forced its people to migrate for a reason
Migration – leaving one country to move to another
Immigration – moving into a new country
23. Main Lesson
Hybridity in postcolonial studies uses the ability of a hybrid to
reconcile two different cultural identities as a means of viewing
and critiquing both cultures unbiasedly. Hybrid came from the
Latin, hybrida.
Hybridity refers to the mixing together of previously descrete
cultural elements, which result in a creation of new meanings
and identities.
24. Main Lesson
"Hybridity in particular shows the connections between the
racial categories of the past and contemporary cultural
discourse: it may be used in different ways, given differences
inflections and apparently discrete references, but it always
reiterates and reinforces the dynamics of the same conflictual
economy whose tensions and divisions it re-enacts its own
antithetical structure.".
-Robert Young
25. evaluation
Make an essay about the impact and importance of
globalization, migration, and hybridity in the 21st century.
Write it on your actvity notebook with 3-5 paragraphs.
26. enrichment
Be Creative!
Make a poster, showing the optimistic side of
globalization, migration, and hybridity in the world.
Rubrics:
Creativity and Presentation(40%),
Originality (30%)
Relevance to the theme (30%)
Total: 100%
27. Summary
Globalization has had a lot of impact on different countries
worldwide. Some countries benefited from it while others
such as the Philippines sort of suffered from it. In this case
globalization was not the main reason for poverty and
inequality in the Philippines but it did play a big role in
contributing to the situation.
28. Summary
Migration can identify as the following:
External Migration
Internal Migration
Forced Migration
Migration
Immigration
29. Summary
Hybridity can describe the split-consciousness of migrant
identities (e.g., Filipino American), cultural practices (e.g.,
Bollywood, flamenco rock), language (taglish), and literary
forms/genres.
32. Lesson Outcomes:
1. Discuss the class, ideology, and cultural forms
2. Identify the types of ideology and;
3. Write a paper that explores the centrality of social class
differences in the conflict of the story.
33. Activity:
Make a family tree showing the order of your
family. Indicate your social class and the
lineage of your parents.
35. Main lesson
Ideology
a system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the
basis of economic or political theory and policy.
It can be interpreted as type of a "False Consciousness"
but this itself is a misperception since it assumes that there is
a "True" consciousness out there that we only need to imbibe
in order to get the heart of reality.
Is made of a set of existing images, discourses and ideas
that allows us to imagine
36. Main lesson
Types of Ideology
1. Anarchism
2. Communism
3. Conservatism
4. Environmentalism
5. Gender equality
6. Liberalism
7. Nationalism
8. Religious ideologies
38. Main lesson
The German Ideology
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels' Considered history from a
materialist perspective as opposed to the idealist worldview
propagated.
Marx and Engel held that human lives are ultimately
governed by their material conditions.
39. Main lesson
Social and Class Literary Genres
In Ian Watt's landmark the study of he Rise of the Novel:
Realism and Novel Form (1956), the author traces the
emergence of realism its exemplary form, the novel, to the
rise of the middle class in 18th century England.
According to him, Capitalism as mode of production made
possible the burgeoning of prose narrative that evolves into
the realistic novels.
40. Main lesson
Social and Class Literary Genres
Louis Althusser, a French Critic who reworked the main
ideas of Marx, coins the term interpellation refers to the
operation by which ideology assigns o the individual human
being an identity as a subject.
For Marx and Althusser, religion is an exemplary ideology
in that it conditions people to recognize or see themselves in
the Christian narrative about God, Christ, and Eternal
Salvation.
41. Main lesson
Interpellating the Female
Most popular genres for girls romance novels chick lit.
The Task of Cultural Critique, Marxist critic Teresa Ebert
notes that romances are, conspicuously, narratives that
operate on female fantasies about love, sex and marriage.
Ebert claims that the genre is more ironic than its
predecessor in that it rejects the sentimental quality of
romances.
43. enrichment
Read Cirilo Bautista’s story “Resurrectio”. Write a paper that
explores the centrality of social class differences in the conflict of
the story.
44. Summary
How we define ourselves has to do with how we actively
decide on a college degree, career, clothes, movies, books,
food, music, and sometimes, even friendships. In fact, this
practical knowledge informs what we understand by the
concept of individuality. Essentially, individuality pertains to
our ‘natural selves’, a set of qualities that disguise us from
other people.
47. Lesson Outcomes:
1. Identify the difference between gender
and sexuality.
2. Determine the common definitions of
gender and sexuality.
3. Appreciate individual differences
through their gender and sexuality.
48. Activity:
Based on your understanding, how would
you define gender and sexuality?
49. introduction
Gender and sexuality can be very complicated issues
for young people. People identifying as lesbian, gay,
bisexual, trans, queer, intersex, asexual and other
sexualities, sexes and genders (LGBTQIA+) often face
discrimination, bullying or violence and experience much
higher incidents of mental health issues as a result. This is
why it is so important that young people discuss gender and
sexuality, are supported to be themselves, and know where
and when to seek further help.
