2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
This session highlights best practices and lessons learned for U.S. Bike Route System designation, as well as how and why these routes should be integrated into bicycle planning at the local and regional level.
Presenters:
Presenter: Kevin Luecke Toole Design Group
Co-Presenter: Virginia Sullivan Adventure Cycling Association
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...DevGAMM Conference
Has your project been caught in a storm of deadlines, clashing requirements, and the need to change course halfway through? If yes, then check out how the administration team navigated through all of this, relocating 160 people from 3 countries and opening 2 offices during the most turbulent time in the last 20 years. Belka Games’ Chief Administrative Officer, Katerina Rudko, will share universal approaches and life hacks that can help your project survive unstable periods when there seem to be too many tasks and a lack of time and people.
This presentation was designed to provide strategic recommendations for a brand in decline. The deck also incorporates a situational assessment, including a brand identity, positioning, architecture, and portfolio strategy for the Brand.
Presentation originally created for NYU Stern's Brand Strategy course. Design by Erica Santiago & Chris Alexander.
21. The Road to
Revolution
Focus Question:
What key events sharpened the divisions
between Britain and the colonists in
the late 1760s and early 1770s?
58. Review
• The Crisis Begins
Focus Question: What were the roots and significance of the Stamp Act
controversy?
• The Road to Revolution
Focus Question: What key events sharpened the divisions between
Britain and the colonists in the late 1760s and early 1770s?
• The Coming of Independence
Focus Question: What key events marked the move toward American
independence?
• Securing Independence
Focus Question: How were American forces able to prevail in the
Revolutionary War?
59. MEDIA LINKS
—— Chapter 5 ——
Order Title Filename Media link
1 Eric Foner on British
liberty
question036 http://wwnorton.com/common/mplay/6.7/?
p=/college/history/foner4/mp4/&f=question036
2 Eric Foner on Christian
republicanism
christian_republi
canism
http://wwnorton.com/common/mplay/6.7/?
p=/college/history/foner4/&f=christian_republican
ism
3
Eric Foner on the
independence movement
in Massachusetts and
Virginia
question037 http://wwnorton.com/common/mplay/6.7/?
p=/college/history/foner4/mp4/&f=question037
4
Eric Foner on the
Declaration of
Independence
declaration_of
independence
http://wwnorton.com/common/mplay/6.7/?
p=/college/history/foner4/&f=declaration_of_inde
pendence
5
Eric Foner on the
Declaration of
Independence, pt 2
foner_liberty03 http://wwnorton.com/common/mplay/6.7/?
p=/college/history/foner4/&f=foner_liberty03
6 Eric Foner on Thomas
Paine
question038 http://wwnorton.com/common/mplay/6.7/?
p=/college/history/foner4/mp4/&f=question038
60. Next Lecture PREVIEW:
—— Chapter 5 ——
The Revolution Within
• Democratizing Freedom
• Toward Religious Toleration
• Defining Economic Freedom
• The Limits of Liberty
• Slavery and the Revolution
• Daughters of Liberty
61. Norton Lecture Slides
Independent and Employee-Owned
http://wwnorton.com/college/history/give-me-liberty4/
by
Eric Foner
This concludes the Norton Lecture Slides
Slide Set for Chapter 5
Give Me Liberty!
AN AMERICAN HISTORY
FOURTH EDITION
Editor's Notes
Chapter 5The American Revolution, 1763–1783
The subtopics for this lecture are listed on the screen above.
The purpose of the focus questions is to help students find larger themes and structures to bring the historical evidence, events, and examples together for a connected thematic purpose.
As we go through each portion of this lecture, you may want to keep in mind how the information relates to this larger thematic question. Here are some suggestions: write the focus question in the left or right margin on your notes and as we go through, either mark areas of your notes for you to come back to later and think about the connection OR as you review your notes later (to fill in anything else you remember from the lecture or your thoughts during the lecture or additional information from the readings), write small phrases from the lecture and readings that connect that information to each focus question AND/OR are examples that work together to answer the focus question.
