သူပုန္ၾကီး-(မဟာေဆြ)

r[maqG olykefBuD;
Zarni 86 Myanmarcupid Community - 1 -
olykefBuD;
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r[maqG olykefBuD;
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]][JY ZedE´ ... ZedE´aum rjrifygyJvm; ...}}[k q&mawmfonf u½kPmoufaomtoHjzifY
ac:vdkufav/ ]][JY Owår ...ZedE´ b,frSmaeovJ ...}} xyfrHar;jref;jyefojzifY? udk&if Owåronf
ausmif;cef;apYatmif vdkufvH½SmazGNyD;aemuf OD;csvsuf ...
]]usufoa&cef;em;u armif;yv’ifay:rSm ouFef;acgif;NrD;NcKH tdyfaeygw,f bk&mY ...}}
]]w,frdkufwJYaumif ... oGm;ac:prf; ...}}[k rdefYjyefojzifY? udk&ifESpfyg; q&mawmfa½SUodkY
a&mufvm&m? q&mawmfu ...
]][JY ZedE´ ... eif bmjzpfovJ? eHeufqGrf;vJrpm;? aeYvnfqGrf;vJrpm;eJY aeraumif;
bl;vm; ...}}
]]aeaumif;ygw,f bk&m; ... qGrf;rpm;wmu rpm;csifvdkYyg bk&m; ...}}
]]rdkufygbd wynfh&,f? eifYt½G,f oefwkef;jrefwkef; aeaumif;&ufeJY qGrf;rpm;csifwmrsm;
tHYMop&mbJ? eif bmjzpfvdkY qGrf;rpm;csif&wmvJ ...}}
]]rpm;csifvdkY bk&m; ... pm;vdkYvJ rjzpfbl; bk&m; ...}}[k vnfacsmif;udk tawmftm;xkwfum
½SifZedE´ avQmufxm;vdkufaompum;onf q&mawmf pdwfESvkH;udk tawmfxdcdkufoGm;[efwlav/
udk&ifZedE´um; touf 16-ESpfcefY ½Sdao;aom tom;0if;0gvsuf udk,fvkH;udk,fayguf xGm;BuKdif;/
rsufvkH; jyL;us,fMunfvifí rsufckH;arG;rSm rdef;uav;ozG,f vSy/ yJYESdyf"m;jzifY &dyfcgp OD;jynf;
qHyifrSm pdrf;pdkvsuf wpfrsKd;usufoa&½SdvS/ vufqHajcqHrsm;vnf; xGm;BuKdif;OD;rnfhtoGifudk
aqmifvsuf½Sdav/
odkY&mwGif q&mawmfonf ½SifZedE´tm; cspfcifjcif;wdkYrSm þtcsuftvuf rsm;aMumifY r[kwf?
ÓPfaumif;jcif;? ½dk;om;jcif;? pum;ajymtoHcsKdí opöm½Sdjcif;? at;at;aewwfjcif;wdkYaMumifY
jzpfav&m? udk&ifZedE´rSm 3-4 &ufwdkif wacGacGESifY aeaomtcg txl; pdwfraumif;awmYbJ ac:,l
ar;jref;awmfrljcif;jzpfav/
]]aeygOD;[JY? eifbmjzpfvdkYvJ taMumif;udkajymOD;rSaygY ...}}[k rdefYaomfvnf;? udk&ifZedE´rSm
jyL;us,faom rsufvkH;BuD;rsm;jzifY wpfcsufrQ armfMunfhNyD;vQif wpfzef acgif;atmufcsí
vufwpfzufjzifY {uoDtem;pudk udkifwG,fae/
]][JY Owåraum ... 'Daumif bmjzpfwmvJ eifrodbl;vm;/ 'Dtaumif ½l;aewmvm; ...}}
]]wynfhawmf rodbl; bk&mY ... olYbmom ouFef;BuD; NcKHNcKHNyD; tdyfaewmyJ bk&m; ...}}
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RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
]]taMumif;½Sd&r,f ... taMumif;rJYoufouf 'DvdkrjzpfEdkifbl;/ aeOD; ... eifwdkY NrKdUxJ qGrf;cH
oGm;wkef;u b,fudka&mufMuovJ ...}}
udk&ifOwåru oGufvufpGm pwifí? ]]wynfhawmfwdkYawmY pkHaeatmif a&mufwmyJ bk&mY?
udk&ifZedEéJYu wjcm;pDbJ bk&mY ...}}
]]EdkY ZedEáum eifb,foGm;NyD; qGrf;cHao;ovJ ...}}
]]wynfhawmf qGrf;rcHwm 4-5 &uf ½SdNyD bk&mY? qGrf;rcHcsifawmYbl; ...}}
]][JY Owår ... qGrf;avmif;wJYtdrfawG ajymprf;/ eifwdkYudk uaeY aoaocsmcsm ppfaq;&r,f?
rmwkumracsmacsm b,fESpftdrfavmufu qGrf;xGufavmif;ovJ ...}}
]]tdrfawGawmY trsm;BuD;yJ bk&mY/ 'gayr,fY tacsmqkH;uawmY awmifydkif;u 0efrif;tdrfrSm
rmwkumrav; tacsmqkH;vdkY ajymMuw,f bk&mY ...}}[k ½SufaMumufaom trlt&mESifY avQmufxm;
av&m ...
