Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation
Ecmo Post Cardiac Surgery
1. ECMO Post Cardiac Surgery
Dr Malaika Mendonca
Division Chief, Pediatric Cardiac Surgical Intensive Care
Director ECMO Program
ELSO South and West Asia Chapter Co-Chairman
Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi UAE
9th January 2017
2. ECMO Post Cardiac Surgery
Objectives:
• Discuss Indications
• Compare Cannulationstrategies
• Describe Monitoring
• Explain possible complications
• Discuss Outcome Data
3. ECMO Post Cardiac Surgery
Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO)- Data:
6. ECMO Post Cardiac Surgery
Post–CardiotomyCardiogenic Shock (PCCS)
• Occurs in 2-6% of patients undergoing revascularization or
Valvular surgery (or combination)
• Inability to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass or extreme
hemodynamic instability in the immediate postoperative phase
• About 1% of these patients are refractory to maximal inotropic
support and intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP)
• PCCS happens to patients with preoperative normal myocardial
function and to those with pre-impaired function
7. ECMO Post Cardiac Surgery
Associated with in-hospital
mortality of around 50%
What is the role of
advanced mechanical
support?
ECMO post-cardiac surgery?
Is this a reversible cause?
Bridge to recovery?
Bridge to transplant?
Bridge to assist device?
Post–CardiotomyCardiogenic Shock (PCCS)
8. ECMO Post Cardiac Surgery
Central: open or closed ?
Cannulation strategies:
9. ECMO Post Cardiac Surgery
Peripheral cannulation: A. axillaris/subclavia
10. ECMO Post Cardiac Surgery
Peripheral cannulation: A. femoralis
• Distal perfusion cannula to be inserted
• Competitive flow : own contractility and ECMO flow
11. ECMO Post Cardiac Surgery
Cannulation and considerations:
• Increasing afterload with femoral arterial cannula
• Lung on ventilator rest setting:
Ejected blood from LV has same oxygen content as right
atrium!!! – PaO2 around 35 and Sat around 75%
Coronary perfusion!!!!
• Leg / arm ischemia must be considered / prevented
• Cannula size should be able to provide adequate flow: 60 ml/kg
How do we know, we have adequate flow ?
12. ECMO Post Cardiac Surgery
Monitoring:
1. Adequate oxygen delivery: Lactate level, Central Venous
Saturation, Urine output
13. ECMO Post Cardiac Surgery
Monitoring:
2. Anticoagulation/Bleeding
3. Neurostatus
4. Leg ischemia
5. Ventilation/Pulmonary edema
14. ECMO Post Cardiac Surgery
Myocardial Stunning:
NO own contractility
results in:
Complication:
• :
Risk of stagnation and thrombus in left ventricle
Increased LVED and overdistention will impair coronary
perfusion
Increased LVED and overdistention -> Dilatation and
regurgitation -> Pulmonary edema
What now?
15. ECMO Post Cardiac Surgery
• ECLS flow about 80% cardiac output to achieve pulsatile flow or
insertion of a drain into the LA
• Adequate ventilation to ensure good coronary perfusion by the
native cardiac output
Left Ventricular Decompression:
16. ECMO Post Cardiac Surgery
Patient on VA ECMO, both cannulas left femoral
Sat on monitor: 68%
ABG taken from R femoral
art line:
PaO2: 398 mmHg
CO2: 35 mmHg
Sat: 100%
=> What has happened?
17. ECMO Post Cardiac Surgery
Complication: Harlequin Phenomenon
• Cardiac contractility improves
• Lungs not well or not ventilated
-> return of deoxygenated blood
from lungs to LA
• Ejection of deoxygenated blood
Cave: Coronary and cerebral
perfusion!
18. ECMO Post Cardiac Surgery
Outlined two very specific problems or complications, which may
occur depending on contractility and recovery of contractility:
1. Myocardial Stunning with need of LV decompression
2. Harlequin Phenomenon with need for ejection of oxygenated
blood from LV
25. ECMO Post Cardiac Surgery
Outcome prediction:
Younger age, lower weight, acute myocarditis, refractory VF or VT,
higher diastolic pressure and lower peak pressure were found to
be protective
26. ECMO Post Cardiac Surgery
Outcome prediction:
Score of 0 has a survival
chance of 50%
27. ECMO Post Cardiac Surgery
• Post-CardiotomyECMO/ELS still represents the Most Common
Indications for VA ECMO
• Outcome is unsatisfactory, but great potential for
Improvement (timing, complication prevention, appropriate
configuration, patient management, prophylactic ECMO)
• Further Research is mandatory (results, predictors, score, …)
• Multi-Disciplinary Tasks & Working Groups are desired
• Extracporeal Life Support Organisation (ELSO) has a critical
Role and Responsability to lead this project (multi-society
partnership)