The experience and costs of the Seven Years’ War led Great Britain, where King George assumed the throne in 1760, to consolidate its growing empire and make the colonists share in its costs.
Before the war, the British had attempted to impose new trading regulations reinforcing the Navigation Acts, which limited and controlled the colonists’ trade. In the 1740s, the Board of Trade, responsible for colonial affairs, had attempted to expand its influence over colonial governments, trying, for example, to bring colonial laws into conformity with royal instructions. These new regulations failed, in part because colonists ignored them.
During the Seven Years’ War, the British had treated colonists as equals, recognizing their contributions to winning the conflict. After the war, in the mid-1760s, the British returned to viewing colonists as subordinates whose role was to enrich the mother country. Without precedent, British rulers sought imperial reforms to make administration of the American colonies more efficient and systematic, and to raise funds, to help pay for the war (which cost Britain far more than its colonies) and finance their empire. To them, it seemed fair to force Americans to follow the Navigation Acts, help reduce the war debt, and pay for continued British protection.
Furthermore, almost all Britons believed that Parliament represented the entire empire and rightfully legislated for it. Millions of Britons had no representatives in Parliament. But according to the theory of “virtual representation,” these Britons were constituents of each member of the Parliament, the duty of each was to represent the whole empire, not simply his district. Americans’ argument that they could not be taxed without enjoying direct representation in Parliament did not find much support in Britain.
In the early 1760s, British efforts to combat smuggling by issuing general search warrants, and its Proclamation of 1763 barring further settlement on lands west of the Appalachian Mountains, sparked protest in the colonies. But this response was little compared to the colonists’ outrage in 1764 and 1765 over new laws, including the Sugar, Revenue, and Currency Acts, measures that colonists believed infringed on their liberties and limited the profits they earned from previously less-regulated trade.
The Stamp Act of 1765, however, was an unprecedented reform. The act did not expand the Navigation Acts but directly taxed activities within the colony, instead of taxing imports and exports. With the act, Parliament tried to raise money by requiring that all kinds of printed matter produced in the colonies, such as newspapers, books, and court documents, carry a stamp issued by authorities. This would raise funds for the stationing of British troops in the colonies without asking or forcing colonial assemblies to provide money.
While previous regulations affected mostly those colonists directly involved in trade, the Stamp Act affected virtually every free colonist, many of whom resented a tax that interfered with the flow of information, was imposed without the consent of colonial governments, and paid for British troops whose presence many deemed an unnecessary intrusion. Colonists opposing the tax viewed it as an infringement on their traditional English liberties, taking their property without consent, and they sometimes referred to these as their natural rights.
British imperial rulers and the colonists had different ideas of the British empire. The British saw the empire as a system of unequal parts, in which different principles governed different areas, and all were subject to Parliament’s authority. Colonists in the Americas and India viewed the empire as an association of equals, in which free colonists had the same rights as Britons at home. In late 1765, the Stamp Act Congress, with delegates from most North American colonies, affirmed Americans’ loyalty to Great Britain while insisting on their right to consent to taxation. Americans were beginning to see Parliament as no longer the safeguard of English liberty, but its principal enemy.
Ideas and icons of liberty, such as liberty trees and liberty poles, infused American colonists’ resistance to the Stamp Act. Inspired by colonists in Boston who had protested the Sugar and Currency Acts, colonial leaders formed committees that communicated with each other and successfully coordinated efforts to prevent the Stamp Act’s implementation.
In cities such as New York and Boston, crowds often organized by the Sons of Liberty destroyed the stamps and forced those administering the law to resign. The coercive activities of the Sons of Liberty, supported mostly by urban artisans, laborers, and sailors, frightened both imperial officers in the colonies and colonial elites who opposed the Stamp Act but preferred orderly and peaceful protest. Though the Americans’ resistance, and pressure from London merchants and manufacturers afraid of losing American markets, led Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act in 1766, that body simultaneously passed the Declaratory Act, which affirmed that Parliament had the authority and power to pass laws in the future that affected the colonies, including new taxes.
