English Grammer

March 07, 2017
Lahore Pakistan
PROLOGUE
As a youngster, I realized very well that students commence dreaming of a
future career in the early stages of their schooling. I remember when I was at school. I made a
dream to learn and speak English language as a second language. This was due to its significant
importance in the present world. There is no doubt of its extent and familiarity. According to its
new statistics approximately more than 30% people speak English. English is being used as an
official language in more than 56 countries and interestingly Pakistan is at 9th
number. So what I
want to say is just about its worthiness and scope.
In addition, I intend to write a book. In which I can express certain things regarding English
language. My rationale throughout my life has been quite rudimentary ‘‘To Provide Best Possible
Assistance’’ in anyway in the absence of any sort of discrimination.
Furthermore, I have used quite easy and understandable language so a new comer can get all of
the stuff. A one noticeable thing that a learner must take into his/her account while studying by the
help of this book. I am about to use basic language and vocabulary so everyone can understand
comfortably. Whereas I am writing this book in order to guide you not to impress anyone.
On the other hand, there is a misconception that it’s a very complex language. I would snub this
concept. According to my perspective English is neither easy nor complex one. It depends on the
method. How it is being teaching as well as willingness of a learner.
My experience regarding this language has been very outstanding. I will share my few ideas that
how I succeed to learn this language but later in my explanation of the data. It’s a simple language
needs a good method and data to learn and retain. I will try my very best to rectify all the worries,
misconceptions and fear of this language.

My Magnanimous Learners:
I am glad you have decided to learn English. That is a great decision of yours. Keep it up!
I want you to take a strengthen start and decision as well as make sure you are going to study not
only according to the situation but with respect to your goals . I will be excited to see you a topper
student and an outstanding human being in your upcoming life. Make a clear goal which must be
in accordance with your devotion to your education and worth full passion towards getting great
education. May Allah succeed you in every sphere of your life.
Use it with the help of a person that will be at your hand and you might be calling him/her as your
teacher.
I tried my best to use simple language so any learner could understand it properly. At last, I would
consider it to say always take a very good care of yourself as well as of your parents and their
dreams too. Do not even try to commit an action which your parents prevents you to neglect.
Always respect your parents and elders not only because they are venerable but they highly deserve
it.
‘‘Today is the day to learn something new”
‘‘Try to invest in yourself you will get unpredictable return’’
‘‘Do more, be more”
‘‘If you have imagined something believe in you and achieve it’’
‘‘Remember if you can think certainly you can do it’’
‘‘Respect elders, love Youngers’’
Do not lose this book. Keep it safe.
Let’s get started……

DEDICATE TO:
My parents due to their thoughtful prayers Allah Almighty has granted
me success. Their suggestions and guidance made me able to decide to
write my erudition in the shape of this book. It’s my first experience ever
to express my information in a written form. I believe Allah will help me
to make it meaningful for all learners. I would like to share my especial
and never ending gratitude to my dear sister for her never ending support
and care.
JAZAK-ALLAH
FARHAN NAEEM
BBA (HONS)
ORDINARY ENGLISH LEARNER
UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION LAHORE

TABLE OF CONTENTS
T E N S E S .................................................................................................................................... 1
Parts of Sentences........................................................................................................................ 2
Helping verb..........................................................................................................................................2
Verb.......................................................................................................................................................2
Subject...................................................................................................................................................3
Object....................................................................................................................................................4
Predicate................................................................................................................................................5
Sentence patterns......................................................................................................................... 6
1. DECLARATIVE SENTENCES..................................................................................................6
2. IMPERATIVE SENTENCES.........................................................................................................7
3. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES .................................................................................................7
4. OPTATIVE SENTENCES ............................................................................................................8
Types of Tenses........................................................................................................................... 9
Present tense........................................................................................................................................10
 PRESENT SIMPLE INDEFINITE.........................................................................................10
 PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE.......................................................................................12
More Examples...................................................................................................................................13
 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE................................................................................................14
Structure of Sentence ..........................................................................................................................14
Past Tense ...........................................................................................................................................17
 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE.....................................................................17
 PAST SIMPLE INDEFINITE TENSE...................................................................................20
Structure of sentences .........................................................................................................................20
 PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE ..............................................................................................23
 PAST PERFECT TENSE .......................................................................................................24

 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE ............................................................................26
Future Tense........................................................................................................................................29
 FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE ....................................................................................................29
 FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE.........................................................................................31
Structure of sentence...........................................................................................................................31
 FUTURE PERFECT TENSE..................................................................................................33
 FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE.......................................................................35
PARTS OF SPEECH.................................................................................................................. 38
Noun.......................................................................................................................................... 38
Pronoun ..................................................................................................................................... 39
Adjective ................................................................................................................................... 40
Verb........................................................................................................................................... 40
Adverb....................................................................................................................................... 41
Preposition................................................................................................................................. 42
Conjunction............................................................................................................................... 42
Interjection ................................................................................................................................ 43
ANTONYMS ............................................................................................................................... 44
SYNONYMS................................................................................................................................ 46
HOMONYMS.............................................................................................................................. 48
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH ....................................................................................... 50
 Direct Speech.................................................................................................................... 50
 Indirect Speech.................................................................................................................. 50
 ELUCIDATION ............................................................................................................... 51
Basic Rules:............................................................................................................................... 53
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE ............................................................................................. 55
Some Common Rules for Active and Passive Voice –............................................................. 55

Tenses
1 | P a g e
T E N S E S
 TENSE ORIGIN?
Basically the word tense is derived from Latin word Tempus which means time.
 WHAT IS TENSE?
Definition
“It indicates the time of an action”
&
”A tense is a form taken by a verb to show the time of an action”
The concept of tense in English is a method that we use to refer to time - past, present and
future. Many languages use tense to talk about time. Other languages have no concept of tense
at all, but definitely they can still talk about time, using different terms and ways.
There are main three types of tenses:
1) Past
2) Present
3) Future
Each type has foster four types each. They are different in concept but easy to understand.
Before going to start tenses. Let’s know about helping verb, verb, subject, object, predicate and
sentence. These are very important terms to understand tenses and make sentences. Many
learners don’t have ideas regarding these terminologies & concepts. I have worked a lot about
these concepts to make them easy for anyone. I will explain them with an easy method.

Tenses
2 | P a g e
Parts of Sentences
Helping verb
Definition
“Verbs that come before the main verb, describing the action of a sentence and they aid verbs
by making them complete”
Example
Do, Does, has, have, will and so forth.
Practical examples:
Does Kashaff like to play?
Hussain has $500 in his pocket.
We have played the cricket match.
I will meet her on Friday.
Do they watch a hockey match?
Verb
Before going to tell what is verb actually. There is need to remind & retain that if there is no
verb in a sentence, so there is no sentence because the sentence would be incomplete without
it. It is one of the major part of a sentence. It has its own significance in English as well as in
grammar. The sentence is nothing without a verb. In order to make sentences make sure you
have mentioned a verb over there. Verb can be more than once. Interestingly, even the shortest
sentence of English has verb in it that is:
“I am”

Tenses
3 | P a g e
Definition
“Verb indicates an action”
&
“The verb signals about an action, an occurrence or a state of being”
Example
Play, write, see, speak, fly and so forth.
Practical examples
They play.
He is speaking English quite well.
Birds are flying.
Ayyat writes a letter.
Ali sees her.
Verb examples:
Run Awake Watch Give Sale Hurt Stay
Play Bear Listen Take Make Impress Happy
Come Burn Read Wear Write Lift Goal
See Feel Lay Walk Tease Notice Turn
Sleep Jump Speak Break Swipe Learn Arrange
Apply Enjoy Drink Stop Pain Arrive
Subject
Prior to mention the definition of subject. In my perspective you need to know about its use
and importance in a sentence. It usually comes at the first of a sentence. Like a verb the same
case is with subject. If there is no subject in a sentence the sentence would not give a complete
sense. The reader or even learner can confuse about the incomplete sentence. Understanding
the subject is the kea to good writing.

