ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၁)

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1999 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv
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Funded By The Burma Fund

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1

10

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32
52

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tcef;(1)

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Ð xkwfa0olxHrS trSmpm

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By Dr. Chao-Tzang Yawnghwe
Advisor-Consultant, National Reconciliation Program

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Ð FOWARD

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Ð jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtrsdK;om;!$efŒaygif;tpdk;& 0ef}uD;csKyf a'gufwmpdef0if;. trSmpm

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cJhw,f?
1988 ck orkdif;0if &Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfykH}uD;t+yD;rSmawmh jynfolvlxk[m ekdifiHa&;
tm;jzifh ykdrkdekd;=um;vmcJh=uw,f? ArmvlrsKd;pkeJ@ tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;[m ykdrkdem;vnfr_
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bufrk'frSmuwnf;u tckvdkajymcJhygw,f?
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tm;enf;aewJhvlawGukd tpOft+rJav#mh+yD;awmh !‡may;zkd@vdkygw,f?”
qvdi;f vsere;f qmacgi;f ( Lian H. Sakhong ) pkaqmif;wifjyonf
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                                         FORWARD
This collection is immensely invaluable for all interested in Burma
and its politics, and useful for political activists, leaders, and more so, for
researchers. It is a collection of historic, and forgotten -- until now -documents that shed much light on the thoughts and strategies of crucial
actors in the making of Burma, Burma as we now know it.

There are so many ways a nation or a nation-state is born, or
becomes a reality on the international stage. Some are reincarnations, in
modern form, of ancient kingdoms, that evolved across time. However,
many post-colonial nations and nation-states of Latin America, Africa, the
Middle East, and South and Southeast Asia, have been created (and
bequeathed) by colonial powers. The modern nation-state, defined as a
sovereign entity, bounded by more or less fixed political borders, is relatively
new -- not older than 300 years, even in Europe.

In the past, there did not exist in the area now known as "Burma",
national states or kingdoms (i.e., centered on or defined by ethnicity). Like
in Thailand, for example, and in the rest of mainland Southeast Asia,
kingdoms that existed were personal estates of rulers (kings, princes, lords,
fief-holders, so on), and the inhabitants of these kingdoms (personal and
medieval systems of domination) were either servants and retinues of rulers
and princes, or their serfs and slaves. The people, whatever their ethnic
affiliation, were not citizens. The notion that there existed a golden and
rigorous Burman (Burmese) kingdom since time immemorial is a later
reconstruction, ironically, British scholar-historians, and this notion was
picked up by Burman nationalists. Later, this "history" was made into "real"
history by successive governments and power-holders.

Colonial powers -- administrators, bureaucrats -- were responsible
for the reorganization and political modernization of what is now known as
Burma, or more accurately, the Union of Burma. They first imposed legalrational administration, in order that the market and market forces function
smoothly, and trade could be carried out in peace and unhindered by
lawlessness or arbitrary power. Thus was created by colonial powers -- the
British in Burma's case -- modern proto-states in areas they planted their
flags.

k
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The British first modernized the easily accessible lowlands, Burma
Proper, but left the highland and border regions, the Frontier Areas, quite
alone -- these being unprofitable or costly to administer and/or modernize.
Influenced by the European notion of "nation-state", the British did have a
plan to establish in Burma, a modern nation, albeit as a self-governing
dominion like Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and so on. What shape this
new, modern nation of Burma would have taken is a question that cannot
be answered since the British were defeated by the Japanese.

The documents in this collection are from the years immediately
after the war, on the eve of independence (gained in 1948). For both the
Burman leaders in Burma Proper, and non-Burman leaders of the Frontier
Areas, the hot issue was independence.

One important debate that raged within the Burman leadership
circles was the question of whether to take independence alone, without
the Frontier Areas, or to obtain independence jointly with the non-Burmans.
At the same time, non-Burman leaders discussed the feasibility and
otherwise of taking independence together and jointly with Burma Proper.
The notion that Burma was a single cloth, one unified country since historical
time (divided only by colonial design), which was about to be re-unified
once again, did not enter the heads of either Burman or non-Burman leaders.
It is clear that leaders then were thinking in terms of establishing a country,
a new and modern country made up of many states and nations, a union of
different countries.

The idea of a union of equal states and nations has however been
distorted or twisted out of shape, especially by military rulers who usurped
power in 1962. It is important therefore that both the Burman and nonBurman population and leaders get re-accquainted with the real politicks
and political thoughts in the years that led to the founding of the Union of
Burma and the gaining of independence. This collection of documents
will be of great help in this regard, and will expand the minds of current
and future leaders of the Union of Burma. This valuable collection of
political documents is important and timely since it will contribute to a real
understanding what is meant by the term Pyidaungzu (Union).

Dr.Chao-Tzang Yawnghwe
Advisor-Consultant
National Reconciliation Program
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pepfqDokd@ ” trnf&Sd pmtkyfukd “trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;” (National Reconciliation
Program) tpDtpOfatmufwGif twJGokH;wJGjzifh xkwfa0&ef jyifqifxm; ygonf?
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xkdtpDtpOf. yxrajcvSrf;tjzpf “jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; 'Drdkua&pD
tzGJŒcsKyf (UNLD) . 1988 rS 1990 ckESpfumvt=um; 'Drkdua&pDa&;ESifh wef;wla&;twGuf
v_y&m;r_ rSwwrf;rsm;ukd ,ckuo@dk jyefvnfyEyxwa0jcif; jzpfygonf? tcuftcJ trsK;d rsK;d a=umifh
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rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh vkyfaz:udkifzufrsm;udk txl;aus;Zl;wifa=umif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf?
txl;ojzifh UNLD rSwfwrf;rsm;ukd ulnD±SmazGay;cJhaom OD;cGefrm;ukd&fbef (NCGUB
zuf'&,fa&;&m0ef}uD;ESihf UNLD obmywdtzJ@G 0if) udk vnf;aumif;/ pmtkytm; yHEyxwa0
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'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD csif;rdkif±Hk;tzGJŒom;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ TpmtkyfykHESdyfxkwfa0ekdifa&;twGuf
&HykHaiGrsm;ukd &SmazGulnDay;aom OD;pkd;ykdif (Burma Fund) udkvnf;aumif;/ trsKd;om;jyefvnf
oifhjrwfa&; (NRP) vkyfief;pOfwckvkH; atmifjrifekdifa&;twGuf tppt&m&m ulnDpGrf;aqmif
ay;aom Harn Yawnghwe (Euro-Burma Office) ESifh Dr Jack Sterkan wkdukd@
vnf;aumif; txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf? xkd@tjyif trSmpmrsm;ukd
a&;om;csD;jr‡ifhay;aom a'gufwmpdef0if; (0ef}uD;csKyf/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmekdifiHawmf trsKd;om;
!Gef@aygif;tpkd;&) ESifh Dr. Chao-Tzang Yawnghwe (Advisor-Consultant, National
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jynfaxmifpkudk b,fvdk jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;rvJqdkwm rajym&J=uzl;? txl;ojzifh jynfrygwDrsm;[m
'DudpPudk a=umufae=uw,f? “ppfrSefwJhjynfaxmifpk” qdkwJh pum;udk olwdk@ yg;pyfxJu xGufvm
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5


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6

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tiftm;eJ@ ppfrSefwJhjynfaxmifpkpepf wnfaqmufa&;udk wGef;tm;ay;zdk@ vdkygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD
xGef;um;wJh ppfrSefwJh jynfaxmifpkpepfudk wnfaqmufEdkif&if vlrsdK;pkjyem ajyvnf+yD;
usOf;ajrmif;wJh trsdK;om;a&;0g' qdwfokOf;oGm;rSm aocsmygw,f?
'gayr,fh usaemfwdk@jynfe,fvlrsdK;pkrsm; nDEdkifrvm;? jynfe,ftoD;oD;u ygwDaygif;
ajrmufrsm;pGm xGufay:aewm rnD!GwfwJhoabmudk jyae+yDvm;? apmapmu rGef'Drdkua&pD
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xJu vlrsKd;EG,fpkav;wckjzpfwJh qD;,if;awGu pdk;rdk;cs,fvS,fvdk@ qdk+yD; rauseyfcsufawGudk
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rsm;udk rSefrSefuefuef udkifwG,fajzSif;oGm;zdk@ tvGefta;}uD;ygw,f? yef;wdkifrdSif tdu
jyemudk udkifwG,fEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;? omrnjyemawGeJ@ vHk;axG;+yD; usaemfwdk@ awmfvSefa;

8

k
f _

'DruapDa;ESihf wef;wla;wduyumvtwGi; UNLD .ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;
kd
k f JG
f

apkefarsmoGm;Edkifw,f? yef;wdkifudk csDwufwJhtcgjzpfjzpf/ tdujyemudk ifqdkifajzSif;wJh
tcgrSmjzpfjzpf nD!Gwfr_tiftm;vdkygw,f? txl;ojzifh usaemfwdk@ jynfe,fvlrsKd;pkrsm; nD!Gwfzdk@
vdkygw,f? usaemfwdk@J@ wdkufyJG[m ESpfqifhdSw,fqdkwm tm;vHk;em;vnf+yD;om;yg? nD!GwfwJh
tiftm;eJ@ usaemfwdk@ordkif;udk tvSyqHk; a;om;zefwD;=uygpdk@vdk@ wdkufwGef;if; ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f?
aus;Zl;wifygw,f?

k
f _

9

+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwGJaexdkifa;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkŒ (yxrwGJ)

tcef; (2)
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;'DrdkuapDtzJG‹csKyf (UNLD)
.
v+yfSm;r+rsm; (tusOf;)
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyf. pwifzJG@pnf;onfhtcsdefrS
yxrt}udrf obmywd pHknDtpnf;ta0; usif;yo!fh (21 - 11 -89) umvtxd
v_yfSm;r_rsm; (tusOf;csKyf)udk xdknDvmcHwGif twGif;a;rSL;tzJG@. Hk;vkyfief;
wm0efcHrsm; jzpf=uaom a'gufwm atmifwifOD; (uif)ESifh Edkifatmifjrifh (rGef) wdk@.
tpDifcHpmtwdkif; wifjytyfygonf?

jynfaxmifpwiif;om;vlrsK;rsm; 'DruapDtzJŒG csKyf
k kd f
d
kd
efukef_rdKŒ

vkyfief;tzJG@tpDifcHpm
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;if;om; vlrsKd;rsm; 'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyfudk ,cktcg tzJG@0ifwdkif;if;om;
vlrsKd;pkygwDaygif; (20)jzifh yll;aygif;zJG@pnf;xm;ygonf? ,if;tzJG@0ifygwDrsm;rSm 1? cdkif'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyf/
2? rGeftrsKd;om; 'DrdkuapDtzJG@/
3? watmif; (yavmif) trsKd;om;'DrdkuapDtzJG@/
4? uifjynfe,ftrsKd;om;rsm;tzJG@csKyf/
5? csif;trsKd;om; 'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyf/
6? u,m;jynfe,f vlrsKd;aygif;pHk 'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyf/
7? Srf;jynfwdkif;if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm; 'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyf/
8? cdkiftrsKd;om; vl@tcGifhta;ESifh +idrf;csrf;a;tzJG@/
9? ZdkrD;trsKd;om;uGef*uf/
10? awmifolv,form; u'l;ueef;ESifh Srf;trsKd;om; 'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyf/
11? jynfaxmifpk EktrsKd;om;'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyf/