The 1760s also saw considerable internal social turmoil within the colonies. In the western backcountry of many colonies, the conflicting land claims of settlers, speculators, colonial governments, and Indians sparked disputes. Rural settlers and farmers had long resented the power and influence of land speculators and large proprietors. In the mid-1760s, a group of South Carolina settlers calling themselves “Regulators” protested the underrepresentation of western settlements in the colony’s assembly and the failure to establish local governments that could regularize land titles and impose law and order. In North Carolina, groups of small farmers taking the same name refused to pay taxes, disrupted courts, and attacked local officials and the property of land speculators, merchants, and lawyers. These armed farmers were suppressed only in 1771 by the colony’s militia.
In the mid-1760s, tenants on the large estates of landowners in New York’s Hudson River valley calling themselves the Sons of Liberty stopped paying rent and began to seize land, but they were also suppressed by colonial militia and British troops. Small farmers in Vermont and other parts of New England also took up arms to defend their land claims and resist colonial authorities. Such social turmoil made some colonial elites fear that resistance to British imperial authority threatened their own power and authority over their subordinates within the colonies, and they cautioned against further protests of British rule.
The purpose of the focus questions is to help students find larger themes and structures to bring the historical evidence, events, and examples together for a connected thematic purpose.
As we go through each portion of this lecture, you may want to keep in mind how the information relates to this larger thematic question. Here are some suggestions: write the focus question in the left or right margin on your notes and as we go through, either mark areas of your notes for you to come back to later and think about the connection OR as you review your notes later (to fill in anything else you remember from the lecture or your thoughts during the lecture or additional information from the readings), write small phrases from the lecture and readings that connect that information to each focus question AND/OR are examples that work together to answer the focus question.
In 1767, the British government imposed a new set of taxes on the American colonies designed by chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend, the government’s chief financial minister. Taking at their word American statements that they did not object to taxes on trade, the Townshend duties taxed goods imported into the colonies and established a new board of customs commissioners to collect the taxes, suppress smuggling, and raise funds to free judges and governors from their financial dependence on colonial assemblies. Although American merchants opposed the duties, the colonial opposition developed more slowly compared to the response to the Stamp Act.
A colonial boycott on imported British goods developed in Boston and spread to the southern colonies, where many southern planters hoped to use the boycott to reduce their debt to British merchants. Boycotters celebrated the virtue of American resistance and denigrated the luxury of British society by producing their own homespun clothing. Although urban artisans welcomed an end to competition from British imports and strongly supported nonimportation, urban merchants were at first reluctant to honor the boycott, and in some cities extralegal committees and crowds attempted to enforce it.
Boston was the center of resistance. Royal British troops had been stationed there since a 1768 riot against British attempts to enforce trade regulations, and the unpopular troops had been competing for jobs on the waterfront with the city’s laborers. On March 5, 1770, a fight between Bostonians and British soldiers escalated into an armed confrontation that left five Bostonians dead. The commander and eight soldiers were put on trial and defended by John Adams, who opposed both British policies and lower-class crowd actions against them. Though only two of the British soldiers were convicted of manslaughter, and the rest were found not guilty, Paul Revere and other colonists helped stir up indignation against the British through inaccurate but widely circulated propaganda depicting the incident as a massacre of unarmed Bostonians.
Nonimportation temporarily cut British imports by a third, and although the boycott on the Townshend duties faltered by 1770, British merchants’ fear of future trade disruptions led to the repeal of all of the Townshend duties—except for the tax on tea. The British also agreed to remove troops from Boston, and American merchants abandoned the boycott.
A controversy within Britain over the treatment of John Wilkes reinforced Americans’ sense that political corruption and other ills were eroding British liberty. A radical journalist who had scandalized authorities with writings on the king and ministry, Wilkes was elected to Parliament from London but expelled. Cries of “Wilkes and Liberty” rallied colonists and Britons in the mother country. British American Protestants were also troubled by rumors that the Anglican Church planned to send bishops to the colonies and, worried that religious courts to punish dissenters would be established, further feared for their liberties.