Tenses
4 | P a g e
Definition
”Doer of the work”
&
“A person or a thing that is being discussed or described”
Examples
She, Farhan, sister, they, Malaika, we and so forth.
Practical examples
She is a girl.
We are enjoying our party.
Farhan likes Australia.
They have their own house.
Sisters are gold.
Object
Before going to know the definition of an object. You have to have know-how about its
function in a sentence. A sentence can make a full sense even without an object. So it is not
important for a sentence like verb and subject. But sometimes it becomes very important for a
sentence to complete its sense. Usually it comes at last of a sentence.
Definition
“On which action takes place”
&
“The entity that is acted upon by the subject”
Ground, page, prayer rug, table, bat and so forth.
Practical examples
Arqum and Usman are playing in the ground.
I am offering the prayer on prayer rug.
They are sitting on the table.

Tenses
5 | P a g e
She is writing on the page.
Afridi is playing with an English boy.
Predicate
Predicate is the part of the sentence. Usually it comes after subject. It is also important part of
a sentence.it can also understand in this way that the predicate of a sentence is the verb and the
related words that tell something about the subject.
“It contains a verb and state something about the sentence”
&
“A part of a sentence that express what is said about the subject”
Practical example
They have stolen the car. (Underlined sentence is predicate)
He is flying a kite.
John is driving a car.
She ate an apple.
I wrote him a letter.
Actually many students’ commit mistakes while making sentences. They don’t care about their
writing or the way they use to express their ideas. A number of students completely miss verbs
and subject in the sentence. I have already mention above that there is no sentence without verb
as well as subject. Both play a vital role while making the sentences. Nevertheless it is
impossible that a writer can express the complete idea without subject & verb, so you need to
make sure that the stuff which you are writing is in an appropriate sequence. Most importantly
sentences become prominent while writing an English essay, story letter, application paragraph
and so forth. Interestingly, majority of students don’t know even the definitions of sentences.
In short, while writing a sentence a student need to keep the scenario and the structure of a
sentence in his/her mind.
A group of words that conveys complete and sensible meanings.
&
A set of meaningful words that make full sense.

Tenses
6 | P a g e
Practical examples
They are going to market.
I am watching TV.
Kashaff is a good girl.
We are celebrating the eve of Eid.
Tayyab is running.
Boy a good is Hamza. (Not meaningful)
She ground plays in. (Not meaningful)
Sentence patterns
All English sentences are created in accordance with a small number of basic patterns.
Pattern 1 SV Subject Verb
Pattern 2 SVO Subject Verb Object
Pattern 3 SVA Subject Verb Object Adjective
Classification of sentences by types:
1) Declarative sentences Statements
2) Interrogative sentences Questions
3) Imperative sentences Commands, requests
4) Exclamatory sentences Exclamation
5) Optative sentences Wish , prayer
1. DECLARATIVE SENTENCES
A sentence that simply declares, asserts, affirms or denies something is called a declarative
sentence.
For example
Usman is a very cute boy.
Julia would not come.

Tenses
7 | P a g e
Arqum has written a letter.
Interrogative sentences
A sentence that asks a question. Interrogative sentences end with a question mark (?).
What is your name?
Have you read this book?
Are they playing in a park?
2. IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
Sentences are those that tell you to do something.
For example
a) Don’t go!
b) Go to school!
c) Dear brother, don’t ask for money.
Note: there may be a command or a request or a prohibition or advice. If the idea or command
expressed in an imperative sentence is strong it ends with an exclamation mark (!) otherwise it
ends with a full stop.
3. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
A sentence that expresses strong feelings or emotions is called an exclamatory sentence. These
sentences express surprise, joy, sorrow, appreciation, love excitement, frustration, anger etc.
An exclamatory sentence ends with exclamation mark. (!)
For example
a) How well the Ali played!
b) What naughty are these boys!
c) How horrible!

Tenses
8 | P a g e
4. OPTATIVE SENTENCES
A sentence that express a wish, prayer or entreaty. It usually consists polite wishes for someone.
For example
a) May Allah bless you!
b) Make him work hard.
c) May you be very happy!
d) Have mercy upon us, o’ Allah!
HOW TENSES AID IN SPEAKING?According to my perception you need to make sure that you are aware by tenses not even for
writing but for speaking too because a listener won’t be able to understand the time of an idea.
I have already mentioned what is tense, so it’s all about time of an action or task. Suppose there
is a speaker talking to you regarding past and doesn’t use of past verbs so he/she won’t be able
to understand the proper meaning that whether the speaker is talking about present or future or
even in past the listener would be in extreme fuss. In short for proper understanding we need
to keep in mind all the tenses their usage and structure.
Tenses are always have been very crucial with respect to their supreme. I will suggest you to
focus on your tenses by bluntly. If you do not know about the tenses and their usage then it’s
for you to work on tenses. I will be explaining the structure and usage of the tenses in a
convenient way.

Tenses
9 | P a g e
Types of Tenses
There are 12 types of tenses.
Present tense
1) Present simple indefinite
2) Present continuous
3) Present perfect
4) Present perfect continuous
Past tense
1) Past simple indefinite
2) Past continuous
3) Past perfect
4) Past perfect continuous
Future tense
1) Future simple indefinite
2) Future continuous
3) Future perfect
4) Future perfect continuous

Tenses
10 | P a g e
Present tense
PRESENT SIMPLE INDEFINITE
It is used to express an action in present time, habitual or usual actions or daily event or
universal fact. It is used to express an action in present time which is usually done on a regular
basis. For example a student says, “I go to school”. It is a daily activity of a student to go to
school, so such actions are expressed by present simple tense. Another example is, “I work in
a factory”. It tells about a usual action of a person that he works in a factory on regular basis.
Rules. 1st form of verb or base verb is used as main verb in sentence.
Positive Sentence
• Subject + Main verb + Object
• Subject + 1st form of verb (or base verb) + Object
Note: If the subject in a sentence is “he, she, it, singular or proper noun” then “s” or “es” is
added to the first form of verb or base form in the sentence.
Examples.
I write a letter.
He gets up early in the morning.
Sun rises in the east.
Negative Sentences
• Subject + auxiliary verb +NOT + Main verb +object
• Subject + Do not/Does not + 1st form of verb (or base form) + object
Examples.
I do not write a letter.
Malaika does not get up early in the morning.
Sun does not rise in the east.
Note: In negative sentence auxiliary verb “do or does” along with “not” is used. If the subject
in a sentence is “he, she, it, singular or proper noun”, then “Does not” is used after subject in
sentence. If subject is “I, we, they, you or plural” then “Do not” is used after subject in sentence.
“s” or “es” is not added to main verb in negative sentence

Tenses
11 | P a g e
Interrogative Sentence
• Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb + Object
• Do/Does + Subject + 1st for of verb (or base verb) + Object
Examples.
Do I write a letter?
Does Malaika get up early in the morning?
Does sun rise in the east?
Note: If the subject in a sentence is “he, she, it, singular or proper noun” the sentence is started
with Auxiliary verb “Does”. If the subject in a sentence is “I, we, they, you or plural” the
sentence is started with auxiliary verb “Do” “s” or “es” is not added to main verb in
Interrogative sentence.
More Examples
Positive Sentences
I sing a song.
He drinks water.
They read lessons.
Birds chirp.
Amina reaches home in time.
Water maintains its surface level.
Negative Sentences
I do not sing a song.
He does not drink water.
They do not read lessons.
Birds do not chirp.
Amina does not reach home in time.
Water does not maintain its surface level.
Interrogative Sentences
Do I sing a song?
Does he drink water?
Do they read lessons?
Do birds chirp?
Does Amina reach home in time?
Does water maintain its surface level?