10

k
f _

kd
k f JG
f

12? jynfaxmifpk ytdk@0f trsKd;om;'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyf/
13? awmifydkif;csif;'DrdkuapDygwD/
14? ucsiftrsKd;om;vHk;qdkifm uGef*uf/
15? +rdK (ac: ) crDtrsKd;om; nD!Gwfa;tzJG@/
16? awmifwef;om;rsm; 'DrdkuufwpfygwD/
17? u,ef;trsKd;om; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa; 'DrdkuapDtzJG@/
18? ucsiftrsKd;om; 'DrdkuufwpfygwD/
19? tif;trsKd;om;tzJG@csKyf/
20? cdkiftrsKd;om; vlr_b0jr‡ifhwifa;tzJG@ (rrm}uD; ) wdk@jzpf=uygonf?
tzJG@csKyfudk obmywdtzJG@/ twGif;a;rSL;tzJG@/ vkyfief;aumfrwDrsm;jzifh zJG@pnf;xm;+yD;
tzJG@csKyf. vkyfief;rsm; ('DrdkuapDa;ESifh wdkif;if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; wef;wlnfwla;udk tajccHI)
udk aqmifGufv#ufdSygonf?

obmywdtzJ@G
obmywdtzJG@udk tzJG@csKyf0ifygwDrsm;rS ay;ydk@aom obmywdtzJG@0if (1)OD;pDESifh
zJG@pnf;xm;ygonf? ,ckvufdS tzJG@csKyf0ifygwD (20) dSvm+yDjzpfI obmywdtzJG@0if (20)OD;jzifh
zJG@pnf;xm;ygonf?

tzJ@G csKyf. obmywdtzJ@G 0ifrsm;
1? OD;at;az ('z)
2? EdkifaiGodef; ( rGef'DrdkuapDtzJG@)
3? OD;tkef;cdkif (watmif; - yavmif)
4? OD;oef;dSef (uifjynfe,ftrsKd;om;tzJG@csKyf)
5? OD;pDauwkdufuJGvf (csif;tzJG@csKyf)
6? OD;ppfaiGaomif; (u,m;tzJG@csKyf)
7? OD;vSrif; (w'z)
8? OD;omvl ( cdkiftrsKd;om;vl@tcGifhta;)
9? OD;wmefxefvsefaygif (ZdkrD;trsKd;om;uGef*uf)
10? OD;omarmif (awmifolv,form; u'l;ueef;)
11? OD;jrifhOD; (jynfaxmifpkEk)
12? cGefxGef;vGif (jynfaxmifpkytdk@yf)
13? qvdkif;atmifxGef; (awmifydkif;csif;)
14? 'l;0g; aZmfarmf (ucsiftrsKd;om;uGef*uf)
k
f _

11


15? OD;pHomatmif (+rdK (c) crD)
16? a'gufwmqef;crRm (awmifwef;om;rsm;)
17? OD;tmfyDaomif; (u,ef;)
18? OD;'defwef (ucsifjynfe,f trsKd;om;'Drdkuufwpf)
19? OD;a$vS ( cdkiftrsKd;om; vlr_b0jr‡ifhwifa;tzJG@)
20? tif;trsKd;om; tzJG@csKyfrS pmif;rao;?
rSwfcsuf?

? yxrt}udrf obmywd pHknDtpnf;ta0;wGif tzJG@csKyfobmywd
tzJG@0ifrsm;xJrS t+rJwrf;obmywdtzJG@udk jynfe,frsm;udk tajccHI
atmufygtwdkif; zJG@pnf;cJhygonf?

t+rJwrf;obmywdtzJ@G
ucsifjynfe,f
u,m;jynfe,f
uifjynfe,f
csif;jynfe,f
rGefjynfe,f
cdkifjynfe,f
Srf;jynfe,f

æææ
æææ
æææ
æææ
æææ
æææ
æææ

qrm;ausmfzm;aemf
ppfaiGaomif;
apmoef;dSef
OD;pDauwdkufuGJvf
EdkifaiGodrf;
OD;at;az
OD;jrifhOD; (aemufydkif; OD;a$tHk;) wdk@jzpfygonf?

twGi;a;rSL;tzJ@G
f
twGif;a;rSL;tzJG@udk jynfe,f (7)cktm; ukd,fpm;ðytaejzifh zJG@pnf;xm;ygonf?
ucsifjynfe,f
u,m;jynfe,f
uifjynfe,f
csif;jynfe,f
rGefjynfe,f
cdkifjynfe,f
Srf;jynfe,f

12

æææ
æææ
æææ
æææ
æææ
æææ
æææ

OD;qdkif;vd
OD;cifarmifcsKd
a'gufwmatmifwifOD;
qvdkif;vsefr_ef;
Edkifatmifjrifh
OD;at;omatmif
cGefwifa$

k
f _

kd
k f JG
f

vkyief;aumfrwD
f
vkyfief;aumfrwD (5) ckjzifh tzJG@csKyf. vkyfief;rsm;udk taumiftxnfaz: aqmifGuf
v#ufdSygonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm æ
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

rl0g'a;maumfrwD
pnf;Hk;a;aumfrwD
jyef=um;qufoG,fa;aumfrwD
b¾ma;aumfrwD
Hk;vkyfief;tzJG@ wdk@jzpfygonf?

vkyfief;aumfrwD0ifrsm;rSm vkyfief;aumfrwDtvdkuf atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf?

rl0g'a;m aumfrwD0ifrsm;
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

OD;at;az
OD;at;omatmif
Edkifcifarmif
Edkifwifaz
EdkifaiG
OD;vmvfbd
qvdkif;vsefr_ef;
cGefwifa$

'z
'z
rGeftrsKd;om;'DrdkuapDtzJG@
csif;trsKd;om;'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyf
jynfaxmifpk ytdk@0ftrsKd;om;tzJG@csKyf

pnf;±Hk;a;aumfrwD0ifrsm;
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

EdkifaiGodef;
cGefwifa$
OD;armifcdkif
OD;bausmf

jynfaxmifpkytdk@0ftrsKd;om;tzJG@csKyf
watmif; (yavmif) trsKd;om;'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyf
'z

jyef=um;a;ESihf qufo,a;aumfrwD0ifrsm;
G f
(1) OD;ombef;
(2) OD;at;omatmif
(3) ODarmifqm

'z
'z
watmif (yavmif) trsKd;om;'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyf

k
f _

13


(4) rif;udkom
(5) qvdkif; idkifqmh'f

rGeftrsKd;om;'DrdkuapDtzGJŒ

b¾ma;aumfrwD0ifrsm;
(1) OD;pDauwdkufuGJvf
(2) Edkifatmifjrifh
(3) OD;ausmfyf

rGeftrsKd;om; 'DrdkuapDtzJG@
csif;tzJG@csKyf

H;vkyief;tzJ@G
k f
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

OD;at;az
EdkifaiG
a'gufwmatmifwifOD;
rdkifeDeDatmif

cdkif'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyf
uifjynfe,ftrsKd;om;tzJG@csKyf

tzJG@csKyftaejzihf tzJG@csKyf.vkyfief;rsm;udk obmywdtzJG@0ifrsm;/ twGif;a;rSL;
tzJG@0ifrsm;/ vkyfief;aumfrwD0ifrsm;ESihf wdkifyifnd‡Ed_if;aqG;aEG;aqmifGufv#ufdSmwGif wywfwcg
aom=umae@wdkif; yHkrSeftpnf;ta0;rsm; ðyvkyfjcif;/ vdktyfovdk ta;ay:tpnf;ta0;rsm;/
txl;tpnf;ta0;rsm;ðyvkyfjcif;/ aqG;aEG;yJGrsm;ðyvkyfjcif;/ tjcm; EdkifiHa;ygwD tzJG@tpnf;rsm;ESifh
tzJ@G csKyf;kH cef;Y awG@qaqG;aEG;jcif;/ xdygwtzJ@G tpnf;rsm;xH ud,pm;vS,rsm; apv$waqG;aEG;jcif;
kH
k D
k f
f
f
rsm;udk wm0efus tvSnfhus obmywdtzJG@0ifrsm;/ twGif;a;rSL;tzJG@0ifrsm;/ vkyfief;
aumfrwD0ifrsm;u aqmifGufv#ufdSygonf?
xdkodk@aqG;aEG;nd‡Ed_if;mwGif æ
•
•
•

14

tzJG@. ta;tmudpPrsm;
tzJG@csKyf0if tzJG@tpnf; ygwDwckcsif; ta;tmudpPrsm;
tjcm;EdkifiHta;tmudpPyfrsm;udk pGrf;tm;dSor# ausyGefpGm nd‡E_dif;aqmifGuf
v#ufdSa=umif; wifjytyfygonf?

k
f _

kd
k f JG
f

vkyief;aumfrwDtvkutpDifcpm
f
d f
H
1? rl0g'a;maumfrwD
rl0g'a;maumfrwDudk obmywdtzJG@0ifrsm;rS yk*~dKvfrsm;/ twGif;a;rSL;tzJG@0ifrsm;rS
yk*~dKvfrsm;/ vkyfief;aumfrwD0ifrsm;rS yk*~dKvfrsm;ESifh zJG@pnf;xm;+yD;/ tzJG@csKyf. rl0g'ydkif;qdkifm
udpPyfrsm;udk nd‡Ed_if;aqmifGufv#ufdSygonf? rl0g'a;maumfrwDtaejzihf tzJG@csKyftwGuf
ta;}uD;aom rl0g'a;m vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonfh æ
(u)
(c)
(*)
(C)

jynfaxmifpkrla;qJGjcif;/
tzJG@csKyf. zJG@pnf;yHkpnf;rsOf; jyifqifa;qJGjcif;/
rsufarSmufumv pnf;±Hk;a;rl0g' xkwfjyefjcif;/
tzJG@csKyf. yfwnfcsufoabmxm; xkwfjyefjcif;/

ponfwdk@tjyif tzJG@csKyf. tvSnfhusobmywdtzJG@/ twGif;a;rSL;tzJG@wdk@rS tcg
tm;avsmfpGm xkwfjyefaom oabmxm;ausnmcsufrsm;/ t}uHðycsufrsm;ESifh wjcm;ygwD
tzJG@pnf;rsm;rS ay;ydk@aom pmwrf;rsm;tay: tzJG@csKyf.rl0g'ESifh udkufnD rnD pDppf+yD; xkwfjyefay;
ygonf?
(u) jynfaxmifpra;qJjG cif;
k l
tzJ@G csKyf. rl0g'a;m aumfrwDtaejzifh aemif tem*gwjf ynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdiiawmf
kfH
udk ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkwck wnfaqmufEdkifeftwGuf jynfaxmifpkrlwck a;qJGcJhygonf?
Todk@a;qJGmwGif atmufygtajccHrl (15)csufudk tajccHxm;I a;qJGcJhygonf?
tajccHrl 15 csuf æ
jynfaxmifpwi;if;om;vlrsK;rsm; 'DruapDtzJ@G csKyf
k kd f
d
kd
tem*gwjf ynfaxmifp. tajccHrrsm;
k
l
(1) tcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfaxmifpkorRwjrefrmEdkifiHawmfwGifom
wnfrnf?
(2) jynfaxmifpktcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfaxmifpkwdkif;if;om;rsm;
jzpf a om ucsif / u,m;/ uif / csif ; / rG e f / Arm/ S r f ; / cd k i f tpd S o nf h
wdkif;if;om;jynfolrsm;rS qif;oufrnf?
k
f _