The next colonial crisis demonstrated how events throughout the British empire reverberated in America. The East India Company was a giant trading monopoly that effectively ruled recently acquired British possessions in India. When a speculative bubble destroyed the company’s stock, in which many British merchants, bankers, and other elites had invested, the British government decided to help rescue the company by marketing its surplus of tea in North America. By this time, tea was no longer a luxury good, but a consumer necessity popular among all social classes in Britain and America. The British government, headed by Lord North, gave the company advantages that allowed it to dump low-priced tea on the American market (which undercut colonial merchants and smugglers), and it wanted to use taxes on imported tea to help pay for the costs of colonial government, another move that threatened the colonial assemblies’ control over finance. Although the tea tax was not new, many colonists argued that a tax on a large new body of tea imports would acknowledge Britain’s right to tax the colonies. Mounting opposition culminated in what much later became known as the Boston Tea Party, in which colonists disguised as Indians dumped tea from British ships into Boston harbor, causing enormous loss to the East India Company.
North’s government and the Parliament responded with a series of punitive laws the colonies came to call the Intolerable Acts. They closed the port of Boston until the East India Company had been compensated, altered the Massachusetts Charter of 1691 by curtailing town meetings and authorizing the governor to appoint council members previously elected, and allowed British military commanders to house troops in colonists’ private homes. Simultaneously, Parliament passed the Quebec Act, which extended Canada’s boundaries and allowed for legal toleration of the Roman Catholic church in that new British province. Meant to secure the allegiance of Britain’s new subjects, the Quebec Act also caused many colonists, especially New England Protestants, to fear that the British now threatened both their political and religious freedoms.
The purpose of the focus questions is to help students find larger themes and structures to bring the historical evidence, events, and examples together for a connected thematic purpose.
As we go through each portion of this lecture, you may want to keep in mind how the information relates to this larger thematic question. Here are some suggestions: write the focus question in the left or right margin on your notes and as we go through, either mark areas of your notes for you to come back to later and think about the connection OR as you review your notes later (to fill in anything else you remember from the lecture or your thoughts during the lecture or additional information from the readings), write small phrases from the lecture and readings that connect that information to each focus question AND/OR are examples that work together to answer the focus question.
By 1774, British actions had eroded the imperial government’s legitimacy among many colonists, and opposition to the Intolerable Acts spread to small towns and rural areas that had not yet participated in the resistance. While colonists, particularly in New England, intimidated, harassed, and sometimes assaulted British officials and colonists who supported British policies, a September convention of delegates from towns across Massachusetts issued the Suffolk Resolves, urging Americans to refuse to obey the new laws, withhold taxes, and prepare for war. To coordinate resistance to the Acts, that month a Continental Congress also met in Philadelphia. Composed of political leaders from all the colonies except Georgia, it included men like John Adams and his more radical cousin Samuel Adams of Massachusetts, and from Virginia George Washington and Patrick Henry, the latter of whom famously declared to his fellow Virginians, “Give me liberty, or give me death!”
The Congress adjourned in October 1774 after it agreed to meet the following May if its demands were not met. It endorsed the Suffolk Resolves and formed the Continental Association to halt virtually all trade with Great Britain and the West Indies. The Congress, through the Association, authorized local Committees of Safety to enforce its policies and act against “enemies of liberty” who violated the boycott or used it as an opportunity to raise prices. This was the beginning of a process that transferred effective political power from colonial governments whose authority derived from Great Britain to extralegal bodies reflecting the popular will. By early 1775, thousands of men, many of whom were without property and who had never before been part of the “political nation,” were serving on these committees, which became laboratories for self-government and soon, revolution.
By 1774 and 1775, the notions of British liberty that had infused British American political culture were being invoked by indignant colonists of all backgrounds, now against Britain itself. As the crisis intensified, more and more Americans based their claims for liberty not just on the historical rights of Englishmen, but upon more abstract language of natural rights and universal freedom. This language included John Locke’s idea that natural rights existed prior to the establishment of government, which provided a powerful justification for resistance to imperial British rule.
