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Stakeholder Analysis of Impacts from Sea Level Change
- 1. This work is supported by the National Science Foundation’s Directorate for Education and Human Resources TUES-1245025, IUSE- 1612248, IUSE-1725347, and IUSE-1914915. Questions, contact education-AT-unavco.org SEA-LEVEL RISE STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS An organizational technique for identifying the groups and responsibility/control levels for a given topic Version: Oct. 31, 2019
- 4. REGIONS SUSCEPTIBLE TO SEA-LEVEL CHANGE Rising sea levels will affect nearly everyone on the planet in one way or another, but people living in coastal areas will be touched first/most. Three areas we will consider here: • Low-lying, developing nation (ex. Bangladesh) • Coastal urban area (ex. southern California) • Small island nations (ex. Maldives)
- 5. BANGLADESH
- 7. MALDIVES
- 8. QUESTIONS RELATED TO SEA-LEVEL CHANGE IMPACTS 1. Which two specific problems caused by sea-level rise do you consider the most important? Why do you consider these problems more important than the others? 2. Give an example of how one problem caused by sea-level rise amplifies another problem. You can think about this with respect to what resources, financial or otherwise, are needed and available to respond to a particular problem. 3. Are there any positive impacts of sea-level rise on the various communities/stakeholders described in your reading? Do these positive impacts outweigh the negative consequences of sea-level rise?
- 9. QUESTIONS RELATED TO SEA-LEVEL CHANGE IMPACTS 4. Greenhouse gas emissions are implicated as the major contributor to climate change and sea-level rise. Industrialized countries contribute significantly more greenhouse gases than poorer, developing countries; similarly, within developed nations the poor or rural communities often have fewer resources to respond to sea-level changes. For example, the United States is responsible for approximately 23% of global carbon dioxide emissions annually. What (if any) role should developed countries like the United States take in assisting those communities affected by sea- level change? 5. There are two major strategies proposed to address the effects of sea-level rise: 1) Mitigation, a strategy by which steps are taken to stop or slow sea-level rise; 2) Adaptation involves seeking out ways to adjust to sea-level rise if it seems unavoidable. Do you believe that mitigation or adaptation is a more feasible strategy for the community in your reading? Why? What about for your community? Why?
- 10. STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS • According to the Project Management Institute (PMI), the term project stakeholder refers to, “an individual, group, or organization, who may affect, be affected by, or perceive itself to be affected by a decision, activity, or outcome of a project.” • Purpose of a Stakeholder Analysis is “to identify and understand different persons, groups, and institutions who will be positively or negatively impacted.”
- 11. Direct -Residents -Users -Government regulators -Landowners -Key industry representatives Proximal Indirect or Self-designated -Neighboring residents -Neighboring communities -Other infrastructure users -Related businesses -Government entities -NGOs -Distant residents STAKEHOLDERS
- 12. Direct -add class ideas here Proximal Indirect or Self-designated -add class ideas here -add class ideas here STAKEHOLDERS
- 13. Interest Power/Influence Outsourced center staff Example Corporate Stakeholder Cross Plot of Interest vs. Power/Influence Testers Customers Web standards team Networking & security Legal Finance CEO Project Manager Development team Outsourced center manager Training Manager
- 14. Interest Power/Influence Stakeholder Cross Plot of Interest vs. Power/Influence • Ideas here • Ideas here • Ideas here • Ideas here
- 15. Stakeholders Involvement in Issue Impact of Issue on Stakeholder (high-med-low) Interest in Issue (high-med-low) Influence/Pow er (high-med-low) Resources for action or ways to engage
- 16. EXAMPLE STAKEHOLDER MATRIX Stakeholder Name Contact Person Phone, Email, Website, Address Impact How much does the project impact them? (Low, Medium, High) Influence How much influence do they have over the project? (Low, Medium, High) What is important to the stakeholder? How could the stakeholder contribute to the project? How could the stakeholder block the project? Strategy for engaging the stakeholder EXAMPLE Nurses & Midwives Union High High Maintaining working conditions for nurses Agree for union members to implement the new reforms Going on strike Monthly roundtable discussions Patient Advocacy Group High Medium Maximizing quality of care for patients Communicate with other stakeholders to express their support for reforms Making complaints about quality of service after the reports Information and feedback meetings every 6 months Sunday Times Newspaper Low High Getting a good story Print stories that support the new reforms Printing stories that oppose the new reforms Quarterly press meetings
- 17. COASTAL FLOODING IN BANGLADESH – WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT? Continue to make meager adaptations to stem the loss of life in the face of increasingly frequent severe weather events? Continue to appeal to high carbon-emitting states to stem the output of atmospheric greenhouse gases in an effort to save their country from destruction.
- 18. ISLAND INUNDATION – WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT? Continue to make meager adaptations to stem the loss of life in the face of increasingly frequent severe weather events? Continue to appeal to high carbon-emitting states to stem the output of atmospheric greenhouse gases in an effort to save their country from destruction.
- 20. EXAMPLE BACKGROUND ARTICLES • https://toolkit.climate.gov/tool/sea-level-rise-and- coastal-flooding-impacts-viewer • https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/news/weeklynews/july12 /stormsurge.html • https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/sea-level- rise-swallows-5-whole-pacific-islands/ • https://e360.yale.edu/features/as-seas-rise-tropical- pacific-islands-face-a-perfect-storm • https://theconversation.com/how-should-we- compensate-poor-countries-for-loss-and-damage-from- climate-change-55612
Editor's Notes
- Real data about changing sea level Map from: CDC Coastal Flooding, Climate Change, and Your Health – What You Can Do to Prepare https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/pubs/CoastalFloodingClimateChangeandYourHealth-508.pdf Source: NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2015 update to data originally published in: NOAA. 2009. Seal level variations of the United States 1854–2006. NOAA Technical Report NOS CO-OPS 053. http://www. tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/publications/Tech_rpt_53.pdf. For more information, visit U.S. EPA’s “Climate Change Indicators in the United States” at www.epa.gov/climatechange/indicators.