15


(3) tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk vufeufjzifh t=urf;zuf,ljcif;rðy/ wygwD
tm%mSifpepfESifh rnfo!fhtm%mSifpepfrsKd;xHwGifrS tcsKyftjcmtm%m
rwnfap/
(4) jynfaxmifpk. tcsKyftjcmtm%monf }uD;/ i,f/ enf;/ rsm; r[l
wdkif;if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk;. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk wm;r#wpGm pDrHcef@cJGaom
ud,mwefqmyvmom jzpfrnf?
(5) vl@b0wefbdk;dSa;ESifh vl@oduQmjrifhrm;a;twGuf wdkif;if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;
tm;vHk;twGif;wGif wm;r#wjcif;/ vGwfvyfjcif;/ nDr#jcif;wnf;[laom
avmuygvwm;rsm; xGef;um;rnf?
(6) jynfaxmifpkwdkif;if;om; vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk;onf EdkifiHa;wef;wlnDr#r_/
pD;yGm;a;tcGitvrf;nDr#r/_ vlra;wef;wlnr#r/_ vl@tcGita;wef;wlnr#rEihf
hf
_
D
hf
D _S
'DrdkuapDa;wef;wlnDr#r_ dSrnf?
(7) wef;wlnDr#r_ tcGifhta;rsm;onf olawmif;pm;. cGufxJodk@ ypfcscHo!fh
tojyma=u;jym;uJo@kd usamufvmr!fh pGe@f }uJrrsK;d rjzpfap/ wdi;f if;om;rsm;
h
_
k
tcsi;f csi;f tay;t,l =unfjzLr#wpGm aqG;aEG;ndEi;f I cHpm;tyfaom tmom
‡ _d
jzpfrnf?
(8) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHonf wdkif;if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk;. e,fajr
a'oudk aygif;pyfzJG@pnf;xm;aom e,fedrdwftydkif;tjcm;dSo!fh EdkifiHtjzpf
todtrSwfðyrnf?
(9) EdkifiHwuma;me,fy,fwGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtjzpf wdkif;if;om;
vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk;udk ukd,fpm;ðyrnf?
(10) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHudk EdkifiHa;t wef;wlnDr#aom wdkif;if;om;
vlrsKd;rsm;. jynfaxmifpkjynfe,frsm;jzifh zJG@pnf;xm;onf[k cH,lonf?
(11) xdo@kd pkpnf;aygi;f pyf zJ@G pnf;xm;aom jynfaxmifpukd jynfaxmifptpd;k u
k
k
k
pDrHcef@cJGrnf?
(12) jynfaxmifptpd;k ESihf tpd;k tm%mcJa0a;udk tay;t,l =unfjzLr#wpGm
k
G
ESifh ,xmblwusus nd‡Ed_if;oufrSwfrnf?
(13) jynf a xmif p k t pd k ; wG i f a omf v nf ; aumif ; / jynf e ,f t pd k ; wG i f a omf
vnf ; aumif ; / tjcm; tm%myd k i f t zJ G @ tpnf ; rsm;wG i f a omf v nf ; aumif ; /
wdkif;if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk; oifhwifhr#waom udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifcGifh
tajctae jynfhpHkpGm zefwD;ay;rnf? TudpPtwGuf jynfaxmifpkzJG@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfe,frsm;. zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'wGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ jyXmef;ay;rnf?
(14) jynfaxmifpktpdk;taejzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfe,ftpdk;taejzifh
aomfvnf;aumif;/ tkyfcsKyfmwGif Oya'utkyfcsKyfaompepf (Rule of Law)
jzpfapI vly*Kd~ vf.qENoabmt tkycsKyfaompepf (Rule of Men) rjzpfap?
k
f

16

k
f _

kd
k f JG
f

(15) jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a;ESifh urBmh+idrf;csrf;a;udk wnfaqmufmwGif wm;
r#wI +idrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifhom wnfaqmufEdkifrnf[kcH,lonf? vufdS
urBmhjzpfay:wdk;wufr_tajctaersm;tvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;aom enf;vrf;
rsm;jzifh aqmifGufr_rSm atmifjrifvdrfhrnf[k r,Hk=unfyg? T enf;vrf;om
toifhavsmfqHk;[k ,Hk=unfonf?
rl0g'a;m aumfrwDtaejzifh tpnf;ta0;rsm; (5)}udrfwdkifac:,lusif;y+yD; aqmifGuf
cJh=uygonf?
xdkodk@ usif;yaqG;aEG;mwGif tem*gwfzJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'twGuf æ
(1) ucsiftrsKd;om;'DrdkuapDygwD XmecsKyfrSay;ydk@aom zJG@pnf;yHka;qJGmwGif tajccHr!fh
rl0g'rsm;udk‚if;?
(2) rGeftrsKd;om;'DrdkuapDtzJG@
(3) 'DrdkuapDr[mrdwfrsm;tzJG@csKyf
(4) Srf;jynfwdkif;if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyf
wdkŒrS wifjyaom wwd,jrefrmEdkifiHawmfodk@ pmwrf;rsm;udk rl0g'a;mtzJG@. tjrifESifh
aygif;pyf+yD;a;qJGxm;ygonf?
xdkodk@a;qJGmwGif udk;um;xm;aom pmtkyfrsm;rSm æ
(1) zqyv tzJG@csKyf. y%mrjyifqifr_ nDvmcHrSwfwrf;?
(2) 1947 ckESpf zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'
(4) OD;xGef;jrifh. wef;wlaomSrf;jynf
(5) tarduefEdkifiH. zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'
paom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk rSDjirf;+yD; a;om;ðypkwifjyxm;ygonf?
a;qJG+yD;aomrl=urf;udk yxrtqifhtaejzifh tzJG@csKyf0ifygwDtzJG@tpnf;rsm;udk
ay;yd@k t}uHOm%fawmif;cHef/ 'kw, æ tzJ@G csKyf0ifr[kwaom tjcm;wdi;f if;om;vlrsK;d pkygwrsm;
d
f
k
D
xHrS t}uHOm%f,lef/ wwd, æ tjcm; EdkifiHa;ygwDtzJG@tpnf;/ tzJG@csKyf/ wyfaygif;pkrsm;ESifh
nd‡Ed_if;ef qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfxm;ygonf? +yD;aemuf Edk0ifbmvwGif usif;yr!fh obmywd pHknD
tpnf;ta0;wGif wifjy+yD; twnfjyKcsuf ,lygrnf? xdk@aemuf twnfjyK+yD;aom rl=urf;udk
azaz:0gDvavmufwGif usif;yr!fh vlrsKd;pknDvmcHESifh EdkifiHvHk;qdkifm trsKd;om;nDvmcHwdk@wGif
wifjyef pDpOfxm;ygonf?

k
f _

17


(c) tzJ@G csKyf. zJ@G pnf;yHpnf;rsO; jyifqifa;qJjG cif;
k
f
rSwfcsuf?

? tao;pdwfSif;vif;csufudk tpnf;ta0;tpDtpOfwGif
xnfhoGif; xm;ygonf?

(*) rsuarSmufumv pnf;±H;a;rl0g'xkwjf yefjcif; (twdcsKyfi;vif;csu)
f
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rsuf a rS m uf u mvtajctaeonf “trsd K ;om;'D r d k u apD a wmf v S e f a ;umv”
jzpfayonf? Tumvonf wdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;twGuf 'kwd,yifvHkumv jzpfonf? yXr
yifvumvonf AdvcsKyfatmifqef;OD;pD;I wdi;f if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!wa;udk wnfaqmufaom
kH
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umv/ 'k w d , yifv Hk u mvonf wd k if ;if ;om;vl rsd K ;rsm;pk aygif ;I pnf ;vH k ;r_ nD ! G w f r_ u dk
wnfaqmufaomumv/ ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkazmfxkwfa;/ vGwfvyfa;ESifh tcsKyftjcm
tm%mwnfwHhcdkif+rJa; wdk@twGuf wdkif;if;om;rsm; 0dkif;0ef;óud;yrf;aomumvjzpfayonf?
Todk@óud;yrf;mY 'DrdkuapDa;ESifh trsdK;om;a;udk w®yifwnf; azmfxkwfif;/ [ef;
S i f v l j ynf o l r sm;/ tod y nmS i f / twwf y nmS i f / tvk y f o rm;rsm;/ v,f o rm;rsm;ES i f h
ausmif;om;vli,frsm; po!fh vlwef;pm;aygi;f pHk tv$m aygi;f pHukd pnf;±H;k I pnf;±H;k rdaomtm;jzifh
k
trsdK;om;a;ESifh 'DrdkuapDa;udk azmfxkwfwdkufyGJ0if=uayrnf?
rdrtiftm;udk pkpnf;Edief wygwtm%mSipepfEihf tjcm;tm%mSipepftrsKd ;rsKd ;od@k
d
fk f
D
f
S
f
ODD;wnfaom tajctaersm;udk wdkufcdkufif; rdrdtiftm;udk ®yuGJapr!fh twGif;yËdyuQrsm;
tpGef;amufr_rsm;udk aSmifSm;=uayrnf?
rdrdtiftm;udk pkpnf;mwGif vlwef;pm;udk tajccHaom pnf;±Hk;a;yHko¾mefrjzpfapbJ
trsdK;om;a;udktajccHaom pnf;±Hk;a;yHko¾mefjzpfygrnf?
(C) tzG@J csKyf.yfwnfcsuoabmxm;xkwjf yefjcif; (twdcsKyfi;vif;csu)
f
k Sf
f
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'DrdkuapDtzGJ@csKyfonf wdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;tm;vHk;
EdkifiHa; wef;wlnfwla;ESifh udk,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifh tjy!fht0Sdaom jynfe,frsm;udk aygif;pyfvsuf
ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;Edkifa; r[mAsL[myfwnfcsufonfum; “'DrdkuapDwdkufyGJwGif
wkdif;if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; wef;wlnfwludk,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifhSdeftwGuf w®yifwnf; qufpyf
wdkufyGJ0ifa;” yif jzpfonf?
u|Efkyfwdk@ wdkif;if;om;rsm; jzpf=uaom ucsif/ u,m;/ uif/ csif;/ rGef/ cdkif/ Srf;
ponfwdk@onf ArmvlrsdK;rsm;uJhodk@yif wcsdefu vGwfvGwfvyfvyf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfvsuf
xD;®yifeef;®yif ya'omZfEdkifiHrsm; xlaxmifI aexdkifcJh=uonf? e,fcsJ@wdk@vufatmufodk@
usamufoGm;aomtcg e,fcsJ@qef@usifa;/ zufqpfwdkufzsufa;/ trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa;