When the Second Continental Congress met in May 1775, war had already begun between British soldiers and armed Massachusetts citizens. The previous month, British forces marching to Concord to seize arms in that town were met in Lexington by militiamen who tried to resist their advance. In Concord, the British were routed and after retreating to Boston, scores of militiamen and British troops were killed or wounded. These skirmishes initiated the American War of Independence, and inspired colonists in New England and elsewhere to take up arms. New England militia laid siege to Boston and, after failed British attempts to break the siege and the arrival of cannon seized from the British by American militia at Fort Ticonderoga, the British abandoned the city. The Second Continental Congress soon authorized the raising of an army, the printing of money to pay for it, and appointed George Washington as its commander. Britain responded by declaring the colonies to be in a state of rebellion, and it closed all colonial ports and dispatched thousands of troops.
Despite the war’s outbreak, many colonists were reluctant to embrace independence from Great Britain. Many were still proud of British political institutions and culture and the power and glory of the British empire, and more than a few political leaders worried the rebellion might cause internal social conflict, particularly between elites and the disenfranchised and less wealthy Americans. Leaders in Massachusetts and Virginia, incensed by the Intolerable Acts and confident of their ability to retain authority in those colonies, supported independence, as did many southern leaders, who guarded their political liberties and were enraged by a British proclamation in Virginia in late 1775 offering freedom to escaped slaves who enlisted in the royal army. In New York and Pennsylvania, consensus was more difficult to establish. Opposition to British policies had animated small farmers and urban artisans, whose calls for a greater voice in political life prompted many leaders to hesitate to call for independence. Some in these colonies urged for compromise and predicted that a war would unleash fighting between the colonies.
In the beginning of 1776, colonists were strangely both engaged in a war against the British empire and calling for rights within it. In July 1775, even as Congress organized a continental military, they sent the Olive Branch Petition to George III, reaffirming their loyalty to the crown and hoping for a “permanent reconciliation.” Ironically, not a colonist but a recent emigrant to Philadelphia from England, Thomas Paine, offered the arguments that catalyzed the final move toward independence. Paine’s pamphlet Common Sense, published in January 1776, caustically criticized the British constitution for its principles of hereditary rule and monarchical government, and argued that the residue of tyranny survived in the form of the monarchy and the aristocratic House of Lords. Paine argued that only a democratic system based on frequent elections, with a single written constitution, could ensure liberty.
Most importantly, Paine argued that America’s future prospects within the British empire were limited; once America was free of the Navigation Acts and trading freely with the world, its prosperity would be assured. Free from Great Britain, the colonies would also not be entangled in its wars with other European powers, against which the American colonists had never had grievances. Paine argued that the colonies’ membership in the British empire was more burdensome than beneficial. Paine ended the pamphlet by assuring his readers that American independence was linked with the freedom of people everywhere, and argued that the new nation would become a haven for freedom and “an asylum for mankind.”
Although most of Paine’s ideas were not original, he addressed them to all Americans and made it accessible by expressing them in a clear, direct and plain language unusual in most political writing at that time. Common Sense quickly became one of the most successful and influential pamphlets in the history of political writing. The intensification of the war, combined with Paine’s stirring appeal for independence, sparked more calls for independence in many American communities.
On July 2, 1776, Congress formally declared the United States an independent nation, and two days later adopted the Declaration of Independence, authored by Thomas Jefferson and revised by the Congress before its approval. Most of the declaration was a long list of grievances directed against King George III, protesting recent policies that threatened to impose on the colonists “absolute tyranny” (although a clause condemning the slave trade and criticizing the king for overturning laws limiting slave importation was eliminated after protests by delegates from Georgia and South Carolina). The impact and legacy of the Declaration was contained in its preamble, written by Jefferson, and stating that “all men are created equal, that they are endowed with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.” Jefferson justified independence by arguing that government derives its powers from “the consent of the governed,” and that when it threatens its subjects’ natural rights, the people have the authority “to alter or abolish it.” The Declaration ultimately asserts the right of revolution.