Tenses
12 | P a g e
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
It is used to express a continued or ongoing action at present time. It expresses an action which is in
progress at the time of speaking. For example, a person says, “I am writing a letter”. It means that he is
in the process of writing a letter right now. Such actions which are happening at time of speaking are
expressed by present continuous tense. Present Continuous tense is also called Present progressive
tense.
Rules. Auxiliary verb “am or is or are” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb or base verb + ing (present
participle) is used as main verb in sentence.
STRUCTURE OF SENTENCE
Positive Sentence
• Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb-ing (Present participle) + object
• Subject + am/is/are + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing ) + object
If the subject is “I” then auxiliary verb “am” is used after subject in sentence.
If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or proper name” then auxiliary verb “is” is used after
subject in sentence.
If subject is “You, They or plural” then auxiliary verb “are” is used after subject in sentence.
The participle “ing” is added to the 1st form of verb i.e. going (go) writing (write)
Examples
I am playing s cricket.
He is driving a car.
They are reading their lessons.
Negative Sentence
• Subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb-ing (Present participle) + object
• Subject + am/is/are + not + (1st form of verb + ing) + object
Rules: for using auxiliary verbs (am or is or are) after subject in negative sentences are same
as mentioned above.

Tenses
13 | P a g e
Examples.
I am not playing cricket.
He is not driving a car.
They are not reading their lessons.
• Auxiliary verb + Subject + main verb-ing (Present participle) + object
• Am/is/are + Subject + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object
For making interrogative sentences, the sentence is started with auxiliary verb rather than
putting auxiliary verb inside the sentence. If the subject is “I” the sentence starts with
auxiliary verb “am”. If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or proper name” the sentence starts
with auxiliary verb “is”. If subject is “You, They or plural” the sentence starts with auxiliary
verb “are”.
Examples.
Am I playing cricket?
Is Arqum driving a car?
Are they reading their lessons?
More Examples
Positive Sentences
I am listening to the news.
You are washing your clothes.
Owner is riding on horse.
They are playing football.
It is raining.
Negative Sentence
I am not listening to the news.
You are not washing your clothes.
Owner is not riding on a horse.
They are not playing football.
It is not raining.
Am I listening to the news?
Are you washing your clothes?

Tenses
14 | P a g e
Is owner riding on a horse?
Are they playing football?
Is it raining?
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
It is used to expressed an action which happened or completed in past but usually the
action which happened or completed at a short time before now (near past) not a very long
time before now. Specific time such as two years ago, last week or that day is usually not used
in the sentences of in this tense. It means that this tense expresses the action whose time when
it happened, is not exactly specified but it sounds to refer to some action that happened or
completed in near past.
Rules: Auxiliary verb “has or have” is used in sentence. 3rd form of verb (past participle) is
used as main verb in sentence.
Structure of Sentence
Positive Sentence
• Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (past participle) + Subject
• Subject + has/have + 3rd form of verb or past participle + subject
If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or proper name” then auxiliary verb “has” is used after
subject in sentence.
If subject is “You, They or plural” then auxiliary verb “have” is used after subject in
sentence.
Examples
I have eaten meal.
She has learnt a lesson.
Negative Sentence
• Subject + Auxiliary verb + NOT + main verb (past participle) + Subject
• Subject + has/have + NOT + 3rd form of verb or past participle + subject
Rules: for using auxiliary verb “has or have” in negative sentence are same as mentioned
above.

Tenses
15 | P a g e
Examples
I have not eaten meal.
She has not learnt a lesson.
• Auxiliary verb + Subject + main verb (past participle) + Subject
• Has/have + Subject + 3rd form of verb or past participle + subject
Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb. If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or
proper name” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “has”.
If subject is “You, They or plural” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “have”.
Examples
Have I eaten meal?
Has she learnt a lesson?
More Examples.
Positive Sentences
They have gone to school.
They have bought a new car.
I have started a job.
It has rained.
The guests have arrived.
Hussain has left for home.
You have told a lie.
Negative Sentences
They have not gone to school.
They have not bought a new car.
I have not started a job.
It has not rained.
The guests have not arrived.
Hussain has not left for home.
You have not told a lie.

Tenses
16 | P a g e
Negative Sentences
Have they gone to school?
Have they bought a new car?
Have I started a job?
Has it rained?
Have the guests arrived?
Has Hussain left for home?
Have you told a lie?

Tenses
17 | P a g e
Past Tense
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
It is used to express a continued or ongoing action that started in past and is continued until
now. There will be a time reference, such as “since 1980, for three hours etc.” from which the
action has been started. A sense of time reference is found in these sentences which gives an
idea that action has been continued from some time in past till now. Such time reference or
sense of time reference is the identity of Present perfect continuous tense because it tells that
action has started from a particular time in past. For example, “He has been reading in this
school since 2005”, so the it means that he has started his education in this school in 2005 and
he is studying in this school till now.
Note: If there is not time reference or sense of time reference then it is not Present
perfect continuous tense because there is no hint about the time of action when it started in past
and it seems just an ongoing action at present time which resembles “present Continuous tense.
So the reference of time differentiates between Present perfect continuous tense and Present
continuous tense.
Rules: An auxiliary verb “has been or have been” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb
(base verb) +ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence. “Since” or “for” is used
before the “time reference” in sentence. If the time reference is exactly known such as 1995, 4
O’clock then “since” is used before the time in sentence. If the time reference is not exactly
known such as three hours, six years, four days, then “for” is used before the time in sentence.
Time reference such as 3 hours or 5 days is not exactly known because we don’t know that
about which three hours a day is told in sentence or about which 5 days in a month is told in
sentence. While the 1995 is exactly known time.
Structure of sentence.
Positive Sentence.
• Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (Present participle) + Object + Time reference
• Subject + has been/have been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + time reference
If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or proper name” then auxiliary verb “has been” is used
after subject in sentence.

Tenses
18 | P a g e
If subject is “You, They or plural” then auxiliary verb “have been” is used after subject in
sentence.
Examples.
He has been watering the plants for two hours.
I have been studying since 7 O’clock.
Negative Sentence.
• Subject +”Not” between the Auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + Object +
Time reference
• Subject + has not been/have not been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object +
time reference
To make negative sentence, the word “not” is written between the auxiliary verbs, so it
becomes like “has not been or have not been”. The rule for using auxiliary verb “has been or
have been” in negative sentences is as same as mentioned above.
Examples.
He has not been watering the plants for two hours.
I have not been studying since 7 O’clock.
Interrogative Sentence.
• Auxiliary verb + Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object
+ time reference
• Has/have + Subject + been + (1st form of verb or base verb+ing) + object + time reference
Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb. If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or
proper name” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “has” and auxiliary verb “been” is
used after subject. If subject is “You, They or plural” then the sentence starts with
auxiliary verb “have” and “been” is used after subject
Examples.
Has he been watering the plants for two hours?
Have I been studying since 7 O’clock?

Tenses
19 | P a g e
More examples.
Positive sentences
It has been raining for three days.
I have been living in UK since 2000.
He has been playing cricket for two hours.
They have been watching television since 6 O’clock.
Tayyab has been working in this office since 2007.
Negative sentences
It has not been raining for three days.
I have not been living in UK since 2000.
He has not been playing cricket for two hours.
They have not been watching television since 6 O’clock.
Tayyab has not been working in this office since 2009.
Positive sentences
Has it been raining for three days?
Have I been living in UK since 2000?
Has he been playing cricket for two hours?
Have they been watching television since 6 O’clock?
Has Tayyab been working in this office since 2009?