18

k
f _

kd
k f JG
f

wdkufyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifwdkufcdkufcJh=ujcif;onfvnf;/ rdrdwdk@. vGwfvyfa;ESifh udk,fh=urRm
udk,fzefwD;cGifhudk jrwfEdk;jcif;a=umifh jzpfonf?
odk@aomf vGwfvyfa;+yD;aomtcg wdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;onf
arS;rSdefoGm;cJhayonf? xdk@a=umifh wdkif;if;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_®yysufum/ vlrsdK;a;rkef;wD;r_rsm;
ay:aygufvmcJhygonf? 1961 ckESpfwGif wdkif;if;om;rsm; aoG;pnf;a;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufef
jynfaxmifpkrlwyfudk udk,fpm;ðyudk,fpm;vS,frsm; aqG;aEG;=umwGif xdkrludk ta=umif;jyvsuf
tm%modrf;vdkufjcif;a=umifh 'DrdkuapDtcGifhta;rsm;ESifh ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpktESpfom
onfvnf; aysmufuG,fcJhayonf? TuJhodk@ wpfygwDtm%mSifpepfESifh wjynfaxmif
tkyfpdk;r_pepfqdk;udk enf;rsdK;pHkESifh qef@usifawmfvSefcJh=uovdk awmfvSefqJvnf; jzpfayonf?
tjcm;wbufwGif ausmif;om;rsm;OD;aqmifr_jzifh (8-8-88) ae@wGif [ef;Sifvl wdkif;if;om;
jynfoltaygif; tHkºuGawmfvSefcJhojzifh wygwDtm%mSifpepfðywf=ucJhaomfvnf; 'DrdkuapD
yGifhvef;Sifoefr_rSm tvSrf;uGmaeayao;onf? 'DrdkuapDtcGifhta; tjynfht0rSdv#if wm;
r#waom a±G;aumufyGJ[lonf SdEkdifygrnfavm? wm;r#waom a±G;aumufyGJr[kwfygu
jynfolESifh wdkif;jynftwGuf rnfo!fhtudsK;oufamufr_SdEkdifrnfenf;?
xd@k a=umifh u|Eyw@kd onf vufiif;óuHawG@aeaom tcuftcJrsm;ESihf aemifóuHawG@r!fh
kf f
jyemt00udkoHk;oyfjcif;tm;jzifh trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa;udk wnfaqmuf+yD;/ 'DrdkuapD
tjynfht0Sda;twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;efrSwyg; tjcm;rSday? trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa;udk
wdkif;if;om;rsm;wef;wla;tajccHay:wGif wnfaqmufayrnf?
xdk@a=umifh tzGJ@csKyf. r[mAsL[myfwnfcsufjzpfaom 'DrdkuapDa;wdkufyGJESifh
wdkif;if;om;rsm;wef;wla; SdeftwGuf qufpyfwdkufyGJ0ifa;onf trdsK;om;nD!Gwfr_udk
wnfaxmifa;ESifh 'DrdkuapDtjy!fht0Sda; wdkufyGJudk wdkufa;yif jzpfonf?
odk@mwGif wdkufyGJ.enf;AsL[mudk rlvvufSdEdkifiHa;tajctae tcsdeftcgESifh
tvSnfhtajymif;udktajccHI csrSwfefESifh rdrd.tiftm;udkvnf; cdkifrmatmif pnf;±Hk;oGm;ef
vdktyfayonf? xdk@a=umifh tzGJ@0ifygwDtoD;oD;onf rlay:wGiftajccHaom pnf;±Hk;a;udk
wnfaqmuf+yD;/ xdkrSwqifh ygwDtcsif;csif;onfvnf; tzGJ@csKyf. rlESifhyfwnfcsufudkyif
wom;wnf; yfwnfvsuf/ wzGJ@wygwDuJhodk@ uspfvpfcdkifrmvma;twGuf pnf;±Hk;wnfaqmuf
rnf? xd@k aemuf tjcm;aom 'DruapDygwtzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESivnf; cdi+f rJaom r[mrdwjf zpfa;udk
kd
D
hf
k
aqmif±GufI 'DrdkuapDa;ESifh wdkif;if;om;rsm;wef;wlnfwla; wdkufyGJudk qufvuf qifE$J=u
ayrnf?

k
f _

19


3? tzG@J csKyf.jyef=um;a;ESihf qufo,a;vkyief;rsm;
G f
f
(u) ausnmcsursm;xkwjf yefjcif;
f
tzGJ@csKyfudk pwifzGJ@pnf;jcif;rðyrD wkdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. EdkifiHa;tzGJ@tpnf;ygwDrsm;
pwifawG@qHk!SdE_dif;yGJrsm;udk (4)}udrfwdkifwdkif ðyvkyfcJhonf? 1989 ckESpf/ azazmf0gDv (11)uf
ae@wGif usif;yaom yÌrt}udrfawG@qHk!SdE_dif;yGJwGif tzGJ@csKyfudk wnDw!Gwfwnf; zGJ@pnf;
xlaxmifconf? tzG@J csKyfz@JG pnf;+yD;aemuf oabmxm;a=ujimcsutrSwf (1)udk xkwjf yef+yD; tzG@J csKyf
hJ
f
wGif yg0ifjcif;rSdao;aom wdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. EdkifiHa;tzGJ@tpnf;ygwDrsm;udk yg0ifvmef
zd w f a c:urf ; vS r f ; cJ h o nf ? 1989 ck E S p f / rwf v (5)uf w G i f ausnmcsuf t rS w f ( 2) tjzpf
nf±G,fcsufESifh vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk xkwfjyefcJhonf? 1989 ckESpf/ rwfv(24)ufae@wGif EdkifiHa;t
zrf;qD;xm;olrsm; v$wfay;a; awmif;qdkcsufudk ausnmcsuftrSwf (3) tjzpf xkwfjyefcJhonf?
1989 ck / rwf v (27)uf w G i f (44)}ud r f a jrmuf zuf q pf q ef @ usif a ;ae@ txd r f ; trS w f
ausnmpmwrf;udk xkwfjyefcJhonf? 1989 ckESpf/ ZGefv(14)ufwGif twGif;a;rSL;tzGJ@.
tpDifcHpmudk xkwfjyef+yD;/ Srf;jynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,fESifh rE Wav; pnf;±Hk;a;cD;wGif wifjy
Edkifef pDpOfcJhonf? 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv(8)ufae@wGif trdsK;om;EdkifiHa;odk@OD;wnfa;twGuf
EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;a;tzGJ@ OuUX AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifxH obmywdtzGJ@u pmwapmif
ay;ydk@cJhonf? 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19)ufae@wGif (42)ESpfajrmuf tmZmenfae@ txdrf;trSwf
ausnmcsufudk xkwfjyefcJhonf? tmZmenfae@aemufydkif; wjynfvHk;EdkifiHa;tajctaersm;
wif;rm+yD; tzrf;tqD;rsm;xlajymvmcJhm tzGJ@csKyfrS e-0-w tpdk;ESifh EdkifiHa;ygwDrsm;t=um;
!SdE_dif;ajzSif;a;twGuf txl;ausnmcsuf wapmifudk 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvfdkif (22)ufae@wGif
xkwfjyefcJhonf?

(c) owif;pmSi;vif;yGJ ESihf owif;v$mxkwjf yefjcif;
f
tzGJ@csKyfjzpfay:vmyHk/ tzGJ@csKyf.nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh yfwnfcsufrsm; txl;ojzifh
'DrdkuapDa;ESifh wdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; wef;wlnfwltcGifhta;Sda;wdk@twGuf wdkif;if;om;
arG;csif;om;csif; nDaemifif; EdkifiHa;ygwDrsm; arG;zGm;jcif;/ ,if;wdkŒ. nD!Gwfr_rsm;ESifh tjcm;
'DrdkuapDtiftm;pkEdkifiHa;ygwDrsm;ESifh vufwGJaqmif±Gufr_rsm;udk jynfyowif;Xmersm;rS
owif;pmqmrsm;ESifh jrefrmhowif;pOfrS owif;axmufrsm;udk 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (24)uf
wGif zdwfac:Sif;vif;wifjy+yD; owif;pmqmrsm;. ar;jref;csufrsm;udk ajz=um;cJhonf?
tzGJ@csKyf. v_yfSm;r_owif;rsm;udk tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHa;tzGJ@tpnf;ygwDrsm;odk@ yHkrSefay;ydk@Edkifa;twGuf
“wef;wla;”trnfjzifh owif;v$mxkwfjyefa;udk qHk;jzwf+yD;/ trSwfpOf (1) owif;v$mudk 1989
ckESpf/ pufwifbm (5)ufae@u xkwfa0EdkifcJhonf? “wef;wla;”owif;v$mudk yHkrSef xkwfjyef
Edkifa;twGuf tpDtpOfrsm;udk ðyvkyfvsufSdaeonf? t,f'DwmtzGJ@udk wm0efcHt,f'Dwm
OD;ombef;(cdi)/ Edicifarmif(rGe) / qvdi;f vsere;f (csi;f ) / OD;at;az(cdi) wd@k jzifh zG@J pnf;oGm;onf?
kf kf
f
k
f_
kf

20

k
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kd
k f JG
f

(*) qdi;bkwwifyGJ tcef;tem;ESihf yl;wJvufrwx;yJG
kf
f
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tzJ@G csKyfukd zJ@G pnf;xlaxmif+yD;aemuf ,m,D H;k cef;udk A[ef;ðrd@e,f trSwf (*§1) vrf;dS
rGeftrsKd;om;'DrdkuapDtzJG@ efukefXmecsKyfcJG±Hk;Y zGifhvSpfxm;cJhonf? xdkrSwqifh cdkif 'DrdkuapD
tzJG@csKyfHk;wnfm ausmufwHwm;òrd@e,f trSwf 393 (yxrxyf) Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;odk@
ajymif;a$@zGifhvSpfcJhygonf? tzJG@csKyfqdkif;bkwfwifyJGtcef;tem;ESifh tzJG@csKyf0if wdkif;if;om;
EdkifiHa;tzJG@tpnf;ygwDrsm; yl;wGJvufrSwfa;xdk;yJGudk 1989 ckESpf/ {+yDv (29) ufae@ eHeuf
(9;00)emDwGif ðyvkyfcJhonf? xdktcef;tem;odk@ trsKd;om;'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyfrS OuUX olOD;wifOD;/
trsKd;om;jyefvnfwnfaqmufa;'DrdkuapDwyfaygif;pk OuUX 0dl ocifcspfarmif/ 'DrdkuapD
r[mrdwfrsm;tzJG@csKyfrS 'kwd,OuUX a'gufwmarmifarmifausmf/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH
'DruapDwyfaygi;f pkrS ygarmuQa[mif; OD;vSatmifw@kd wufamufre@f ce;f ajym=um;+yD;/ 'DruapDe@J
kd
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+idrf;csrf;a;tzJG@csKyfrS OD;0rf;udka[m wufamufo0%fv$mzwf=um;onf?