50. Main Lesson
Gender
The term gender, which can be understood
as the way an individual expresses and
understands themselves in relation to their
sex, is often used interchangeably with the
term sex.
51. Main Lesson
This reflects the common underlying
assumption that the two are always aligned.
However for many young people their
gender identity may differ from their sex
(which is indicated by biological sex
characteristics, such as genitals, hormones
and sex organs).
52. Main Lesson
Some common gender definitions include:
• Trans*: this is a broad term often used to refer to either
transsexual and/or transgender. Generally speaking,
trans* refers to when a person identifies with the
opposite gender.
• Transsexual: transsexual individuals identify as the
opposite gender to their biological sex. Physical
transformations, e.g. genital reassignment surgery or
hormone therapy, may be undertaken to change sex.
53. Main Lesson
• Transgender: this is a broad term that like trans, covers
a range of identities and or behaviours. Transgender is
most often used to describe non-traditional gender
behaviours or identities.
• Intersex: intersex refers to a range of conditions where a
person’s sex is not strictly male or female. This may be
due to the presence of male and female sex
characteristics, or the underdevelopment of primary sex
characteristics.
55. Main Lesson
Sexuality
Sexuality can be complicated and is not
fixed for everyone.
There are many kinds of sexualities that
people identify as having – and it is now
accepted that same-sex attraction is a
normal part of human sexuality.
56. Main Lesson
Young people often begin to explore and
understand their sexuality throughout their
adolescent and childhood years, with many
including straight, gay, lesbian and bisexual
people aware of sexual attractions from an
early age.
57. Main Lesson
Regardless of when a person begins to
explore their sexuality, this can be a
confusing and challenging time, with gay,
lesbian and bisexual young people in
particular often experiencing an especially
difficult time “coming out” to family and
friends.
58. Main Lesson
Some of the common terminology associated with sexuality
includes:
• Heterosexual or straight: heterosexual refers to when
people tend to be attracted to the opposite sex or gender.
• Gay: gay refers to same-sex attraction and is most often
used to in reference to men.
• Lesbian: lesbian refers to women who are mostly
attracted to other women, or people identifying as
women.
59. Main Lesson
• Bisexual: bisexual refers to individuals who are attracted
to both sexes and genders. Pansexual or pan is also
often to indicate a diverse sexuality, and attraction to
people regardless of their gender.
• Asexual: asexual refers to individuals who do not or have
not yet experienced sexual attraction to anyone.
61. MAIN LESSON
It is important that young people discuss
gender and sexuality, and realise that both
are incredibly diverse and that it is healthy to
explore gender and sexuality. If an individual
is struggling with their gender or sexuality it
can often be helpful to talk to someone, such
as a counsellor, parent or teacher.
62. evaluation
ESSAY: Answer the question below.
In what way did the decoupling of sex from
gender led to openness to possibilities of
other genders aside from the traditional
male and female?
63. enrichment
Go online and search for stories that
concern or talk about gender and
sexuality. On a short bond paper, write
your insights about it.
64. Summary
The greatest conceptual innovation introduced
by the feminist movement is the decoupling of sex
from gender, the significance of which goes beyond
the case of women. Sex refers to the anatomical
structure of our bodies, whether male of female;
gender refers to the values and norms assigned by
social convention to those bodies, “womanhood” for
females and “manhood” for males.
67. Lesson Outcomes:
1. Compare and contrast the terms “mass culture” and
“popular culture”
2. Produce a report on the concerns raised by academic
treatments of the kalyeserye. and;
3. Identify the role of media and technology in the 21st
century.
68. Activity:
1. What is the role of media technologies in
perpetuating rather than eradicating magical
thought in modern age?
2. Compare and contrast the terms “mass
culture” and “popular culture”
69. Introduction
• Bluetooth • Blogging • Reality shows • Facebook • Twitter
• YouTube (viral videos) • Podcasting • Search Engines •
E-books • Digital library • Smartphones • Digital Imaging
/Photography • Tumblr • Digital Animation in 2D/ 3D •
Digital Music • Wi-Fi • Printing technology • Cable/ Satellite
technology • Gaming Technology • Online Press • 4D
Cinema • Blu ray • Home Cinema • Instagram • Photoshop
• 3D Printing • P2P MEDIA & TECHNOLOGY
70. Main lesson
MEDIA & TECHNOLOGY
Advertising/
Marketing
Ease of use
Consumer and producer
culture
Freedom of
expression
Accessibility
71. Main lesson
What is popular culture?
Popular culture is the aesthetic created and sold by
the profit-seeking firms operating in the global
entertainment market aesthetic- creative, inventive,
artistic, etc.