The Declaration of Independence forever altered the meaning of American liberty. It completed the transformation of the object of American independence from the rights of Englishmen to the rights of mankind. Jefferson argued that natural laws, not the British constitution or the rights of the freeborn Englishman, justified America’s separation from Britain, and the Declaration made freedom a universal entitlement for all people, not a privilege to be enjoyed by a corporate body or people of a certain social class. Jefferson drew upon the theories of John Locke. But by substituting “the pursuit of happiness” for “property” in the Lockean triad that opens the Declaration, Jefferson established in America’s political culture an open-ended, democratic process, in which individuals developed their own potential and sought to realize their own life goals. He made individual self-fulfillment, unimpeded by government, a central element of American freedom, removing tradition as an obstacle to Americans’ desire to shape society as they saw fit.
The American Revolution created a distinctive definition of national identity resting on freedom. From its beginning, the notion of “American exceptionalism”—the belief that the United States has a special mission to be a refuge from tyranny, a symbol of freedom, and a model for the rest of the world—has been central to American nationality and nationalism. Paine and others believed that the American Revolution was an event of global historical importance with the power to reshape the world. Without the burden of monarchy, aristocracy, and hereditary privilege of the Old World of Europe, America would be a new nation governed by principles of universal freedom.
While American colonists were more interested in gaining international recognition and the military aid of other governments than they were in establishing human rights for all people everywhere, the Declaration’s words and ideas have been an inspiration to Americans and colonial peoples throughout the world who have sought independence. Flemish rebels, part of today’s Belgium and then part of the Austrian empire, echoed Jefferson’s words in declaring their rebellion in 1790, and by 1826, the year Jefferson died, twenty other declarations of independence had been issued in Europe, the Caribbean, and Spanish America. Revolutionaries in China in 1911 and in Vietnam in 1945 issued declarations influenced by the American predecessor. Although, over time, the natural rights that Jefferson asserted became less and less part of the declarations he helped inspire, the idea that legitimate political authority rests on the will of the people and that “the people” have rights has been adopted around the world, inspiring a diverse array of groups, including Caribbean slaves, colonial subjects in India, and indigenous peoples of Latin America, to fight for their liberties.
The purpose of the focus questions is to help students find larger themes and structures to bring the historical evidence, events, and examples together for a connected thematic purpose.
As we go through each portion of this lecture, you may want to keep in mind how the information relates to this larger thematic question. Here are some suggestions: write the focus question in the left or right margin on your notes and as we go through, either mark areas of your notes for you to come back to later and think about the connection OR as you review your notes later (to fill in anything else you remember from the lecture or your thoughts during the lecture or additional information from the readings), write small phrases from the lecture and readings that connect that information to each focus question AND/OR are examples that work together to answer the focus question.
For Americans, the challenges to obtaining real independence, as opposed to declaring it, were enormous and Britain, which saw the colonists as rebellious traitors, was determined to crush them. The new American army faced the greatest military power in the world, with a well-trained, professional, disciplined army (augmented by hired soldiers from German states like Hesse), the world’s most powerful navy, and experienced military commanders. The Americans had local militias and a poorly equipped Continental army, many of whom were undisciplined, and no navy to speak of (although it did charter “privateers,” or private ships allowed by the Congress to attack British naval and commercial ships).
Yet, many Americans had military experience, particularly those who fought in the Seven Years’ War or had militia training. Americans were fighting on their own soil for a revolutionary cause that inspired sacrifice and devotion. During the war’s eight years, some 200,000 men served in the Continental army as volunteers or in the militia, where service was required of every able-bodied man. By the war’s end, one in twenty of the free white male population in the colonies between the age of 16 to 45 had died, the equivalent of nearly 3 million deaths in today’s population. But the hope for independence survived as long as an American army existed.