(C) tjcm;Ediia; tzJ@G tpnf; ygwrsm;ESihf yl;aygi;vkyaqmifcsuf
kfH
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tzJ G @ csKyf o nf jynf e ,f c k E S p f c k E S i f h w uG jynf a xmif p k t wG i f ; d S usef w d k i f ; tcsKd @ rS
wd k i f ; if ; om;vl r sKd ; rsm;ud k tajccH u m 'D r d k u apD a ;ES i f h wd k i f ; if ; om;rsm;wef ; wl nf w l
tcGifhta;rsm;dSa;twGuf EdkifiHa;t v_yfSm;aqmifGufef zJG@pnf;xm;aom EdkifiHa;
tzJG@tpnf;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh zdEdSyfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm;/ vl@tcGifhta;ydwfyifr_rsm;/ 'DrdkuapD
tcGifhta;rsm; kwfodrf;cHaeolrsm;udk 'DrdkuapDtiftm;pk0if tjcm; EdkifiHa;tzJG@tpnf;
ygwDrsm;ESifh yl;wJGawmif;qdkr_rsm;/ qef@usifuef@uGufr_rsm;udk ðyvkyfcJhonf?
ygwDpHk'DrdkuapDtaxGaxGaG;aumufyJGaumfrSifrS xkwfjyefcJhaom jynfol@v$wfawmf
Oya'rl=urf;udk trsKd;om;'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyfESifhwuG tjcm; EdkifiHa;tzJG@tpnf; ygwDrsm;ESifh
yl;wJGum jynfol@v$wfawmfaG;aumufyJGOya'=urf;twGuf vdktyfo!fh t}uHðycsufrsm;udk
ay;ydk@cJhonf? tzJG@csKyftaejzifhvnf; oD;jcm;t}uHðycsufwyfudk ay;ydk@cJhonf? tzJG@csKyf.
t}uHðycsufwGif wdkif;if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. tduvdktyfcsufjzpfo!fh zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccH
Oya'a;qJGmwGif wdkif;if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; wef;wlnfwltcGifhta; dSa;udk OD;wnfum
“jynfe,fckESpfckudk tajccHI oifhawmfaom jynfol@v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh Arm
wdkif;if;om;rsm; trsm;pkaexdkifma'orS oifhawmfnDr#aom jynfol@v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm; tcsdK;usjzifh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfopf. zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udk a;qGJydkifcGifh
tm%mSdaom tzGJŒtpnf;wyfudk zGJŒpnf;rnf? xdktzGJŒrS a;qGJaom zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'udk yifvHknDvmcHuJhodkŒaom trsdK;om;nDvmcH}uD;jzifh twnfjyKrnf” [lI
t}uHjyKcJhonf?

k
f _

21


'D§+idr; tzGŒJ ESihf !‡EKdS if;jcif;
f
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Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;OD;Ek em,utjzpfaqmifuaom 'DruapDEihf +idr;f csr;f a;
kfH
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tzJ@G csKyfrS zdw=f um;csut tzJ@G csKyf. efuewif daeaom tzJ@G 0if Ediia;tzJ@G tpnf;ygwrsm;rS
f
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udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf 1989 ckESpf/ {+yDv(10)ufae@wGif OD;Ekaetdrfodk@ oGm;amuf+yD; nd‡Ed_if;
aqG;aEG;=uonf? 'kwd,t}udrftjzpf 'DrdkuapDESifh +idrf;csrf;a;tzJG@csKyfHk;odk@ oGm;amuf+yD; 1989
ckESpf/ pufwifbmv(1)ufae@wGif nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;cJhonf? xdkaqG;aEG;yJGrsm;wGif OD;Eku cJGxGufcGifh
rygaom z,f',frludk rdrdaxmufcHa=umif;/ vlrsKd;pkrsm;u Armudk jynfe,fwck owfrSwfrnf
qdkuvnf; oufrSwfEdkifa=umif; xkwfaz:ajymqdkcJhonf? tzJG@csKyfrSvnf; rdrdwdk@onf 'DrdkuapDa;
ESihf twl wdi;f if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; wef;wlnfwl tcGita; da;udk w+ydKifwnf;vkyaqmifom;ef
k
hf
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f
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qHk;jzwfoHdXmefcsoGm;a=umif; wifjycJhonf?
trsKd ;om;'DruapDtzG@J csKyftaxGaxGtwGi;a;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unfEi!Ei;jcif;
kd
f
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tzGJ@csKyfobmywdtzGJ@0ifrsm;/ twGif;a;rSL;tzGJ@0ifrsm;/ vkyfief;aumfrwD0ifrsm; ESifh
trsdK;om;'DrdkuapDtzGJ@csKyftaxGaxGtwGif;a;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk@ 'DrdkuapDa;ESifh
wdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; wef;wlnfwltcGifhta;Sda;wdk@tay: tajccHum aqG;aEG;yGJwyfudk
tzGJ@csKyf±Hk;wnfm ausmufwHwm;®r@e,f/ trSwf (393) (yxrxyf) Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;wGif
1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (15) ufae@/ ae@vnf (2) emDwGif usif;ycJhonf?
xdkaqG;aEG;yGJwGif tzGJ@csKyfrS wdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;onf ,ck'DrdkuapDwdkufyGJESifhtwl
wdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. wef;wlnfwltcGifhta;ESifh udk,fydkiftcGifhta;onf w®yifwnf;
vkyfr!fhvkyfief;jzpfonf[k wifjycJhonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu wifjymwGif rdrdwdk@ESifh
wdkif;if;om;vlrdsK;rsm;. vdktyfo!fhqENrsm;rSm tjiif;yGm;pm wpHkwmr#rSd/ vkyfief;t
taumiftxnfazmfefomvdkonf? wdkif;if;om;vlrdsK;rsm;tzGJ@csKyfESifh trsdK;om;'DrdkuapD
tzGJ@csKyfwkd@ yl;aygif;+yD;/ tjcm;pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;tygt0ifjzifh vkyfief;aumfrwDwyfzGJ@pnf;um
tem*gwfjynfaxmifpktwGuf ,ckuyif pwiftaumiftxnfazmfef vdktyfonf? tu,fI
wm;r#wwJha±G;aumufyGJjzpfvmcJhv#if tjcm;trwfudpPrsm;udk em;vnfr_,lEdkifef aemifwGif
zGJ@pnf;r!fh tpdk;tzGJ@ tiftm;Sdzdk@ tvGefta;}uD;onf? odk@rSom jyemtm;vHk;udk ajzSif;
Edkifrnf pojzifhwifjyonf? odk@aomf a':atmifqef;pk=unf tus,fcsKyfcHae+yD;aemuf rnfo!fh
aqG;aEG;csufudkr# taumiftxnfrazmfEdkifaom tajctaersdK;jzpfaeonf?
'DruapDr[mrdwrsm;tzG@J csKyfEi!Ei;jcif;
kd
f
S hf dS d_ f
tzG@J csKyfEihf 'DruapDr[mrdwrsm;tzG@J csKyfw@kd . 'DruapDa;ESihf wdi;f if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;
S kd
f
kd
k
wef;wla; udpPyfrsm;udk 1989 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (31)ufwGif tzGJ@csKyf±Hk;cef;Y usif;ycJhonf?
xdkodk@aqG;aEG;mwGif zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'opfa;qGJmwGif xm;oifhaom rl0g'oabmxm;

22

k
f _

kd
k f JG
f

tajccHrsm;ESifh wlnDaomvkyfief;rsm;udk yl;wGJvkyfaqmifa;ESifhywfouf+yD; if;EDS;pGm tjrifcsif;
zvS,fcJh=uonf? wdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;.xm0aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa;udk aS@±SkI udk,fydkif
qHk;jzwfcGifhudk tjy!fht0usifhoHk;efESifh wef;wla;udkaS@±_I jynfe,fopfwdk@jzifh jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiHawmfopfudk xlaxmifef oabmwl=uonf ponfjzifhyl;wGJazmfjyonf?
jynfaxmifptrsKd ;om;rsm;'DruapDygwEihf !SEi;jcif;
k
kd
D S d d_ f
AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; OD;atmif}uD; em,utjzpf OD;aqmifaom jynfaxmifpk trsdK;om;
rsm;'DrdkuapDygwDESifh tzGJ@csKyfwdk@.!SdE_dif;aqG;aEG;yGJwyfudk 1989 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (23)
ufae@wGif usif;ycJhonf? EdkifiHa;vGwfvyfcGifh/ pD;yGm;a;vGwfvyfcGifh/ vlrsdK;a;vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk
rdrw@kd vdvm;a=umif; ODatmif}uD;rS tus,w0ifh wifjyonf? tzG@J csKyfu,pm;vS,rsm; uvnf;
d
k
f
kd f
f
rdrdwdk@onf 'DrdkuapDa;ESifhtwl wdkif;if;om;vlrdsK;rsm;. udk,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifhtygt0if wef;wl
nfwla;udk w+ydKifeufwnf; az:aqmif=uef }udK;yrf;ae=ua=umif; xdkodk@wifjyonf?

4? ±H;vkyief;tzG@J
k f
(1) 0ifpmxGufpmrsm;vufcHjcif;/ zdkifwGJodrf;qnf;jcif;/ rSwfwrf;pmtkyfwGif pmif;oGif;
rSwfwrf;xm;jcif;?
(2) ay;pm jyefpmrsm;ydk@jcif;? tzGJ@csKyf0ifygwDrsm;. 0ifpmrsm;udk vkdtyfovdk jyefpmay;ydk@jcif;?
tjcm;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS 0ifpmrsm;udk vdktyfovdk jyefpmay;ydk@jcif;? tzGJ@csKyfrS
tzGJ@0ifygwDrsm;ESifh wjcm;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@ ydk@pmrsm;ay;ydk@jcif;?
(3) tzGJ@csKyf. (obmywdtzGJ@ESifh twGif;a;rSL;tzGJ@ tpnf;ta0;) rl0g'a;m aumfrwD/
jyef=um;a;ESihf qufo,a; aumfrwDw@kd rS !$e=f um;csursm;/ qH;k jzwfcsursm;/ oabmxm;
G f
f
f
ausnmcsufrsm; ±dkufESdyfjzef@a0jcif;?
(4) rSwfwrf;rSwfmrsm;odrf;qnf;xm;jcif;?
ponfhvkyfief;rsm;udkaqmif±GufvsufSdygonf?

k
f _

23


taumiftxnfazmfvsuaom aS@vkyief;pOfrsm;
f dS
f
(1) Srf;jynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,f/ rE Wav;pnf;±Hk;a;cD;pOfrS qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; taumiftxnf
az:ef (u) jynfaxmifpkwdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'DrdkuapDtzGJ@csKyfrS vrf;!$efrl0g'tjzpf udkifpGJr!fh
“jynfaxmifpkrlwpfck” udk a;qGJef tm;vHk;oabmwlqHk;jzwfygonf?
(c) xdkvrf;!$efrl0g'udk a;qGJef obmywdtzGJ@ESifh twGif;a;rSL;tzGJ@u !SdE_dif;+yD;
oifhawmfaomyk*~dvfrsm;/ todynmSif twwfynmSifrsm;udk zdwfac:+yD; a;qGJaprnf?
(*) jynfe,fa;mESifhywfoufaom rl0g'rsm;udka;qGJmY oufqdkifmjynfe,ftoD;oD;rS
tzGJ@csKyf0ifEdkifiHa;ygwD tzGJ@tpnf;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifa;qGJaprnf?
(2) tzGJ@csKyfydkifpmapmifwpfckxkwfef?
‚if;twGuf t,f'DwmtzGJ@/ tkyfcsKyfa;tzGJ@rsm; zGJ@pnf;wm0efay;+yD; aqmif±Gufef
}udK;yrf;aeygonf? tzGJ@csKyf0ifygwDrsm;onf rdrdwdk@qENSdm'DrdkuapDa;ESifh wkdif;if;om;
ta;rsm;qdkifm aqmif;yg;/ uAsmponfrsm;ESifh t}uHOm%frsm;ay;=uygef wdkufwGef;
tyfygonf?