EX: (in movies) good vs. evil, human vs. alien, action,
explosions, minimal dialogue, etc.
72. Main lesson
The 3 Major Theoretical Views on Popular Culture
1. Functionalists argue that popular culture is the social glue that binds
together members of that social group and creates feeling of group
cohesion
2. Interactionists focus on the way we use popular culture to make sense
of ourselves but also emphasize how others shape our taste, values
and identity
3. Critical theorists argue that the mass media is an industry and
designed to indoctrinate and subordinate the masses (audiences) into
acceptance of capitalist mode of consumption
73. Main lesson
What are interpretive communities?
Example Interpretive communities play out in everyday life
by determining taste and utilization such as fashion, movies,
etc.
Interpretive communities are consumers whose common
social identities and cultural backgrounds (whether organized
on the basis of nationality, race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality,
religion, or age) inform their shared understandings of culture
in patterned and predictable ways
74. Main lesson
What is class
distinction?
Class distinction
is used to describe
someone's worth,
wealth, or place in
society
75. Main lesson
Steven Johnson's The Sleeper Curve
Is popular culture any good for you?
According to Steve Johnson, popular culture is making us smarter.. "The popular
culture of today is forcing us to become more intelligent."
Reasons why:
there is more and more increased storyline complexity (multithreading, more
than one storyline at a time, etc.)
decline of flashing arrows (obvious references designed to clue what's about
to happen, etc.)
video games that provide a mental workout (not unlike a good math problem)
76. Main lesson
Mass Media
Mass media are technological modes
of communication in society
Traditionally the mass media has
referred to television, newspaper,
magazines, films, and now the internet
and mobile devices.
Many sources of mass media seek to
influence people and make profit
77. Main lesson
Perpetual Discontent
is a two-pronged advertising theme which
emphasizes 1. how broken and flawed we are and
2. how we can buy hope in the form of a product being sold.
EX: The many beauty product commercials that will
remind you that you are aging and soon enough you'll be
getting wrinkles, but wait, there's a magical product that
promises to keep you young forever!
79. Main lesson
Children, elders, teens, married or not, single or in a
relationship; who does not know AlDub? AlDub
Phenomenon
Almost everyone is hooked in their story. through
media their story circulated all over the globe making
their own name in show-business. AlDub Phenomenon
80. Main lesson
Media is known to be the channel in which a certain
people, events or things became popular. With media,
information were transferred easily. Pop-culture on the
other hand is the culture being transmitted via mass media.
The most common categories of pop culture are
entertainment which includes movies, music, tv; sport and
news, politics, fashion and technology. One of the popular
today is the AlDub phenomenon. AlDub Phenomenon
81. Main lesson
'AlDub' is the word coined from the name of the characters
in Eat Bulaga's Kalyeserye namely Alden Richards and
Maine Mendoza a.k.a Yaya Dub. Filipinos always seeks
entertainment, we are known for smiling even if we have
problems. With this attitude, we are capable of handling
problems that come in our life. We are good at diverting our
attentions instead of focusing in it. AlDub Phenomenon
82. Main lesson
AlDub is famous for its witty characters and it showcases
the Filipino values that is almost forgotten nowadays.
AlDub Phenomenon The implications of Media and pop
culture is that we cannot say if it will be a good turn out or
the viewer will take it negatively. In AlDub's case, the
negative implications were many people
83. Main lesson
AlDub Phenomenon the implications of media and pop
culture is that we cannot say if it will be a good turn out or
the viewer will take it negatively. In AlDub's case, the
negative implications were many people engage
themselves into bashing other people which is not a good
practice. This malpractice is made possible by mass
media.
84. evaluation
1. How Maine and Alden are redefining Dalagang Pilipina and
Barako as 21st century gender ideals for their fans?
2. How OFWs away from their families are valuing the Kalyeserye.
3. How is the kalyeserye representing its setting, the kalye? Answer
by considering these: the choice of locality, the material and
human elements, the ubiquity of advertisements.
4. How does Kalyeserye represents the use of media technologies
like split screen, dubsmash, mobile phones, and social media
alongside old-school love letters and fan signs?
85. enrichment
The kalyeserye inspired not just a burst of fan analyses but also
critical essays from academics, including one from Sole:
(https://www.rappler.com/thought-leaders/111175-part-1-aldub-
magic-formula) (https://www.rappler.com/thought-
leaders/111198-part-2-aldub-millions-captivated ).Search for
other critical essays. Create a report on the concerns raised by
academic treatments of the kalyeserye.
86. Summary
Choose a short literary or cultural text that is familiar to you.
It can be a trending story, a billboard advertisement, a TV
series, a magazine, etc. Then, freely write down your
reaction or interpretation of the chosen text. What factors
(personal, psychological, education level, social
experiences, cultural background, etc.) could have influence
your reaction or interpretation of the chosen text.