Tenses
20 | P a g e
PAST SIMPLE INDEFINITE TENSE
It is used to express an action that happened or completed in past, usually a very little
time before speaking, or action which is just completed. Time of action is not specified in
terms of long time ago or short ago but it make a sense that the action has done a little
time ago. For example, a person says, “I watched a movie”, it means the speaker of this
sentence watched a movie a little time ago or little time ago in the same day.
Rules: 2nd form of verb (past simple) is used as main verb in the positive sentences and base
form is used in negative and interrogative sentences.
Structure of sentences
Positive Sentence
• Subject + main verb (past simple) + object
• Subject + 2nd form of verb (past simple) + object
Examples
I killed a snake.
He ate a mango.
Negative sentences
• Subject + (auxiliary verb + not) main verb (base form) + object
• Subject + did not + 1st form of verb or base form + object
In negative sentence “did not” is written and the 1st form of verb (base verb) is used instead
of using 2nd form (or past simple verb).
Examples.
I did not kill a snake.
He did not eat a mango.

Tenses
21 | P a g e
• Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (base verb) + object
• Did + subject + 1st form of verb (or base verb) + object
Interrogative sentence starts with “did” and the 1st form of verb (base verb) is used instead of
using 2nd form (or past simple verb).
Examples
Did I kill a snake?
Did he eat a mango?
More Examples
Negative sentences
He gave me a gift.
They went to cinema.
She wrote a letter to him.
I made a table.
You answered correctly.
Negative sentences
He did not give me a gift.
They did not go to cinema.
She did not write a letter to him.
I did not make a table.
You did not answer correctly.
Did he give me a gift?
Did they go to cinema?
Did she write a letter to him?
Did I make a table?
Did you answer correctly?

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22 | P a g e
More Examples.
Positive Sentences
They have gone to school.
They have bought a new car.
I have started a job.
It has rained.
The guests have arrived.
Ali has left for shop.
You have told a lie.
Negative Sentences
They have not gone to school.
They have not bought a new car.
I have not started a job.
It has not rained.
The guests have not arrived.
Ali has not left for shop.
You have not told a lie.
Negative Sentences
Have they gone to school?
Have they bought a new car?
Have I started a job?
Has it rained?
Have the guests arrived?
Ali John left for shop?
Have you told a lie?

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23 | P a g e
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
It is used to express a continued or ongoing action in past, an ongoing action which occurred
in past and completed at some point in past. It expresses an ongoing nature of an action in
past. For example, “he was laughing.” This sentence shows ongoing action (laughing) of a
person which occurred in past. Past continuous tense is also called past progressive.
Rules: Auxiliary verb “was or were” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb or base verb + ing
(present participle) is used as main verb in sentence.
Structure of sentence
Positive sentences
• Subject + auxiliary verb + Main Verb (present participle) + object
• Subject + was/were + (1st form of verb or base verb +ing) +object
If the subject is “he, she, It, I, singular or proper noun” then auxiliary verb “was” is used.
If subject is “you, we, they or plural” then auxiliary verb “were” is used.
Examples.
She was crying yesterday.
They were climbing on a hill.
Negative sentences
• Subject + auxiliary verb + NOT + Main verb (present participle) + object
• Subject + was/were + NOT + (1st form of verb or base verb +ing) +object
Rules for using auxiliary verb after subject are same as mentioned above.
Examples.
She was not crying yesterday.
They were not climbing on a hill.
• Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb (present participle) + object
• Was/were + Subject + (1st form of verb or base verb +ing) +object
The interrogative sentence starts with the auxiliary verb. If the subject is “he, she, It, I,
singular or proper noun” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “was”. If subject is “you,
we, they or plural” then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb “were”.

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24 | P a g e
Examples.
Was she crying yesterday?
Were they climbing on a hill?
More Examples
Positive sentences
They were laughing at the joker.
He was taking exam last month.
You waiting for him yesterday.
She was working in a factory.
It was raining yesterday.
Negative sentences
They were not laughing at the joker.
He was not taking exam last month.
You were not waiting for him yesterday.
She was not working in a factory.
It was not raining yesterday.
Were they laughing at the joker?
Was he taking exam last month?
Were you waiting for him yesterday?
Was she working in a factory?
Was it raining yesterday?
PAST PERFECT TENSE
It is used to express an action which has occurred in past (usually, a long time ago) and action
which has occurred in past before another action in past.
For example,
I had lived in Australia. (The sense of time in this sentence refers to a completed action in past
and especially a long time ago)

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25 | P a g e
The students had gone before the teacher came. (The first part of sentence “The student has
gone” is sentence of past perfect tense, it says about an action which occurred before another
action in past which is “the teacher came”. The second part “the teacher came” is sentence of
past simple tense. So such a sentence which express an action in past before another action in
past comprises two parts where the first part of sentence is past perfect tense)
Rules. Auxiliary verb “had” is used in sentence. 3rd form of verb (past participle) is used as
main verb in sentence
Structure of sentence.
Positive sentence
• Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (past participle) + object
• Subject + had + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object
Examples.
He had taken the exam last year.
A thief had stolen my watch.
Negative sentence
• Subject + auxiliary verb + NOT + main verb (past participle) + object
•Subject + had + not + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object
“Not” is written after auxiliary verb in negative sentence.
Examples.
He had not taken the exam last year.
A thief had not stolen my watch.
Interrogative sentence
• Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (past participle) + object
• Had + subject + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object
Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “had”.
Examples.
Had he taken the exam last year?
Had a thief stolen my watch?

Tenses
26 | P a g e
More Examples
Positive sentences
They had visited a doctor.
He had slept.
I had finished my work last year.
It had rained heavily last month.
The film had started before we reached cinema.
Negative sentences
They had not visited a doctor.
He had not slept.
I had not finished my work last year.
It had not rained heavily last month.
The film had not started before we reached cinema.
Had they visited a doctor?
Had he slept?
Had I finished my work last year?
Had it rained heavily last month?
Had the film started before we reached cinema.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
It is used to express a continued or ongoing action that started in past and continued until
sometime in past. (Remember, an ongoing action in past which continued till some time in
past) There will be a time reference, such as “since 1980, for three hours etc.” from which the
action had started. A sense of time reference is found in these sentences which shows that
action had started in past and continued till some time in past. Such time reference or sense
of reference is the identity of Present perfect continuous tense because it tells that action has
started from a particular time in past or for some time period. For example, “He had been
studying in this school since 2005”, so the it means that he had started his education in this
school in 2005 and he studied in this school till sometime in past.

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27 | P a g e
Note: If there is not time reference or sense of time reference, then it is not Past perfect
continuous tense because there is no hint about the time of action when it started in past or
continued for some time period, so it seems just an ongoing action in past which resembles
“past Continuous tense”. So the reference of time differentiates between Past
perfect continuous tense and past continuous tense.
Rules: An auxiliary verb “had been” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb (base verb) +ing
(present participle) is used as main verb in sentence. “Since” or “for” is used before the
“time reference” in sentence. If the time reference is exactly known such as 1995, 4 O’clock
then “since” is used before the time in sentence. If the time reference is not exactly known such
as three hours, six years, four days, then “for” is used before the time in sentence.
sentence. While the 1995 is exactly known time.
Positive Sentence.
• Subject + had been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + time reference
Examples.
I had been waiting for him for one hour.
She had been playing chess since 11 O’clock.
Negative Sentence.
• Subject +”Not” between the Auxiliary verbs + main verb (present participle) + Object +
Time reference
• Subject + had not been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + time reference
To make negative sentence, the word “not” is added inside auxiliary verb, so it becomes “had
not been”.
Examples.
I had not been waiting for him for one hour.
She had not been playing chess since 11 O’clock.