24

k
f _

kd
k f JG
f

tcef; (2)
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;'DrdkuapDtzJG‹csKyf (UNLD)
.
v+yfSm;r+rsm; (tusOf;)
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyf. pwifzJG@pnf;onfhtcsdefrS
yxrt}udrf obmywd pHknDtpnf;ta0; usif;yo!fh (21 - 11 -89) umvtxd
v_yfSm;r_rsm; (tusOf;csKyf)udk xdknDvmcHwGif twGif;a;rSL;tzJG@. Hk;vkyfief;
wm0efcHrsm; jzpf=uaom a'gufwm atmifwifOD; (uif)ESifh Edkifatmifjrifh (rGef) wdk@.
tpDifcHpmtwdkif; wifjytyfygonf?

jynfaxmifpwiif;om;vlrsK;rsm; 'DruapDtzJŒG csKyf
k kd f
d
kd
efukef_rdKŒ

vkyfief;tzJG@tpDifcHpm
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;if;om; vlrsKd;rsm; 'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyfudk ,cktcg tzJG@0ifwdkif;if;om;
vlrsKd;pkygwDaygif; (20)jzifh yll;aygif;zJG@pnf;xm;ygonf? ,if;tzJG@0ifygwDrsm;rSm 1? cdkif'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyf/
2? rGeftrsKd;om; 'DrdkuapDtzJG@/
3? watmif; (yavmif) trsKd;om;'DrdkuapDtzJG@/
4? uifjynfe,ftrsKd;om;rsm;tzJG@csKyf/
5? csif;trsKd;om; 'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyf/
6? u,m;jynfe,f vlrsKd;aygif;pHk 'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyf/
7? Srf;jynfwdkif;if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm; 'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyf/
8? cdkiftrsKd;om; vl@tcGifhta;ESifh +idrf;csrf;a;tzJG@/
9? ZdkrD;trsKd;om;uGef*uf/
10? awmifolv,form; u'l;ueef;ESifh Srf;trsKd;om; 'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyf/
11? jynfaxmifpk EktrsKd;om;'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyf/
k
f _

1


12? jynfaxmifpk ytdk@0f trsKd;om;'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyf/
13? awmifydkif;csif;'DrdkuapDygwD/
14? ucsiftrsKd;om;vHk;qdkifm uGef*uf/
15? +rdK (ac: ) crDtrsKd;om; nD!Gwfa;tzJG@/
16? awmifwef;om;rsm; 'DrdkuufwpfygwD/
17? u,ef;trsKd;om; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa; 'DrdkuapDtzJG@/
18? ucsiftrsKd;om; 'DrdkuufwpfygwD/
19? tif;trsKd;om;tzJG@csKyf/
20? cdkiftrsKd;om; vlr_b0jr‡ifhwifa;tzJG@ (rrm}uD; ) wdk@jzpf=uygonf?
tzJG@csKyfudk obmywdtzJG@/ twGif;a;rSL;tzJG@/ vkyfief;aumfrwDrsm;jzifh zJG@pnf;xm;+yD;
tzJG@csKyf. vkyfief;rsm; ('DrdkuapDa;ESifh wdkif;if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; wef;wlnfwla;udk tajccHI)
udk aqmifGufv#ufdSygonf?

obmywdtzJ@G
obmywdtzJG@udk tzJG@csKyf0ifygwDrsm;rS ay;ydk@aom obmywdtzJG@0if (1)OD;pDESifh
zJG@pnf;xm;ygonf? ,ckvufdS tzJG@csKyf0ifygwD (20) dSvm+yDjzpfI obmywdtzJG@0if (20)OD;jzifh
zJG@pnf;xm;ygonf?

tzJ@G csKyf. obmywdtzJ@G 0ifrsm;
1? OD;at;az ('z)
2? EdkifaiGodef; ( rGef'DrdkuapDtzJG@)
3? OD;tkef;cdkif (watmif; - yavmif)
4? OD;oef;dSef (uifjynfe,ftrsKd;om;tzJG@csKyf)
5? OD;pDauwkdufuJGvf (csif;tzJG@csKyf)
6? OD;ppfaiGaomif; (u,m;tzJG@csKyf)
7? OD;vSrif; (w'z)
8? OD;omvl ( cdkiftrsKd;om;vl@tcGifhta;)
9? OD;wmefxefvsefaygif (ZdkrD;trsKd;om;uGef*uf)
10? OD;omarmif (awmifolv,form; u'l;ueef;)
11? OD;jrifhOD; (jynfaxmifpkEk)
12? cGefxGef;vGif (jynfaxmifpkytdk@yf)
13? qvdkif;atmifxGef; (awmifydkif;csif;)
14? 'l;0g; aZmfarmf (ucsiftrsKd;om;uGef*uf)

2

k
f _

kd
k f JG
f

15? OD;pHomatmif (+rdK (c) crD)
16? a'gufwmqef;crRm (awmifwef;om;rsm;)
17? OD;tmfyDaomif; (u,ef;)
18? OD;'defwef (ucsifjynfe,f trsKd;om;'Drdkuufwpf)
19? OD;a$vS ( cdkiftrsKd;om; vlr_b0jr‡ifhwifa;tzJG@)
20? tif;trsKd;om; tzJG@csKyfrS pmif;rao;?
rSwfcsuf?

? yxrt}udrf obmywd pHknDtpnf;ta0;wGif tzJG@csKyfobmywd
tzJG@0ifrsm;xJrS t+rJwrf;obmywdtzJG@udk jynfe,frsm;udk tajccHI
atmufygtwdkif; zJG@pnf;cJhygonf?

t+rJwrf;obmywdtzJ@G
ucsifjynfe,f
u,m;jynfe,f
uifjynfe,f
csif;jynfe,f
rGefjynfe,f
cdkifjynfe,f
Srf;jynfe,f

æææ
æææ
æææ
æææ
æææ
æææ
æææ

qrm;ausmfzm;aemf
ppfaiGaomif;
apmoef;dSef
OD;pDauwdkufuGJvf
EdkifaiGodrf;
OD;at;az
OD;jrifhOD; (aemufydkif; OD;a$tHk;) wdk@jzpfygonf?

twGi;a;rSL;tzJ@G
f
twGif;a;rSL;tzJG@udk jynfe,f (7)cktm; ukd,fpm;ðytaejzifh zJG@pnf;xm;ygonf?
ucsifjynfe,f
u,m;jynfe,f
uifjynfe,f
csif;jynfe,f
rGefjynfe,f
cdkifjynfe,f
Srf;jynfe,f

æææ
æææ
æææ
æææ
æææ
æææ
æææ

OD;qdkif;vd
OD;cifarmifcsKd
a'gufwmatmifwifOD;
qvdkif;vsefr_ef;
Edkifatmifjrifh
OD;at;omatmif
cGefwifa$

k
f _

3


vkyief;aumfrwD
f
vkyfief;aumfrwD (5) ckjzifh tzJG@csKyf. vkyfief;rsm;udk taumiftxnfaz: aqmifGuf
v#ufdSygonf? ‚if;wdk@rSm æ
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

rl0g'a;maumfrwD
pnf;Hk;a;aumfrwD
jyef=um;qufoG,fa;aumfrwD
b¾ma;aumfrwD
Hk;vkyfief;tzJG@ wdk@jzpfygonf?

vkyfief;aumfrwD0ifrsm;rSm vkyfief;aumfrwDtvdkuf atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf?

rl0g'a;m aumfrwD0ifrsm;
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

OD;at;az
OD;at;omatmif
Edkifcifarmif
Edkifwifaz
EdkifaiG
OD;vmvfbd
qvdkif;vsefr_ef;
cGefwifa$

'z
'z
jynfaxmifpk ytdk@0ftrsKd;om;tzJG@csKyf

pnf;±Hk;a;aumfrwD0ifrsm;
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

EdkifaiGodef;
cGefwifa$
OD;armifcdkif
OD;bausmf

jynfaxmifpkytdk@0ftrsKd;om;tzJG@csKyf
watmif; (yavmif) trsKd;om;'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyf
'z

jyef=um;a;ESihf qufo,a;aumfrwD0ifrsm;
G f
(1) OD;ombef;
(2) OD;at;omatmif
(3) ODarmifqm

4

'z
'z
watmif (yavmif) trsKd;om;'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyf

k
f _

kd
k f JG
f

(4) rif;udkom
(5) qvdkif; idkifqmh'f

rGeftrsKd;om;'DrdkuapDtzGJŒ

b¾ma;aumfrwD0ifrsm;
(1) OD;pDauwdkufuGJvf
(2) Edkifatmifjrifh
(3) OD;ausmfyf

rGeftrsKd;om; 'DrdkuapDtzJG@
csif;tzJG@csKyf

H;vkyief;tzJ@G
k f
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

OD;at;az
EdkifaiG
a'gufwmatmifwifOD;
rdkifeDeDatmif

cdkif'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyf
uifjynfe,ftrsKd;om;tzJG@csKyf

tzJG@csKyftaejzihf tzJG@csKyf.vkyfief;rsm;udk obmywdtzJG@0ifrsm;/ twGif;a;rSL;
tzJG@0ifrsm;/ vkyfief;aumfrwD0ifrsm;ESihf wdkifyifnd‡Ed_if;aqG;aEG;aqmifGufv#ufdSmwGif wywfwcg
aom=umae@wdkif; yHkrSeftpnf;ta0;rsm; ðyvkyfjcif;/ vdktyfovdk ta;ay:tpnf;ta0;rsm;/
txl;tpnf;ta0;rsm;ðyvkyfjcif;/ aqG;aEG;yJGrsm;ðyvkyfjcif;/ tjcm; EdkifiHa;ygwD tzJG@tpnf;rsm;ESifh
tzJ@G csKyf;kH cef;Y awG@qaqG;aEG;jcif;/ xdygwtzJ@G tpnf;rsm;xH ud,pm;vS,rsm; apv$waqG;aEG;jcif;
kH
k D
k f
f
f
rsm;udk wm0efus tvSnfhus obmywdtzJG@0ifrsm;/ twGif;a;rSL;tzJG@0ifrsm;/ vkyfief;
aumfrwD0ifrsm;u aqmifGufv#ufdSygonf?
xdkodk@aqG;aEG;nd‡Ed_if;mwGif æ
•
•
•

tzJG@. ta;tmudpPrsm;
tzJG@csKyf0if tzJG@tpnf; ygwDwckcsif; ta;tmudpPrsm;
tjcm;EdkifiHta;tmudpPyfrsm;udk pGrf;tm;dSor# ausyGefpGm nd‡E_dif;aqmifGuf
v#ufdSa=umif; wifjytyfygonf?