89. Lesson Outcomes:
1. Recognize the role of cultural workers called
“translators,” and the role of translated literature.
2. Identify the difference between Thomas Shelton
and Edith Grossman's translation of the Spanish
novel Don Quixote.
3. Create a translation of a Filipino song.
90. Activity:
This is a TTW (Think, Talk, Write) exercise.
Below are statements about language that
come from different sources. Think about
each statement below and decide whether
you agree or disagree with it. If you agree
with the statements, write A on the line
before the statement and if you disagree with
the statement, write D on the line.
91. Activity:
_____1. “The strength of a person is in his
intelligence and in his tongue.” -Arabic saying
_____2. “Absolutely nothing is so important for
a nation's culture as its language.” -Wilhelm von
Humboldr
_____3. “To learn a language is to have one
more window from which to look at the world.”
-Chinese saying
92. Activity:
_____4. “The more languages you know, the
more you are human.” -Czech saying
_____5. “Language is an anonymous,
collective, and unconscious art; the result of the
creativity of thousands of generations.” -Edward
Sapir
93. introduction
All talks of internationalization and calls for
globalization today can only be understood and acted
upon if people coming from different societies and
cultures make an effort to understand each other. In
its most literal sense, understanding each other
presupposes the use of a common language. What
language to use to bridge peoples and cultures has
its own share of controversies and difficulties.
94. Main Lesson
Our Philippine constitution recognizes
Filipino and English as its two official
languages. However, we must bear in our
mind that apart from these two languages,
the Philippines is also home to some 180
languages.
95. Main Lesson
In Asia, approximately 2,200 languages are being
used.
Worldwide, it is said that close to 7,000
languages are being spoken.
Across time some of these languages become
archaic or die out, and some of these languages
grow in importance in world affairs and become
attributed as a lingua franca.
96. Main Lesson
According to UNESCO (United Nations'
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization),
the most widely spoken languages in the world
today are Mandarin Chinese, English, Spanish,
Hindi, Arabic, Bengali, Russian, Portuguese,
Japanese, German, and French.
97. Main Lesson
To Do: Share with a partner what you know about the
following. Try to give an example of each.
• mother tongue
• national language
• lingua franca
• official language
• endangered language
• regional language
• archaic language
• polyglot
On a sheet of paper, write a list of the advantages of
knowing more than one language.
98. Main Lesson
With the diversity of world languages comes a
diversity of literary forms. From ancient to modern
literary works, there are numerous types of poetry,
drama, and fiction.
One branch of literary scholarship called literary
translation is addressing reader's needs to transform
literary works from the original or source language to
the language that its target readers know.
99. Main Lesson
The literary translator's work differs from the work
of other translators such as commercial
translators---they translate technical manuals,
medical books, and the like---in that the former
has more freedom translating, whereas the latter
must adhere to consistency and exactness in
their translation.
100. Main Lesson
To have an idea about the process of
literary translation, read an excerpt from Ilya
Kaminsky's “Translating a Peony” (2010,
http://wwb-campus.org/extras/translating-a-
peony-by-ilya-kaminsky).
101. Main Lesson
What does the word “negotiate” mean? It is
known that good literary translators constantly
negotiate with the source text. How do you
think literary translators negotiate with a source
text?
102. Main Lesson
Umberto Eco, a popular Italian fictionist, essayist, and
translator says that, “negotiation is a process by virtue of
which, in order to get something, each party renounces
something else, and at the end everybody feels satisfied
since one cannot have everything.”
For Umberto Eco, a good translation is not a literal
translation but a translation that provides a sense of the
original text.
103. Main Lesson
It must also be emphasized that like all types of writing,
translations are made for an audience.
There is no such thing as a translation that is for all time.
translated works must be reassessed time and againfor
the needs of its intended audience.
Take the case of the Spanish novel Don Quixote of the
Mancha (El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha)
by Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra.
104. evaluation
Go online and look for the two translations
of Don Quixote which were translated by
Thomas Shelton in 1612 and Edith
Grossman in 2003. Compare and contrast
the first paragraph and see how changes
in the English language necessitated a
retranslation of the work.
105. enrichment
Create a translation of a song. Form groups of four
members. Select a Filipino song that has a music video
posted on YouTube. Create English subtitles for the song for
foreign viewers to have a better “sense” of the song. Print
out the translated lyrics. Do not forget to provide your
teacher the Web address of the music video. Then write a
350-500 word explanation about forms of “negotiation” the
group had to do to translate the song.
106. Summary
It is indeed a challenge to humanity to make an
effort to understand different cultures of different
peoples across the globe when the basic tool for
understanding---language---poses a challenge. It is
of growing concern today that people should step out
of their linguistic cofort zones and attempt to master
a second language or even more languages.