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28 | P a g e
• Auxiliary verb+ Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object
+ time reference
• Had + Subject + been + (1st form of verb or base verb+ing) + object + time reference
Sentence starts with auxiliary verb “had” and auxiliary verb “been” is used after subject in
sentence.
Examples.
Had I been waiting for him for one hour?
Had she been playing chess 11 O’clock?
More examples.
Positive sentences
I had been living in Lahore since 2016.
He had been playing cricket for two hours.
They had been watching television since 5 O’clock.
Tayyab had been working in this office since 2007.
It had been raining for three days.
Negative sentences
I had not been living in Lahore since 2016.
He had not been playing cricket for two hours.
They had not been watching television since 5 O’clock.
Tayyab had not been working in this office since 2007.
It had not been raining for three days.
Positive sentences
Had I been living in Lahore since 2016?
Had he been playing cricket for two hours.
Had they been watching television since 5 O’clock?
Had Tayyab been working in this office since 2007?
Had it been raining for three days?

Tenses
29 | P a g e
Future Tense
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE
It is used to express an action which has not occurred yet and will occur after saying or in
future. For example, “I will go to zoo tomorrow”, in this sentence the person intend for
tomorrow’s visit to zoo. In short, these sentences express actions which will be done in future.
Rules. Auxiliary verb “will” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb or base form is used as
main verb in sentence.
Positive sentence
• Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object
•Subject + will + (1st form of verb or base form +ing) + object
Examples.
I will buy a computer tomorrow.
They will come here.
Negative sentence
• Subject + auxiliary verb+ not + main verb (present participle) + object
• Subject + will +not + (1st form of verb or base form +ing) + object
To make negative sentence “not” is written after auxiliary verb in sentence.
Examples.
I will not buy a computer tomorrow.
They will not come here.
• Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (present participle) + object
• Will + subject + (1st form of verb or base form +ing) + object
Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “will”.

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30 | P a g e
Examples.
Will I buy a computer tomorrow?
Will they come here?
More Examples
Positive sentences
He will start a business.
She will send me a letter.
I will give you a pen tomorrow
Students will take exams at the end of semester.
They will buy a new car.
The Pattern of exam will change next year.
Negative sentences
He will not start a business.
She will not send me a letter.
I will not give you a pen tomorrow.
Students will not take exams at the end of semester.
They will not buy a new car.
The pattern of exam will not change next year.
Will he start a business?
Will she send me a letter?
Will I give you a pen tomorrow?
Will students take exams at the end of semester?
Will they buy a new car?
Will the Pattern of exam change next year?

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31 | P a g e
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
It is used to express a continued or an ongoing action in future. For example, “I will be
waiting for you tomorrow”, it conveys ongoing nature of an action (waiting) which will
occur in future.
Rules. Auxiliary verb “will be” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb + ing (present participle)
is used as main verb in sentence.
Positive sentence
• Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object
• Subject + will be+ 1st form of verb or base form + ing (present participle) + object
Examples.
I will be waiting for you.
You will be feeling well tomorrow.
Negative sentence
• Subject + not between auxiliary verbs+ not + main verb (present participle) + object
• Subject + will not be + 1st form of verb or base form + ing (present participle) +
object
To make negative sentence “not” is written between auxiliary verbs “will and be” in
sentence.
Examples.
I will not be waiting for you.
You will not be feeling well tomorrow.
• Auxiliary verb + subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object
• Will + subject + be+ 1st form of verb or base form+ing (present participle) + object
Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “will” and auxiliary verb “be” comes after
subject in interrogative sentence

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32 | P a g e
Examples.
Will I be waiting for you?
Will you be feeling well tomorrow?
More Examples
Positive sentences
We will be shifting to a new home next year.
He will be flying a kite.
It will be raining tomorrow.
She will be enjoying her vacations.
He will be expecting honesty from his employees.
She will be delivering a speech to people.
Negative sentences.
We will not be shifting to a new home next year.
He will not be flying a kite.
It will not be raining tomorrow.
She will not be enjoying her vacations.
He will not be expecting honesty from his employees.
She will not be delivering a speech to people.
Will we be shifting to a new home next year?
Will he be flying a kite?
Will it be raining tomorrow?
Will she be enjoying her vacations?
Will he be expecting honesty from his employees?
Will she be delivering a speech to people?

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33 | P a g e
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
It is used to express an action which will occur in future and is thought to be completed in
future. It expresses a sense of completion of an action which will occur in future. For example,
“John will have gone tomorrow”. It shows a sense of completion of an action (go) which will
occur in future (tomorrow).
Rules. Auxiliary verb “will have” is used in sentence. 3rd form of verb or past participle
form of verb is used as main verb in sentence.
Positive sentence
• Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (past participle) + object
• Subject + will have + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object
Examples
She will have finished the work by Wednesday.
I will have left for home by the time he gets up.
You will have started a job.
Negative sentence
• Subject + Not between auxiliary verbs + main verb (past participle) + object
• Subject + will not have + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object
Examples
She will have finished the work by Wednesday.
I will have left for home by the time he gets up.
You will not have started a job.
• Auxiliary verb + Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (past participle) + object
• Will + Subject +have + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object

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34 | P a g e
Examples
Will she have finished the work by Wednesday?
Will I have left for home by the time he gets up?
Will you have started a job?
More Examples
Positive sentences
He will have finished his work.
You will have made a new chair.
Kashaff will have decorated her home.
I will have bought a computer.
They will have shifted to a new home.
Students will have passed the examination.
Negative sentences
He will not have finished his work.
You will not have made a new chair.
Kashaff will not have decorated her home.
I will not have bought a computer.
They will not have shifted to a new home.
Students will not have passed the examination.
Will he have finished his work?
Will you have made a new chair?
Will Kashaff have decorated her home?
Will I have bought a computer?
Will they have shifted to a new home?
Will students have passed the examination?

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35 | P a g e
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
It is used to express a continued or ongoing action that will start in future and is thought to be
continued till sometime in future. (Remember, an ongoing action in future which will continue
till some time in future). There will be a time reference, such as “since 1980, for three hours”
from which the action will start in future and will continue. A sense of time reference is found
which gives an idea that action will start at some time in future and will continue for some
time. Such time reference or sense of particular time in future. For example, “He will have
been studying in this school since 2005”, so the it means that he will start studying in this
school in 2005 and will study in this school till sometime in future.
Note: If there is not time reference or sense of time reference then it is not future
perfect continuous tense because there is no hint about the time of action when it will start in
future and it seems just an ongoing action in future which resembles “future Continuous tense.
So the reference of time differentiates between Future perfect continuous tense between
future continuous tense.
Rules: An auxiliary verb “will have been” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb (base verb)
+ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence. “Since” or “for” is used before the
“time reference” in sentence. If the time reference is exactly known such as 1995, 4 O’clock
then “since” is used before the time in sentence. If the time reference is not exactly known such
as three hours, six years, four days, then “for” is used before the time in sentence.
sentence. While the 1995 is exactly know time.
Positive Sentence.
•Subject + will have been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + time reference
Examples.
I will have been waiting for him for one hour.
She will have been playing football since 2015.
Negative Sentence.
• Subject +”Not” inside Auxiliary verbs + main verb (present participle) + Object

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36 | P a g e
+ Time reference
• Subject + will not have been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object
+ Time reference
To make negative sentence, the word “not” is added inside auxiliary verb, so it becomes “will
not have been”.
Examples.
I will not have been waiting for him for one hour.
She will not have been playing football since 2015.
• Auxiliary verb + Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object
+ time reference
• Will + Subject + have been + (1st form of verb or base verb+ing) + object +
time reference
Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “will” and auxiliary verb “have been” is used
after subject in sentence.
Examples.
Will I have been waiting for him for one hour?
Will she have been playing football since 2015?
More examples.
Positive sentences
I will have been living in England since 2003.
He will have been playing cricket for two hours.
They will have been watching television since 6 O’clock.
She will been working in this office since 2007.
It will have been raining for three days.
Negative sentences
I will not have been living in England since 2003.
He will not have been playing cricket for two hours.