k
f _

5


vkyief;aumfrwDtvkutpDifcpm
f
d f
H
1? rl0g'a;maumfrwD
rl0g'a;maumfrwDudk obmywdtzJG@0ifrsm;rS yk*~dKvfrsm;/ twGif;a;rSL;tzJG@0ifrsm;rS
yk*~dKvfrsm;/ vkyfief;aumfrwD0ifrsm;rS yk*~dKvfrsm;ESifh zJG@pnf;xm;+yD;/ tzJG@csKyf. rl0g'ydkif;qdkifm
udpPyfrsm;udk nd‡Ed_if;aqmifGufv#ufdSygonf? rl0g'a;maumfrwDtaejzihf tzJG@csKyftwGuf
ta;}uD;aom rl0g'a;m vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonfh æ
(u)
(c)
(*)
(C)

jynfaxmifpkrla;qJGjcif;/
tzJG@csKyf. zJG@pnf;yHkpnf;rsOf; jyifqifa;qJGjcif;/
rsufarSmufumv pnf;±Hk;a;rl0g' xkwfjyefjcif;/
tzJG@csKyf. yfwnfcsufoabmxm; xkwfjyefjcif;/

ponfwdk@tjyif tzJG@csKyf. tvSnfhusobmywdtzJG@/ twGif;a;rSL;tzJG@wdk@rS tcg
tm;avsmfpGm xkwfjyefaom oabmxm;ausnmcsufrsm;/ t}uHðycsufrsm;ESifh wjcm;ygwD
tzJG@pnf;rsm;rS ay;ydk@aom pmwrf;rsm;tay: tzJG@csKyf.rl0g'ESifh udkufnD rnD pDppf+yD; xkwfjyefay;
ygonf?
(u) jynfaxmifpra;qJjG cif;
k l
tzJ@G csKyf. rl0g'a;m aumfrwDtaejzifh aemif tem*gwjf ynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdiiawmf
kfH
udk ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkwck wnfaqmufEdkifeftwGuf jynfaxmifpkrlwck a;qJGcJhygonf?
Todk@a;qJGmwGif atmufygtajccHrl (15)csufudk tajccHxm;I a;qJGcJhygonf?
tajccHrl 15 csuf æ
jynfaxmifpwi;if;om;vlrsK;rsm; 'DruapDtzJ@G csKyf
k kd f
d
kd
tem*gwjf ynfaxmifp. tajccHrrsm;
k
l
(1) tcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfaxmifpkorRwjrefrmEdkifiHawmfwGifom
wnfrnf?
(2) jynfaxmifpktcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfaxmifpkwdkif;if;om;rsm;
jzpf a om ucsif / u,m;/ uif / csif ; / rG e f / Arm/ S r f ; / cd k i f tpd S o nf h
wdkif;if;om;jynfolrsm;rS qif;oufrnf?

6

k
f _

kd
k f JG
f

(3) tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk vufeufjzifh t=urf;zuf,ljcif;rðy/ wygwD
tm%mSifpepfESifh rnfo!fhtm%mSifpepfrsKd;xHwGifrS tcsKyftjcmtm%m
rwnfap/
(4) jynfaxmifpk. tcsKyftjcmtm%monf }uD;/ i,f/ enf;/ rsm; r[l
wdkif;if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk;. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk wm;r#wpGm pDrHcef@cJGaom
ud,mwefqmyvmom jzpfrnf?
(5) vl@b0wefbdk;dSa;ESifh vl@oduQmjrifhrm;a;twGuf wdkif;if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;
tm;vHk;twGif;wGif wm;r#wjcif;/ vGwfvyfjcif;/ nDr#jcif;wnf;[laom
avmuygvwm;rsm; xGef;um;rnf?
(6) jynfaxmifpkwdkif;if;om; vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk;onf EdkifiHa;wef;wlnDr#r_/
pD;yGm;a;tcGitvrf;nDr#r/_ vlra;wef;wlnr#r/_ vl@tcGita;wef;wlnr#rEihf
hf
_
D
hf
D _S
'DrdkuapDa;wef;wlnDr#r_ dSrnf?
(7) wef;wlnDr#r_ tcGifhta;rsm;onf olawmif;pm;. cGufxJodk@ ypfcscHo!fh
tojyma=u;jym;uJo@kd usamufvmr!fh pGe@f }uJrrsK;d rjzpfap/ wdi;f if;om;rsm;
h
_
k
tcsi;f csi;f tay;t,l =unfjzLr#wpGm aqG;aEG;ndEi;f I cHpm;tyfaom tmom
‡ _d
jzpfrnf?
(8) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHonf wdkif;if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk;. e,fajr
a'oudk aygif;pyfzJG@pnf;xm;aom e,fedrdwftydkif;tjcm;dSo!fh EdkifiHtjzpf
todtrSwfðyrnf?
(9) EdkifiHwuma;me,fy,fwGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtjzpf wdkif;if;om;
vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk;udk ukd,fpm;ðyrnf?
(10) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHudk EdkifiHa;t wef;wlnDr#aom wdkif;if;om;
vlrsKd;rsm;. jynfaxmifpkjynfe,frsm;jzifh zJG@pnf;xm;onf[k cH,lonf?
(11) xdo@kd pkpnf;aygi;f pyf zJ@G pnf;xm;aom jynfaxmifpukd jynfaxmifptpd;k u
k
k
k
pDrHcef@cJGrnf?
(12) jynfaxmifptpd;k ESihf tpd;k tm%mcJa0a;udk tay;t,l =unfjzLr#wpGm
k
G
ESifh ,xmblwusus nd‡Ed_if;oufrSwfrnf?
(13) jynf a xmif p k t pd k ; wG i f a omf v nf ; aumif ; / jynf e ,f t pd k ; wG i f a omf
vnf ; aumif ; / tjcm; tm%myd k i f t zJ G @ tpnf ; rsm;wG i f a omf v nf ; aumif ; /
wdkif;if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vHk; oifhwifhr#waom udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifcGifh
tajctae jynfhpHkpGm zefwD;ay;rnf? TudpPtwGuf jynfaxmifpkzJG@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfe,frsm;. zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'wGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ jyXmef;ay;rnf?
(14) jynfaxmifpktpdk;taejzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfe,ftpdk;taejzifh
aomfvnf;aumif;/ tkyfcsKyfmwGif Oya'utkyfcsKyfaompepf (Rule of Law)
jzpfapI vly*Kd~ vf.qENoabmt tkycsKyfaompepf (Rule of Men) rjzpfap?
k
f
k
f _

7


(15) jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a;ESifh urBmh+idrf;csrf;a;udk wnfaqmufmwGif wm;
r#wI +idrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifhom wnfaqmufEdkifrnf[kcH,lonf? vufdS
urBmhjzpfay:wdk;wufr_tajctaersm;tvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;aom enf;vrf;
rsm;jzifh aqmifGufr_rSm atmifjrifvdrfhrnf[k r,Hk=unfyg? T enf;vrf;om
toifhavsmfqHk;[k ,Hk=unfonf?
rl0g'a;m aumfrwDtaejzifh tpnf;ta0;rsm; (5)}udrfwdkifac:,lusif;y+yD; aqmifGuf
cJh=uygonf?
xdkodk@ usif;yaqG;aEG;mwGif tem*gwfzJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'twGuf æ
(1) ucsiftrsKd;om;'DrdkuapDygwD XmecsKyfrSay;ydk@aom zJG@pnf;yHka;qJGmwGif tajccHr!fh
rl0g'rsm;udk‚if;?
(2) rGeftrsKd;om;'DrdkuapDtzJG@
(3) 'DrdkuapDr[mrdwfrsm;tzJG@csKyf
(4) Srf;jynfwdkif;if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyf
wdkŒrS wifjyaom wwd,jrefrmEdkifiHawmfodk@ pmwrf;rsm;udk rl0g'a;mtzJG@. tjrifESifh
aygif;pyf+yD;a;qJGxm;ygonf?
xdkodk@a;qJGmwGif udk;um;xm;aom pmtkyfrsm;rSm æ
(1) zqyv tzJG@csKyf. y%mrjyifqifr_ nDvmcHrSwfwrf;?
(4) OD;xGef;jrifh. wef;wlaomSrf;jynf
(5) tarduefEdkifiH. zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'
paom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk rSDjirf;+yD; a;om;ðypkwifjyxm;ygonf?
a;qJG+yD;aomrl=urf;udk yxrtqifhtaejzifh tzJG@csKyf0ifygwDtzJG@tpnf;rsm;udk
ay;yd@k t}uHOm%fawmif;cHef/ 'kw, æ tzJ@G csKyf0ifr[kwaom tjcm;wdi;f if;om;vlrsK;d pkygwrsm;
d
f
k
D
xHrS t}uHOm%f,lef/ wwd, æ tjcm; EdkifiHa;ygwDtzJG@tpnf;/ tzJG@csKyf/ wyfaygif;pkrsm;ESifh
nd‡Ed_if;ef qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfxm;ygonf? +yD;aemuf Edk0ifbmvwGif usif;yr!fh obmywd pHknD
tpnf;ta0;wGif wifjy+yD; twnfjyKcsuf ,lygrnf? xdk@aemuf twnfjyK+yD;aom rl=urf;udk
azaz:0gDvavmufwGif usif;yr!fh vlrsKd;pknDvmcHESifh EdkifiHvHk;qdkifm trsKd;om;nDvmcHwdk@wGif
wifjyef pDpOfxm;ygonf?

8

k
f _

kd
k f JG
f

(c) tzJ@G csKyf. zJ@G pnf;yHpnf;rsO; jyifqifa;qJjG cif;
k
f
rSwfcsuf?

? tao;pdwfSif;vif;csufudk tpnf;ta0;tpDtpOfwGif
xnfhoGif; xm;ygonf?