]]tdrf; ... igodNyD? [JY oli,fruav;[m 13-ESpfavmuf½SdOD;r,f xifygYuvm; ...}}
]][kwfygw,f bk&mY? odyfNyD;acsmwmyJvdkY ajymMuwmyJ bk&mY ...}}
]]ZedE´ ... eif tJ'Dtdrfudk qGrf;cHoGm;ovm; ...}}[k ar;jref;awmfrl&m? ½SifZedEónf pum;jyef
ravQmufbJ acgif;ikHYíomaeav/ q&mawmfvnf; t"dyÜg,f em;vnfum? ]]aMomf ... igY½Sif ZedE´?
eifazmufjyefwmaMumifYudk;? qGrf;rpm;Edkifavmufatmif jzpf&ovm; ZedE´&,f ... rdkufygbdawmYw,f?
auom-avmrm-ecg-'EÅm-wapm pwJY 32-aum|mo ½kyftpkudk eifcifwG,fae&ovm; [if ...}}[k
qdkjrnfawmfrlaomfvnf; pum;jyefr&ojzifY ...
]]w,fcufwJY owå0gyJ? ucFgyg#darmufawG wufaewm[m bmvkyfzdkYvJ ...}}
]]wynfhawmf &[ef;rwufcsifawmYbl; bk&mY? vdifjyefcsifNyD bk&mY ...}}
q&mawmfonfum; rsufvkH;jyL;vsuf ]]igYwynfh cufNyD ... t½SKH;BuD;½SKH; tqkH;BuD;qkH;NyD}}[k
rdefYawmfrlvsuf ...
]]rif;bZmaMumifY vlxGuf&rSmvJ wynfhi,f ...}}
]]raysmfvdkY bk&mY ... 'Dtwdkif;qdk&if wynfhawmf toufwdkrSmyJ bk&mY ...}}
]][dkuf acG;rom; ... eifYpdwf azmufjym;vGef;vSacsuvm;/ aumif;NyD ... eifvlxGufawmY eifY
rmwkumruav;udk eif&r,f xifovm;? eifeJY eD;pyfygYrvm; ...}}
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RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
]]wynfhawmf &wJYenf;eJY BuHr,f bk&mY ...}}[k vSpfueJ 0efcHovdk avQmufxm;rdNyD;aemuf
½SufaMumufaom trlt&mESifY acgif;idkufpdkufcsíaeonfudk q&mawmfonf NyKH;vsuf Munfhawmf
rl&if; ...
]]tdrf; ... ZedE´ ... ZedE´? eifYudk q&mawmfBuD;wpfyg;jzpfatmif ig ynmoifay;csifw,f? eif
'Dvdk r[kwfyguvm;/ aumif;NyD eifvlxGuf&if bmeJYrS tquftoG,fr½SdEdkifbl;? 'DawmY vlrxGufeJYOD;?