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37 | P a g e
They will not have been watching television since 6 O’clock.
She will have been working in this office since 2007.
It will not have been raining for three days.
Positive sentences
Will I have been living in England since 2003?
Will he have been playing cricket for two hours.
Will they have been watching television since 6 O’clock?
Will she have been working in this office since 2007?
Will it have been raining for three days?

Parts of Speech
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PARTS OF SPEECH
In the English language, words can be considered as the smallest elements that have distinctive
meanings. Based on their use and functions, words are categorized into several types or parts
of speech. This book will offer definitions and examples for the 8 major parts of speech in
English grammar. Each part of speech explains not what the word is, but how the word is used
.Parts of speech has their own importance in English grammar.
Noun
This part of a speech refers to words that are used to name persons, things, animals, places,
ideas, or events. Nouns are the simplest.
Examples:
 Moneeb is very versatile.
The italicized noun refers to a name of a person.
 Dogs can be extremely cute.
In this example, the italicized word is considered a noun because it names an animal.
 It is my birthday.

Parts of Speech
39 | P a g e
The word “birthday” is a noun which refers to an event.
There are different types of nouns namely:
Proper– proper nouns always start with a capital letter and refers to specific names of persons,
places, or things.
Examples: Volkswagen Beetle, Shakey’s Pizza, Game of Thrones
Common– common nouns are the opposite of proper nouns. These are just generic names of
persons, things, or places.
Examples: car, pizza parlor, TV series
Concrete– This kind refers to nouns which you can perceive through your five senses.
Examples: folder, sand, board
Abstract- unlike concrete nouns, abstract nouns are those which you can’t perceive through
your five senses.
Examples: happiness, grudge, bravery
Count– it refers to anything that is countable, and has a singular and plural form.
Examples: kitten, video, ball
Mass– this is the opposite of count nouns. Mass nouns are also called non-countable nouns,
and they need to have “counters” to quantify them.
Examples of Counters: kilo, cup, meter
Examples of Mass Nouns: rice, flour, garter
Collective– refers to a group of persons, animals, or things.
Example: faculty (group of teachers), class (group of students), Pride (group of lions)
Pronoun
For you to understand the concept easily, you can look at nouns as actors and pronouns as
stuntmen in movies. When a stuntman takes the place of an actor for a particular scene, he
represents the same character. Just the same, a pronoun replaces a noun in a particular sentence,
but it still refers to the same noun.

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40 | P a g e
 Janice is a very stubborn child. She just stared at me and when I told her to stop.
 The largest slice is mine.
 We are number one.
The italicized words in the sentences above are the pronouns in the sentence.
Adjective
An adjective is a part of speech which describes, identifies, or quantifies a noun or a pronoun.
So basically, the main function of an adjective is to modify a noun or a pronoun so that it will
become more specific and interesting. Instead of just one word, a group of words with
a subject and a verb, can also function as an adjective. When this happens, the group of words
is called an adjective clause.
Sample Sentences:
 The carvings are intricate.
 The italicized word describes the appearance of the noun “carvings.”
 I have two hamsters.
 The italicized word “two,” is an adjective which describes the number of the noun
“hamsters.”
 Wow! That doughnut is huge!
 The italicized word is an adjective which describes the size of the noun “doughnut.”
Verb
A verb can be considered as one of the most important parts of a sentence. You probably
already know that a sentence must be composed of a subject and a predicate, so what makes a
verb so important? Well, the verb is the main component of a predicate. Without it, there won’t
be a sentence, just a bunch of words with an incomplete thought. Simply defined, the verb is a
part of speech which is used to demonstrate an action or a state of being.
Examples of “State of Being Verbs”: am, is, was, are, and were
Sample Sentences:

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41 | P a g e
 As usual, the Stormtroopers missed their shot.
 The italicized word expresses the action of the subject “Stormtroopers.”
 They are always prepared in emergencies.
 The verb “are” refers to the state of being of the pronoun “they,” which is the subject in
the sentence.
Adverb
Just like adjectives, adverbs are also used to describe words, but the difference is that adverbs
describe adjectives, verbs, or another adverb.
The different types of adverbs are:
Adverb of Manner– this refers to how something happens or how an action is done.
Example: Annie danced gracefully.
The word “gracefully” tells how Annie danced.
Adverb of Time- this states “when” something happens or “when” it is done.
Example: She came yesterday.
The italicized word tells when she “came.”
Adverb of Place– this tells something about “where” something happens or “where”
something is done.
Example: Of course, I looked everywhere!
The adverb “everywhere” tells where I “looked.”
Adverb of Degree– this states the intensity or the degree to which a specific thing happens
or is done.
Example: The child is very talented.
The italicized adverb answers the question, “To what degree is the child talented?”

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42 | P a g e
Preposition
This part of a speech basically refers to words that specify location or a location in time.
Examples of Prepositions: above, below, throughout, outside, before, near, and since
Sample Sentences:
 Micah is hiding under the bed.
 The italicized preposition introduces the prepositional phrase “under the bed,” and
tells where Micah is hiding.
 During the game, the audience never stopped cheering for their team.
 The italicized preposition introduces the prepositional phrase “during the game,” and
tells when the audience cheered.
Conjunction
The conjunction is a part of a speech which joins words, phrases, or clauses together.
Examples of Conjunctions: and, yet, but, for, nor, or, and so
Sample Sentences:
 This cup of tea is delicious and very soothing.
 Kiyoko has to start all over again because she didn’t follow the professor’s instructions.
 Homer always wanted to join the play, but he didn’t have the guts to audition.
The italicized words in the sentences above are some examples of conjunctions.

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43 | P a g e
Interjection
This part of a speech refers to words which express emotions. Since interjections are commonly
used to convey strong emotions, they are usually followed by an exclamation point.
Examples of Interjections:
Sample Sentences:
 Ouch! That must have hurt.
 Hurray, we won!
 Hey! I said enough!
The bold words attached to the main sentences above are some examples of interjections.

Antonyms
44 | P a g e
ANTONYMS
Antonyms are words that mean the opposite of other words. The antonym of big is small, for
example. Pretty easy, right? Well, slow down there, there's something to be learned in this. English
lets its speakers make their own antonyms just by adding a prefix. The ability to make up one's
own words and have them be real words is something truly lovable about English.
Mis, dis, dys, mal, in, and UN are all prefixes one can affix to words to create antonyms.
Examples:
 Official becomes unofficial.
 Flexible becomes inflexible.
 Adroit becomes maladroit.
 Functional becomes dysfunctional.
 Peptic becomes dyspeptic.
 Philanthropist becomes misanthropist.
Careful: changing prefixes doesn't always work, like flammable and inflammable pretty much
mean the same thing––they're synonyms––but usually prefix juggling works like water on fire.
Examples
 Add – Subtract
 Above – Below
 After – Before
 Awake – Asleep
 Bad – Good
 Better – Worse
 Big – Little
 Birth – Death
 Boy - Girl
 Clean – Dirty
 Close – Open
 Cold – Hot
 End – Begin
 Dark - Light
 Day - Night
 Even – Odd
 Fail – Pass
 False – True
 East – West
 Fat – Skinny
 Hungry - Full
 Gentle – Rough
 Float - Sink
 Happy – Sad
 Hard – Soft
 Heavy – Light
 High – Low
 In – Out
 Last – First
 Laugh – Cry