(*) rsuarSmufumv pnf;±H;a;rl0g'xkwjf yefjcif; (twdcsKyfi;vif;csu)
f
k
k Sf
f
rsuf a rS m uf u mvtajctaeonf “trsd K ;om;'D r d k u apD a wmf v S e f a ;umv”
jzpfayonf? Tumvonf wdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;twGuf 'kwd,yifvHkumv jzpfonf? yXr
yifvumvonf AdvcsKyfatmifqef;OD;pD;I wdi;f if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!wa;udk wnfaqmufaom
kH
k f
k
G f
umv/ 'k w d , yifv Hk u mvonf wd k if ;if ;om;vl rsd K ;rsm;pk aygif ;I pnf ;vH k ;r_ nD ! G w f r_ u dk
wnfaqmufaomumv/ ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkazmfxkwfa;/ vGwfvyfa;ESifh tcsKyftjcm
tm%mwnfwHhcdkif+rJa; wdk@twGuf wdkif;if;om;rsm; 0dkif;0ef;óud;yrf;aomumvjzpfayonf?
Todk@óud;yrf;mY 'DrdkuapDa;ESifh trsdK;om;a;udk w®yifwnf; azmfxkwfif;/ [ef;
S i f v l j ynf o l r sm;/ tod y nmS i f / twwf y nmS i f / tvk y f o rm;rsm;/ v,f o rm;rsm;ES i f h
ausmif;om;vli,frsm; po!fh vlwef;pm;aygi;f pHk tv$m aygi;f pHukd pnf;±H;k I pnf;±H;k rdaomtm;jzifh
k
trsdK;om;a;ESifh 'DrdkuapDa;udk azmfxkwfwdkufyGJ0if=uayrnf?
rdrtiftm;udk pkpnf;Edief wygwtm%mSipepfEihf tjcm;tm%mSipepftrsKd ;rsKd ;od@k
d
fk f
D
f
S
f
ODD;wnfaom tajctaersm;udk wdkufcdkufif; rdrdtiftm;udk ®yuGJapr!fh twGif;yËdyuQrsm;
tpGef;amufr_rsm;udk aSmifSm;=uayrnf?
rdrdtiftm;udk pkpnf;mwGif vlwef;pm;udk tajccHaom pnf;±Hk;a;yHko¾mefrjzpfapbJ
trsdK;om;a;udktajccHaom pnf;±Hk;a;yHko¾mefjzpfygrnf?
(C) tzG@J csKyf.yfwnfcsuoabmxm;xkwjf yefjcif; (twdcsKyfi;vif;csu)
f
k Sf
f
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'DrdkuapDtzGJ@csKyfonf wdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;tm;vHk;
EdkifiHa; wef;wlnfwla;ESifh udk,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifh tjy!fht0Sdaom jynfe,frsm;udk aygif;pyfvsuf
ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;Edkifa; r[mAsL[myfwnfcsufonfum; “'DrdkuapDwdkufyGJwGif
wkdif;if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; wef;wlnfwludk,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifhSdeftwGuf w®yifwnf; qufpyf
wdkufyGJ0ifa;” yif jzpfonf?
u|Efkyfwdk@ wdkif;if;om;rsm; jzpf=uaom ucsif/ u,m;/ uif/ csif;/ rGef/ cdkif/ Srf;
ponfwdk@onf ArmvlrsdK;rsm;uJhodk@yif wcsdefu vGwfvGwfvyfvyf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfvsuf
xD;®yifeef;®yif ya'omZfEdkifiHrsm; xlaxmifI aexdkifcJh=uonf? e,fcsJ@wdk@vufatmufodk@
usamufoGm;aomtcg e,fcsJ@qef@usifa;/ zufqpfwdkufzsufa;/ trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa;
k
f _

9


wdkufyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifwdkufcdkufcJh=ujcif;onfvnf;/ rdrdwdk@. vGwfvyfa;ESifh udk,fh=urRm
udk,fzefwD;cGifhudk jrwfEdk;jcif;a=umifh jzpfonf?
odk@aomf vGwfvyfa;+yD;aomtcg wdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;onf
arS;rSdefoGm;cJhayonf? xdk@a=umifh wdkif;if;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_®yysufum/ vlrsdK;a;rkef;wD;r_rsm;
ay:aygufvmcJhygonf? 1961 ckESpfwGif wdkif;if;om;rsm; aoG;pnf;a;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufef
jynfaxmifpkrlwyfudk udk,fpm;ðyudk,fpm;vS,frsm; aqG;aEG;=umwGif xdkrludk ta=umif;jyvsuf
tm%modrf;vdkufjcif;a=umifh 'DrdkuapDtcGifhta;rsm;ESifh ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpktESpfom
onfvnf; aysmufuG,fcJhayonf? TuJhodk@ wpfygwDtm%mSifpepfESifh wjynfaxmif
tkyfpdk;r_pepfqdk;udk enf;rsdK;pHkESifh qef@usifawmfvSefcJh=uovdk awmfvSefqJvnf; jzpfayonf?
tjcm;wbufwGif ausmif;om;rsm;OD;aqmifr_jzifh (8-8-88) ae@wGif [ef;Sifvl wdkif;if;om;
jynfoltaygif; tHkºuGawmfvSefcJhojzifh wygwDtm%mSifpepfðywf=ucJhaomfvnf; 'DrdkuapD
yGifhvef;Sifoefr_rSm tvSrf;uGmaeayao;onf? 'DrdkuapDtcGifhta; tjynfht0rSdv#if wm;
r#waom a±G;aumufyGJ[lonf SdEkdifygrnfavm? wm;r#waom a±G;aumufyGJr[kwfygu
jynfolESifh wdkif;jynftwGuf rnfo!fhtudsK;oufamufr_SdEkdifrnfenf;?
xd@k a=umifh u|Eyw@kd onf vufiif;óuHawG@aeaom tcuftcJrsm;ESihf aemifóuHawG@r!fh
kf f
jyemt00udkoHk;oyfjcif;tm;jzifh trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa;udk wnfaqmuf+yD;/ 'DrdkuapD
tjynfht0Sda;twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;efrSwyg; tjcm;rSday? trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa;udk
wdkif;if;om;rsm;wef;wla;tajccHay:wGif wnfaqmufayrnf?
xdk@a=umifh tzGJ@csKyf. r[mAsL[myfwnfcsufjzpfaom 'DrdkuapDa;wdkufyGJESifh
wdkif;if;om;rsm;wef;wla; SdeftwGuf qufpyfwdkufyGJ0ifa;onf trdsK;om;nD!Gwfr_udk
wnfaxmifa;ESifh 'DrdkuapDtjy!fht0Sda; wdkufyGJudk wdkufa;yif jzpfonf?
odk@mwGif wdkufyGJ.enf;AsL[mudk rlvvufSdEdkifiHa;tajctae tcsdeftcgESifh
tvSnfhtajymif;udktajccHI csrSwfefESifh rdrd.tiftm;udkvnf; cdkifrmatmif pnf;±Hk;oGm;ef
vdktyfayonf? xdk@a=umifh tzGJ@0ifygwDtoD;oD;onf rlay:wGiftajccHaom pnf;±Hk;a;udk
wnfaqmuf+yD;/ xdkrSwqifh ygwDtcsif;csif;onfvnf; tzGJ@csKyf. rlESifhyfwnfcsufudkyif
wom;wnf; yfwnfvsuf/ wzGJ@wygwDuJhodk@ uspfvpfcdkifrmvma;twGuf pnf;±Hk;wnfaqmuf
rnf? xd@k aemuf tjcm;aom 'DruapDygwtzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESivnf; cdi+f rJaom r[mrdwjf zpfa;udk
kd
D
hf
k
aqmif±GufI 'DrdkuapDa;ESifh wdkif;if;om;rsm;wef;wlnfwla; wdkufyGJudk qufvuf qifE$J=u
ayrnf?

10

k
f _

kd
k f JG
f

3? tzG@J csKyf.jyef=um;a;ESihf qufo,a;vkyief;rsm;
G f
f
(u) ausnmcsursm;xkwjf yefjcif;
f
tzGJ@csKyfudk pwifzGJ@pnf;jcif;rðyrD wkdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. EdkifiHa;tzGJ@tpnf;ygwDrsm;
pwifawG@qHk!SdE_dif;yGJrsm;udk (4)}udrfwdkifwdkif ðyvkyfcJhonf? 1989 ckESpf/ azazmf0gDv (11)uf
ae@wGif usif;yaom yÌrt}udrfawG@qHk!SdE_dif;yGJwGif tzGJ@csKyfudk wnDw!Gwfwnf; zGJ@pnf;
xlaxmifconf? tzG@J csKyfz@JG pnf;+yD;aemuf oabmxm;a=ujimcsutrSwf (1)udk xkwjf yef+yD; tzG@J csKyf
hJ
f
wGif yg0ifjcif;rSdao;aom wdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. EdkifiHa;tzGJ@tpnf;ygwDrsm;udk yg0ifvmef
zd w f a c:urf ; vS r f ; cJ h o nf ? 1989 ck E S p f / rwf v (5)uf w G i f ausnmcsuf t rS w f ( 2) tjzpf
nf±G,fcsufESifh vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk xkwfjyefcJhonf? 1989 ckESpf/ rwfv(24)ufae@wGif EdkifiHa;t
zrf;qD;xm;olrsm; v$wfay;a; awmif;qdkcsufudk ausnmcsuftrSwf (3) tjzpf xkwfjyefcJhonf?
1989 ck / rwf v (27)uf w G i f (44)}ud r f a jrmuf zuf q pf q ef @ usif a ;ae@ txd r f ; trS w f
ausnmpmwrf;udk xkwfjyefcJhonf? 1989 ckESpf/ ZGefv(14)ufwGif twGif;a;rSL;tzGJ@.
tpDifcHpmudk xkwfjyef+yD;/ Srf;jynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,fESifh rE Wav; pnf;±Hk;a;cD;wGif wifjy
Edkifef pDpOfcJhonf? 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv(8)ufae@wGif trdsK;om;EdkifiHa;odk@OD;wnfa;twGuf
EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;a;tzGJ@ OuUX AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifxH obmywdtzGJ@u pmwapmif
ay;ydk@cJhonf? 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19)ufae@wGif (42)ESpfajrmuf tmZmenfae@ txdrf;trSwf
ausnmcsufudk xkwfjyefcJhonf? tmZmenfae@aemufydkif; wjynfvHk;EdkifiHa;tajctaersm;
wif;rm+yD; tzrf;tqD;rsm;xlajymvmcJhm tzGJ@csKyfrS e-0-w tpdk;ESifh EdkifiHa;ygwDrsm;t=um;
!SdE_dif;ajzSif;a;twGuf txl;ausnmcsuf wapmifudk 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvfdkif (22)ufae@wGif
xkwfjyefcJhonf?

(c) owif;pmSi;vif;yGJ ESihf owif;v$mxkwjf yefjcif;
f
tzGJ@csKyfjzpfay:vmyHk/ tzGJ@csKyf.nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh yfwnfcsufrsm; txl;ojzifh
'DrdkuapDa;ESifh wdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; wef;wlnfwltcGifhta;Sda;wdk@twGuf wdkif;if;om;
arG;csif;om;csif; nDaemifif; EdkifiHa;ygwDrsm; arG;zGm;jcif;/ ,if;wdkŒ. nD!Gwfr_rsm;ESifh tjcm;
'DrdkuapDtiftm;pkEdkifiHa;ygwDrsm;ESifh vufwGJaqmif±Gufr_rsm;udk jynfyowif;Xmersm;rS
owif;pmqmrsm;ESifh jrefrmhowif;pOfrS owif;axmufrsm;udk 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (24)uf
wGif zdwfac:Sif;vif;wifjy+yD; owif;pmqmrsm;. ar;jref;csufrsm;udk ajz=um;cJhonf?
tzGJ@csKyf. v_yfSm;r_owif;rsm;udk tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHa;tzGJ@tpnf;ygwDrsm;odk@ yHkrSefay;ydk@Edkifa;twGuf
“wef;wla;”trnfjzifh owif;v$mxkwfjyefa;udk qHk;jzwf+yD;/ trSwfpOf (1) owif;v$mudk 1989
ckESpf/ pufwifbm (5)ufae@u xkwfa0EdkifcJhonf? “wef;wla;”owif;v$mudk yHkrSef xkwfjyef
Edkifa;twGuf tpDtpOfrsm;udk ðyvkyfvsufSdaeonf? t,f'DwmtzGJ@udk wm0efcHt,f'Dwm
OD;ombef;(cdi)/ Edicifarmif(rGe) / qvdi;f vsere;f (csi;f ) / OD;at;az(cdi) wd@k jzifh zG@J pnf;oGm;onf?
kf kf
f
k
f_
kf
k
f _

11

ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၁)

ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၁)

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ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၁)