The British learned, despite their power, that the conquest of thirteen colonies was an enormous and expensive endeavor, which might require higher taxes that Britons in the mother country would resent. The British made a series of mistakes, misjudging the degree of support for independence among Americans and the capacity of America’s citizen-soldiers. European rivals, particularly France, welcomed British defeat and could equalize the balance of forces in the struggle if they supported America.
Although George Washington at first would not accept black recruits in the Continental army, he reversed this policy after a British proclamation offered freedom to Virginia slaves who escaped and served in the British military. Around 5,000 blacks enlisted in the American army and militia, some of whom were slaves and promised freedom if they served as substitutes for their master or his son. Blacks fighting under George Washington served in racially integrated units, the last black Americans to do so in regular units until the Korean War.
Except for South Carolina and Georgia, the southern colonies also enrolled free blacks and slaves to fight. While these colonies did not explicitly promise the slaves their freedom, many received it individually once the war concluded, at which time Virginia emancipated slaves who had served in the American army.
But many hundreds of blacks, particularly slaves, found freedom and opportunity by enlisting in the British military. Even some of the seventeen of George Washington’s slaves who fled to the British joined the fight against the American colonists.
The sluggish prosecution of the war by British commanders and Washington’s determination to avoid direct confrontation, in order to buy time to gain international support and to prevent the destruction of the American army, made for an inconclusive beginning to the war. Though the British captured New York in 1776 and pushed the Americans back through New Jersey, Washington saved a demoralized and shrinking army in successful surprise attacks in that state, at Trenton in December 1776 and at Princeton in January 1777.
In October 1777, a second British army advancing south from Canada into New York, intended to isolate New England from the rest of the colonies, was surrounded, defeated, and forced to surrender at Saratoga. While the British army remained quartered in New York, American troops suffered a punishing winter at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. But the victory at Saratoga helped persuade the French in 1778 to recognize the United States and supply it with military assistance. Spain soon joined the war on the American side as well. Though these allies first limited their attacks, the entry of France into the war in particular forced Britain to defend not only America but much of its global empire, and significantly weakened its capacity to wage war in North America.
In 1778, the center of the war moved to the southern colonies, where the British hoped to take advantage of social tensions between frontier farmers and wealthy planters, enlist the many loyalists in the region, and disrupt the economy by encouraging slaves to escape. By 1780, British forces had occupied Savannah, Georgia, and Charleston, South Carolina, and seemed to control much of the South.
This year was perhaps the lowest point of the war for the Americans. Congress was basically bankrupt, and the army, without pay for several months, experienced several mutinies. More and more, Loyalists were flocking to British lines along with tens of thousands of slaves. But irregular warfare launched by colonial militia in the South and a brutal civil war in much of North and South Carolina and Georgia between patriot and Loyalist militias, with both sides committing atrocities and destroying property, did not crush the rebellion in the South.
Finally in 1781, defeats and costly campaigns weakened British forces there commanded by Lord Cornwallis, who moved his army to Yorktown, located on a Virginia peninsula. Washington rushed his forces there, and with French troops laid a siege which, when supported by a French naval blockade, forced Cornwallis to surrender his army there in October 1781. Imperial rivalry between Europe’s great colonial powers had helped create the American colonies, and it now secured their independence as a new nation.
Public support for the war collapsed in Great Britain, where many thought the West Indies were more valuable and merchants hoped to renew trade with America. In 1783, Great Britain recognized America’s independence in the Treaty of Paris and ceded the entire area between Canada and Florida east of the Mississippi River. The Americans promised not to persecute Loyalists and to restore to them property seized in the war, but many Loyalists left for Great Britain, Canada, or other parts of the empire.
Until independence, the thirteen colonies in North America had been only part of Britain’s empire in the Western Hemisphere. In Canada and the West Indies, where planters feared slave revolts, colonists refused American’s appeal to join the war against the mother country. But with the Treaty of Paris, the United States of America became the first independent nation in the hemisphere, reflecting in its boundaries not the unity of a region, but the circumstances of its birth.
