2. Survey Research and Ethnography in Anthropology
• Survey research: Mainly used in large, populous nations
• Involves sampling, impersonal data collection, and statistical analysis
• Focuses on accurate inferences about larger populations
• Respondents answer questions through interviews or questionnaires
Discussions – Ethnographic Researches
3. Major Types of Samples in Research Studies
Random Sample:
• Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
• Achieved through randomization techniques like random number tables.
• Helps minimize bias and allows for generalizations to the larger population.
Stratified Sample:
• Population divided into subgroups (strata) based on characteristics.
• Participants randomly selected from each stratum.
• Ensures representation and enables precise analysis within specific categories.
The choice of sampling method depends on research objectives, available resources, and the nature of the
population under study. Researchers should carefully consider the strengths and limitations of each sampling
method in relation to their research goals.
4. Variables in Survey Research
Variables in survey research provide insights into relationships and characteristics within a population.
• Types of Variables:
• Demographic Variables: Age, gender, education, income, occupation, marital status.
• Attitudinal Variables: Opinions, beliefs, attitudes measured using Likert scales or statements.
• Behavioral Variables: Behaviors, actions, past experiences.
• Psychographic Variables: Psychological traits, values, lifestyles, interests.
• Semantic Differential Variables: Perceptions or evaluations using opposite adjectives.
• Open-Ended Variables: Free-text questions, qualitative responses.
• Importance of Variables:
• Enable analysis of patterns, trends, and relationships.
• Provide meaningful conclusions and informed decisions.
• Careful selection and measurement enhance accuracy and validity.
5. Blending Ethnography and Survey Research in Complex Societies.
• Ethnography complements survey research in complex societies
• Ethnographic techniques can be applied in any setting
• Close observation helps develop culturally appropriate survey questions
• Combination provides new perspectives on life in complex societies
Group Discussions