ig 0efrif;tdrf oGm;wJYtcg eifvdkufcJY/ 'DtcgrSm eifcspfwJY rmwkumruav;udk MumMumMunfh&r,f/
igY½Sif vlrxGufeJYOD; ...}}
xdktcg udk&ifZedE´rSm q&mawmfpum;udk txl;ESpfoufíaerd/ tu,f pifppfum;
4if;udk,fwdkif vlxGufí BuHpnfvQif eD;pyfzdkYr½Sd jzpfav&m? q&mawmfu ta&;w,l ac:iifvsuf
xGuf0ifoGm;vm&ygrl? rdrd cspfoluav;ESifY awGU&rnf jrif&rnf[k 0rf;ajrmufauseyfum ]]wifygY
bk&m;? t½Sifbk&m;trdefYoHudk emcHvdkufemygrnf bk&m; ...}}[k cyfoGufoGuf avQmufxm;vdkufav/
aemufwpfaeYeHeuf qGrf;cHxGufcsdefwGif udk&ifZedE´ rsufESmtrlt&monf wpfrsKd;ajymif;vsuf
MunfvifaomtoGifudk aqmifíaeav/ q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onfvnf; ouFef;½kHvsuf aemufyg
OD;yÍöif;? udk&ifrsm;ESifYtwl xGuf<uawmfrl&m oefvsifNrKdUolNrKdUom;wdkYrSm q&mawmfbk&m;udk,fwdkif
qGrf;cH<uawmfrlonf[k tkwftkwf<uuf<uufjzpfum olYxufig qGrf;ESifY qGrf;[if;rsm;udk avmif;Mu
av/
oefvsifNrKdUawmifydkif;odkYa&mufvQif tjcm;&[ef;rsm;ESifY udk&ifwdkYudk cGJxkwfí ½SifZedE´
wpfOD;wnf;udkom aemufygtjzpfESifY ac:aqmifvsuf oefvsif0efrif; aetdrft0if0odkY a&muf½Sdvm
av/ 0efuawmfBuD;ESifY taptyg; rdef;rrsm;onf yd@ywfqGrf;udk aeYpOfavmif;aeMutwdkif;
aeMu&mrS q&mawmfBuD;tm; zl;awGU&vQif ajrjyifwGif 0yfcsíaeMuav/ wpfzef q&mawmf t&dyf
tajctm;jzifY tdrfay:odkY <uvdkaMumif; od½Sd&um;? ]]<uawmfrlygbk&m; <uawmfrlygbk&m;}}[k yifYaqmif
Muav/
xdktcgusrS 0efrif;onfvnf; tdrfay:rS anmifapmif;wpfckwGif ae&mxdkifcif;rsm; cif;um
toifYjyifí xm;av/
]],aeY q&mawmfbk&m;udk,fwdkif <uawmfrlvmoudk; bk&mY ...}}
q&mawmfonf ]]tdrf;}}[k wpfcgef;wnf;om rdefYawmfrlvsuf rvSrf;rurf;wGif 0yfcsaeMuaom
0efuawmfESifY taptyg; rdef;uav;rsm;udk rodrom Munfh½SKawmfrlav/ ½SifZedEúm;
q&mawmfBuD;ESifY 4-awmifcefYtuGm ae&medrfYwGif pu©KaÈćsvsuf xdkifae&av/
]][dkoli,fr[m 0efrif;&JU orD;taxG;r[kwfvm; ... emrnf b,folwJYvJ ...}}
]]rSefyg ... wynfhawmf&JU orD;taxG;yg bk&m;? emr,f reef;EG,fygwJYbk&m; ...}}
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RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
]]tif; tif; ... b0qkawmif; w,fvdkYaumif;cJYykHyJ? toufb,favmuf½SdNyDvJ 'umBuD; ...}}
]]13-ESpf jynfhvkeD;ygNyD bk&m; ...}}
]]tdrf; ... [JY eifwdkY rSwfxm;? olwpfxl;udk remvdkpdwf? r½SKpdwf? rpä&d,pdwf enf;yg;cJYvdkY
ESKwfcrf;yg;pyf vSy&w,f? rsufvkH;aumif;&w,f? olwpfxl;udk oem;MuifemwJYpdwfaMumifY 'Db0rSm
olwpfxl; oem;MuifemzG,f jzpf&w,f/ 'gerSK? oDvrSK? bm0emrSKwdkYudk wwftm;orQ BuKd;pm;&r,f/
pmaumwwfuJY r[kwfvm; ...}}
]]rSefyg ... olYr,fr,fudk,fwdkif oifjyvdkY oN*KØ[f 0dxDydkif;avmuftxd a&mufygNyD bk&m; ...}}
]]tdrf; ... ½kyfvu©PmuvJ ynmxufjrufr,fYykHayyJ ...}}[k q&mawmfonf 0efrif;
uyfvSLonfh vufzuf&nfMurf;? ig;ajcmufzkwf ponfwdkYudk bkOf;ayí aeawmfrlav/ þodkY
vufzuf&nfaomuf&if;vnf; 0efrif;ESifY tv’myov’mypum;rsm;udk ajymqdkvsuf½SdMu&m? ½SifZedE´
rSmum; pu©KaÈ´BuD;atmufodkYcsvsuf wpfcgwpfcg trSwfwrJY rmwkumrrsm;udk Munfh½SKrdav/
taptyg; rdef;uav;rsm;ESifY reef;EG,fuav;rSmvnf; wpfcsufrQ jyefMunfhum NrKHUNrKHUuav; NyKH;í
aerdMuav/
BuKHUBuKHU,kHY,kHY ykHYykHYuav;rQ xdkifaeaom reef;EG,f ½kyf&nfvu©Pmudkum; ½SifZedEóm
r[kwf? rnfonfhvlrsKd;rqdk pGJvrf;Murnfjzpfay/ rdef;uav;wpfOD;udk rdef;rwdkif; cspfcifjcif;onf
a,musfm;uav;rsm; cspfcifonfxuf t"dyÜg,f ydkrdkav;eufap/ reef;EG,fuav;udkum; jrifawGU
orQ rdef;r a,musfm; vlBuD;vli,frusef cspfcifMuonf[laom *kPfowif;rSm vGefcJYaom 3-ESpf
&moDcefYuyif ausmfMum;cJYoluav;jzpfojzifY? rnfírnfrQ tb,fuJYodkY vSyonf[k csJUxGif&efvdkrnf
r[kwfawmYacs/
q&mawmfbk&m;onfum; xrif;tdk;wpfvkH;csuf omomBuD;Mumatmif tcsdefjzKef;vsuf?