- One example of how sea level rise can effect communities is by increasing flooding. Map from: CDC Coastal Flooding, Climate Change, and Your Health – What You Can Do to Prepare https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/pubs/CoastalFloodingClimateChangeandYourHealth-508.pdf
- Bangladesh is a low-lying developing nation with a significant population below the poverty level and large areas of land within 10 meters of sea level and thus susceptible to increased flooding associated with sea-level rise and changing rain patterns. Images left to right: Map of Bangladesh depicting proportion of population below poverty. Image: http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/08/27/latest-bangladesh-poverty-maps-launched (World Bank has released under creative commons license) Elevation map of Bangladesh, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (http://dspace.icddrb.org/jspui/; publications open for reuse) - Health and Demographic Surveillance SystemHealth and Demographic Surveillance System Report 2009 Google Earth image of the location of Bangladesh in Asia
- Southern California gives an example of the types of societal infrastructure are vulnerable to sea-level change in many coastal cities around the world. Besides large populations, coastal cities have critical infrastructure such as ports, railways, roads, power plants, and water treatment facilities. Images Upper left: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Los_Angeles#/media/File:LA-port%2BLong-Beach1.jpg Upper right: Google Maps Lower: California Deparment of Conservation farmland mapping and monitoring program
- Some of the islands in the world simply do not have land of high enough elevation to be above water if sea levels rise. Maldives is an inland nation southwest of India with a high point of 2.4 meters above sea level and an average elevation of 1.5 meters. Great diversity of marine resources are found around the islands. The populated islands themselves have a very dense population and societal infrastructure. Images Malé : By Shahee Ilyas - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=621195 Corals: By Tchami - Maldives, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=34516229 Overview: Google Earth
- Questions the students were asked in the pre-class homework. OPTIONAL: You may wish to start class with some discussion of how students answered the questions
- Questions the students were asked in the pre-class homework. OPTIONAL: You may wish to start class with some discussion of how students answered the questions
- Project Management Institute, 2013, Project stakeholder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_stakeholder
- This figure provides some ideas for the type of stakeholders that go into the different categories.
- This blank version is provided so a class can brainstorm about the relevant stakeholders for the particular analysis. Instructor can type into the boxes with students suggestions or project on a white board or smart board and write directly in the spaces or even have students do the writing. After brainstorming ideas, decide on 5–7 stakeholders as a class that will be considered further. Have small groups of students discuss a particular stakeholder group. They should start with the power versus interest each stakeholder group probably has related to sea-level change.
- These are possible stakeholder groups; hopefully students will come up with a similar list, but you could refer to this for ideas to consider. Note: NGO = nongovernment organization
- Example Stakeholder Analysis cross plot of interest versus power with the relative position of various stakeholders shown – corporate example. Additional plots could be set up with other criteria selected for comparison such as impact, engagement, resources, direct, indirect, and legal requirements. Power/Influence can pertain to the ability to take action to adapt to and/or mitigate sea-level changes. Interest reflects the potential impacts of sea-level changes on the stakeholder (how much could it affect them). Adapted from http://www.stakeholdermap.com/stakeholder-analysis.html
- Plot where the class’s ideas can be recorded here as a way to think through the relative interest versus power.
- Different groups work to fill in contents for the row related to their stakeholder group. Ideally they can fill in their part the table in a way that is visible to the entire class by projecting this onto a white board where groups can write their conclusions.
- Example of a simple Stakeholder Matrix that allows for a organized display of the various stakeholders and their level of participation/impact on various aspects of an analysis. In case it is helpful to show students different types of stakeholder analyses. It can be helpful to impress upon students that a stakeholder analysis is a very valuable skill in a wide range of careers. They are done throughout business, policy, non-profits, and more. Adapted from http://www.tools4dev.org/resources/stakeholder-analysis-matrix-template/
- You may wish to choose one or the other from this or the next slide if you wish to engage the students in a discussion about the posed questions. Flooded villages and fields around a river in Bangladesh the day after the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone had struck the country. Floods like this will become more common as climate change and sea-level rise continue. Image source: Staff Sergeant Val Gempis (USAF). Image from the Defense Visual Information Center, ID number DFST9206136. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flooding_after_1991_cyclone.jpg (public domain)
- You may wish to choose one or the other from this or the previous slide if you wish to engage the students in a discussion about the posed questions. Aerial view of Malé International Airport (VRMM), in the direction of Runway 36 – shows how very little elevation is available above current sea level. Image source: PalawanOz [Public domain], from Wikimedia Commons; https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maldives_Approach_Finals_-_Rwy_36_Short_Finals_1.jpg
- Resources are included in the teaching resources section of the unit page which include such material as this. CDC Coastal Flooding, Climate Change, and Your Health – What You Can Do to Prepare https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/pubs/CoastalFloodingClimateChangeandYourHealth-508.pdf
- These are examples of what types of articles are found with a Google search for “Small Island Nations and Sea Level Change.” The last listing can help start a conversation that links back to the stakeholder analysis in the sense that ultimately financial issues tend to be at the heart of what happens to those most impacted by the changes in sea level.