The document discusses the 1954 Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. It overturns the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision that established the doctrine of "separate but equal". The Brown ruling unanimously declared that school segregation was unconstitutional, marking a departure from the Court's previous approval of segregation. However, the ruling faced resistance from those who opposed desegregation through tactics like massive resistance and the Southern Manifesto.