Antonyms
45 | P a g e
 Learn – Teach
 Less – More
 Lie – Truth
 Long – Short
 Loose – Tight
 Lost – Found
 Love – Hate
 North – South
 On – Off
 Over – Under
 Play – Work
 Polite – Rude
 Poor – Rich
 Present – Absent
 Top - Bottom
 Quick – Slow
 Raise – Lower
 Right – Wrong
 Rise – Sink
 Rough – Smooth
 Same – Different
 Sell – Buy
 Short – Long
 Sour – Sweet
 Start – Stop
 Stay – Leave
 Stop – Go
 Strong – Weak
 Teacher – Student
 Tidy – Messy
 True – False
 Ugly – Beautiful
 Up – Down
 White – Black
 Wild – Tame
 Win – Lose
 Well – Sick
 Wet – Dry
 Young – Old

Synonyms
46 | P a g e
SYNONYMS
Synonyms are words that share meanings with other words. There are many reasons why
synonyms are great. Here are three:
1. They make it possible for writers to create a mood with the nuances of their vocabularies. "Walk"
is different than "saunter," and "drink" is different than "guzzle." The differences are in the mind,
and when a writer is trying to paint a picture in a reader's mind, those differences can make or
break a writer's prose.
2. They give writers more rhythmic tools. "Absquatulate" means the same thing as "abscond," but
they are rhythmically very different. Every serious writer thinks about the rhythm of what he or
she produces. Synonyms give writers more control over that rhythm.
3. They sound fancy. A little of this goes a long way, like using "utilize" for "use," but sometimes
knowing a better-sounding word makes you sound intelligent. If you don't use fancy synonyms,
you should at least be able to know when someone else is. Certain people use argot that isn't
immediately understandable, but if you know a lot of synonyms, you will never be lost. Plus, if
someone fails to comprehend your own jargon, you can use a synonym they know to get your point
across. In writing, you can work on tone by saying "discharging a firearm" instead of "firing a
gun" or "disenfranchised youths" for "kids without voices."
Examples:
 Afraid, scared
 Auto, car
 Big, large, huge
 Blank, empty, hollow
 Bunny, rabbit, hare
 Cap, hat
 Center, middle, inside
 Couch, sofa, divan
 Evil, bad, wicked
 Famous, well-known
 Father, dad, daddy
 Funny, silly, playful, crazy
 Garbage, trash, junk, waste
 Gloomy, sad, unhappy

Synonyms
47 | P a g e
 Happy, glad, joyful, cheerful
 Hide, cover
 House, home
 Ill, sick
 Idea, thought
 Jog, run
 Listen, hear
 Little, small, tiny
 Look, see, glance, stare
 Mad, angry, furious
 Mother, mom, mommy
 Neat, tidy, clean
 Present, gift, reward, award
 Quick, fast, swift
 Quiet, calm
 Rest, relax
 Rock, stone
 Rug, carpet, mat
 Sack, bag, backpack
 Sniff, smell, inhale
 Strange, odd, weird
 Tall, high, big
 True, right, correct
 Under, below, beneath
 Woman, lady, female
 Yell, shout, scream

Homonyms
48 | P a g e
HOMONYMS
Homonyms are words that sound alike but have different meanings. They're great. They are source
of entertainment, confusion, and inspiration.
Homonyms are often the cause of a spelling or word usage error. For example:
We accept (receive) a gift and we except (exclude) someone from a gift list.
We have multiple days (more than one day) of fun and we can have be in a daze (to be bewildered)
on a new job.
We can go to (a preposition) the store, tell someone we want to go too (also) and we can take two
(a number) friends.
Here are some links to get you started in the wonderful, and sometimes confusing world of
homonym
Knowing antonyms, synonyms and homonyms will certainly expand our vocabulary; but, they can
also be very confusing if the wrong word is written or spoken.
Examples:
 Aunt - Ant
 Ate - Eight
 Berry - Bury
 Be - Bee
 Beat - Beet
 Brake - Break
 Buy - By - Bye
 Close - Clothes
 Dear - Deer
 Do - Dew - Due
 Die - Dye
 Doe - Dough
 Eye - I
 Flew - Flu
 Flour - Flower
 For - Fore - Four
 Forth - Fourth
 Knew - New
 Hair - Hare
 Hay - Hey
 Heel - Heal
 Herd - Heard
 Hi - High
 Hoarse - Horse
 Hole - Whole
 Hour - Our
 Knot - Not
 Made - Maid
 Male - Mail
 Meet - Meat
 Merry - Marry
 No - Know
 None - Nun
 Oh - Owe
 One - Won
 Pale - Pail

Homonyms
49 | P a g e
 Pane - Pain
 Peace - Piece
 Pedal - Peddle
 Plain - Plane
 Pour - Poor
 Rain - Rein
 Right - Write
 Rose - Rows
 Sail - Sale
 Scene - Seen
 Seam - Seem
 Sea - See
 Sent - Scent - Cent
 Some - Sum
 Steal - Steel
 Tail - Tale
 Their - There -
They’re
 To - Too - Two
 Waist - Waste
 Way - Weigh
 Weak - Week
 Wrap - Rap
 You - Ewe
 Your - You’re

Direct and Indirect
50 | P a g e
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
INTRODUCTION
‘‘There are two ways to convey a message of a person, or the words spoken by a
person to other person’’
Direct Speech
In direct speech, the original speaker's exact words are given and are indicated by quotation
marks.
"I don't know what to do," said Dean.
In some grammar books, said Dean is referred to as a reporting clause. "I don't know what to do,"
is referred to as the reported clause.
Indirect Speech
In indirect speech, the exact meaning of the speaker's words is given, but the exact words are not
directly quoted.
Dean said that he didn't know what to do.
To convert direct speech into indirect speech:
If the main verb is past tense, present tense verbs in that clause must also be changed to past tense.
First and second person pronouns must be changed to third person pronouns.
(That can often be left out: Dean said he didn't know what to do.)

Direct and Indirect
51 | P a g e
ELUCIDATION
Suppose your friend whose name is Hussnain tells you in school, “I will give you a book”. You
come to home and you want to tell your brother what your friend told you. There are two ways to
tell someone,
Direct speech: Hussnain said, “I will give you a pen”.
Indirect Speech: Hussnain said that he would give me a pen.
In direct speech the original words of person are narrated (no change is made) and are enclosed in
quotation mark. While in indirect speech some changes are made in original words of the person
because these words have been uttered in past so the tense will change accordingly and pronoun
may also be changed accordingly.
In indirect speech the statement of the person is not enclosed in quotation marks, the word “that”
may be used before the statement to show that it is indirect speech. Indirect speech is also called
reported speech because reported speech refers to the second part of indirect speech in which
something has been told by a person.
Reporting verb: The verb first part of sentence (i.e. he said, she said, he says, they said, she says,)
before the statement of a person in sentence is called reporting verb.
Examples. In all of the following example the reporting verb is “said”.
He said, “I work in a factory” (Direct)
He said that he worked in a factory. (Indirect)
They said, “We are going to cinema” (Direct)
They said that they were going to cinema. (Indirect)

Direct and Indirect
52 | P a g e
Reported Speech. The second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a
person (which is enclosed in quotation marks in direct speech) is called reported speech. For
example, a sentence of indirect speech is, He said that he worked in a factory.
In this sentence the second part “he worked in a factory” is called reported speech and that is why
the indirect speech as a whole can also be called reported speech.
*NOTE:
Fundamental rules for indirect speech.
1. Reported speech is not enclosed in quotation marks.
2. Use of word “that”: The word “that” is used as a conjunction between the reporting verb and
reported speech.
3. Change in pronoun: The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to the
pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes
the pronoun may not change.
In following example the pronoun of reported speech is “I” which will be changed in indirect
speech into the pronoun (Subject) of reporting verb that is “he”.
Example.
Direct speech: He said, “I am happy”
Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy.
Direct speech: I said to him, “you are intelligent”
Indirect Speech: I said him that he was intelligent. (“You” changed to “he” the person of object
of reporting verb)
1. Change in time: Time is changed according to certain rules like now to then, today to that day,
tomorrow to next day and yesterday to previous day.

Direct and Indirect
53 | P a g e
Examples.
Direct speech: He said, “I am happy today”
Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy that day.
1 .Change in the tense of reported speech: If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs
to past tense the tense of reported speech will change. If the first part of sentence (reporting verb
part) belongs to present or future tense, the tense of reported speech will not change.
Examples.
Direct speech: He said, “I am happy”
Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy. (Tense of reported speech changed)
Direct speech: He says, “I am happy”
Indirect Speech: He said that he is happy. (Tense of reported speech didn’t change)
Basic Rules:
Tense Change - In - Indirect Speech
1. Present simple tense into Past simple
2. Present Continuous tense into Past continuous
3. Present Perfect tense into Pas perfect
4. Present Perfect Continuous into Past perfect continuous
5. Past simple into Past Perfect
6. Past Continuous into Past Perfect Continuous
7. Past Perfect into Past Perfect
8. Future simple, will into would
9. Future Continuous, will be into would be
10. Future Perfect, will have into would have

Direct and Indirect
54 | P a g e
(ADVERBS OF TIME AND PLACE)
 Today => yesterday/ that day
 This evening => that evening
 These (days) => those (days)
 Now => then
 (A week) ago => (a week) before
 Last weekend => the previous
weekend
 Here => there
 Here after => there after
 Next (week) => the following
(week)/ a week after
 Tomorrow => the next/following
day
 Thus => so
 Last night => the previous night
 Yesterday => the day before / the
previous day
 Hither => thither
 Hence => then

Active and Passive Voice
55 | P a g e
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
Sentences in English can be active or passive. Verbs, correspondingly, have active and passive
forms. The distinction between the active and passive voices can be tricky, but it is, essentially,
quite simple.
In a sentence in the active voice, the subject is actively performing the action, and the object is
receiving it.
For example: The cat ate the rat.
In this sentence, the subject cat is performing the action of eating the rat.
The passive voice, on the other hand, sees a reversal of roles. For example:
The rat was eaten by the cat. Here, the rat is the subject, but it is not actively, but passively
performing the action. It is allowing the action to be performed on it. It is the object, the cat, which
is actually performing the action, although syntactically it is receiving it.
Most sentences are in the active voice. The passive voice is employed when the noun that generally
would have been the object, needs emphasis, or when you do not want to mention or do not know
the identity of the subject.
Some Common Rules for Active and Passive Voice –
1. Subject is changed in to Passive Voice and vice versa.
2. Pronouns get changed when they change their positions in the following way –
I ↔ Me
We ↔ Us
You ↔ You
He ↔ Him
She ↔ Her
It ↔ It
They ↔ Them
1. Only Verb III is used in Passive Constructions.
Active and Passive Voice Related with Tense –

56 | P a g e
Present Indefinite –
 Active Voice – Sub + V1+ s/es + Obj.
 Passive Voice – Obj + is/am/are/ V3+ by + Sub.
Examples –
She helps the poor.
The poor are helped by her.
Past Indefinite Tense –
 Active Voice – Sub + V2 + Obj.
 Passive Voice – Obj + was/were + V3+ by + Sub.
Examples –
They played cricket in the evening.
Cricket was played by them in the evening.
Future Indefinite –
 Active Voice – Sub + will/shall + V1 + Obj.
 Passive Voice – Obj + will/shall + be + V3+ by + Sub.
Examples –
We will take lunch now.
Lunch shall be taken by us now.
Present Continuous –n
 Active Voice – Sub + is/am/are + V1+ ing + Obj.

57 | P a g e
 Passive Voice – Obj + is/am/are + being + V3+ by + Sub.
Examples –
She is singing a beautiful song this time.
A beautiful song is being sung by her this time.
Past Continuous Tense –
 Active Voice – Sub + was/were + V1+ ing + Obj.
 Passive Voice – Obj + was/were + being + V3+ by + Sub.
Examples –
The teacher was reading newspaper.
Newspaper was being read by the teacher.
Future Continuous –
 Active Voice – Sub + will/shall + be + V1+ ing + Obj.
 Passive Voice – Obj + will/shall + be + being + V3+ by + Sub.
Examples –
They will be playing chess this time.
Chess will be being played by them this time.
Present Perfect –
 Active Voice – Sub + has/have + V3 + Obj.
 Passive Voice – Obj + has/have + been + V3+ by + Sub.

58 | P a g e
Examples –
Children have taken their breakfast.
The breakfast has been taken by children.
Past Perfect –
 Active Voice – Sub + had + V3 + Obj.
 Passive Voice – Obj + had + been + V3+ by + Sub.
Examples –
I had written a poem.
A poem had been written by me.
Future Perfect –
 Active Voice – Sub + will/shall+ have + V3 + Obj.
 Passive Voice – Obj + will/shall + have + been + V3+ by + Sub.
Examples –
She will have completed her homework.
The home work will have been completed by her.
Present Perfect Continuous –
 Active Voice – Sub + has/have + been + V1 + ing + Obj + since/for +time.
 Passive Voice – Obj + has/have + been + being + V3+ by + Sub+since + for +time.
Examples –
Malaika has been watching TV since Morning.

59 | P a g e
TV has been being watched by Malaika since morning.
Past Perfect Continuous –
 Active Voice – Sub + had + been + V1 + ing + Obj + since/for +time.
 Passive Voice – Obj + had + been + being + V3+ by + Sub + since+for +time.
Examples –
Iqra had been cooking food for two hours.
Food had been being cooked by Iqra for two hours.
Future Perfect Continuous –
 Active Voice – Sub + will/ shall+ have + been + V1 + ing + Obj + since/for +time
 Passive Voice – Obj + will/shall + have + been + being + V3+ by + Sub + since+for +time.
They will have been writing a novel for two months.
A novel will have been being written by them for two months.
Rule No 2 – Voice Related with Modals –
 Active Voice – Sub + any Modal + V 1 + Obj.
 Passive Voice – Obj + same Modal + be + V 3 + by + sub.
Examples –
I can speak English.
English can be spoken by me.

60 | P a g e
Rule No 3 – Sentences with W-H Families (Interrogative Sentences) –
 Active Voice – What are you doing here?
 Passive Voice – What is being done by you here?
Rules of changing some Interrogative Pronouns –
Who is changed in to by whom?
Whom in to Who?
How many in to by how many?
In some cases what into by what.
Rest of the Interrogative Pronouns remain unchanged.
Some more examples –
How many people attended the party?
By how many people was the party attended?
What brings you here?
By what are you brought here?
Rule No – 4
Structure –
 It is time to + v1+ obj. – Active Voice
 It is time for obj + to + be + v3. – Passive Voice
Examples -
It is time to take tea.
It is time for tea to be taken.

61 | P a g e
LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST THOUGHT:
Unfortunately, I could not get the enough time to write all about English Language which occupies
in my mind. I was willing to write something more. Anyway, I will try my best to write it again,
in upcoming months. I might be having some time after accomplishment of my graduation later
on this year. I believe you have been inquisitive to learn stuff through this book. With respect to
the stuff mentioned in this book, in my perspective I have written all those actionable information
that might help you in many ways and I expect that you have learnt everything mentioned above.
A very good luck to you. May your future be full of prosperity, respect as well as success!
Editor
H. M Sheraz Arif
&
M Waqas Javaid

English Grammer

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