oDwif;okH;awmfrlNyD;rS ausmif;odkY jyef<uawmfrlav/ oefvsif0efrif;ESifY 0efuawmfwdkYrSmum;
q&mawmfBuD; tBuHudk rod? rdrdwdkYtdrfodkY q&mawmfbk&m;udk,fwdkif qGrf;0wftwGuf <uvmonf
udkyif 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfí aeMuav/ q&mawmf tBuHrSmvnf; ½SifZedE´tm; vl0wfaMumif
wdkYESifY eD;pyfatmif aqmif½Gufawmfrljcif;r[kwf? tavmokH;q,f tylwjyif; ½SifZedE´ pGJvrf;ae&mrS
pdwfvufrS ajyapawmY[k y&d,m,fjyKawmfrljcif; jzpfav&m? wpfaeYaeYwGif w&m;oHa0* &½Sdatmif
jyKjyifawmfrlrnf[k ESvkH;oGif;&if;½SdcJYav/ xdkaeYnüyif ½SifZedE´tm; 0wfjznfhcdkif;&if; ...
]]udkif; igY½Sif ZedE´ ... eifY rmwkumruav;udk eifYrsufpdxJu awG;awmxifjrifprf;[JY ...}}
½SifZedEónf pum;jyefí ravQmufxm;acs/
]]udkif; ... wifprf;yguGJU ...}}
]]xifygNyD bk&m; ...}}
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RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
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avmrmqdkwJY rsufckH;arG;awG &dwfcsOD;/ a[m rsufckH;arG;awGvJ r½SdawmYbl;aemf? ecgqdkwJY ajconf;
vufonf;awG y,fvdkufprf;? tEleJY rwlbl;vm;? 'EÅmqdkwJY oGm;awG jzKwfvdkuf ... tr,ftdkBuD;eJY rwl
bl;vm;/ wapmqdkwJY ta&awG qkwfvdkufprf;? tom;0gw,f jzLw,fqdkvdkY odEdkifOD;rvm;? udkif; ...
igY½Sif ZedE´? 32-aum|morSm 5-rsKd;yJ jzKwfMunfhwJYtcg cE¨mtwåabmBuD;udk bmrsm; cifwG,fp&m
½Sdao;ovJ? olYudk,fxJrSm cRJovdyf? jynf? usifBuD;usifi,fawGvJ jynfhvdkYygvm;? 'Gg&udk;aygufu
tjrJ,dkpD;aewmyguvm;? tcktwdkif; toufi,fi,fuav;rdkY rif;pdwfrSm EkysKdw,f xifvdrfYr,f?
awmfawmfMum qHjzLoGm;a<u yg;a&awGwGefYvdkY ½GHp&mBuD;jzpf&rSm trSefby/ aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;prf;?
rifYpdwfxJrSm rmwkumruav;udk cspfcifpGJvrf;ao;ovm;}}
½SifZedEónf pum;jyefrajymbJ? wif;rmaeonfh q&mawmf aygifom;rsm;udk wHawmifESifY
wGifwGifBuD; Budwfvsuf½Sdav/
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]]wynfhawmf b,fvdkzsufayr,fY olY½kyfu rysufbl; bk&m;}}[k t&JpGefYavQmufxm;vdkuf&m ...
]]aMomf ... rdkufygbd ZedE´&,f? Zdukwf ewfjynfwifayr,fY eif raebJ qif;vdkYom
ajy;wmyJudk; ...}}
q&mawmfbk&m;onf ½SifZedE´ pdwfajymif;vJykH r&ojzifY cPMumvQif? ]]udkif; ... awmf ...
pmjyefacs}}[k cGifYvTwfvdkuf&av/
aemufwpfaeY aet½kPfusif; tvif;odkYa&muf½Sdaomtcg q&mawmfbk&m;rSm qGrf;cH<uawmf
rljyefav/
aemufawmfyg;rSvnf; ½SifZedEúdk ac:aqmifoGm;&m 0efrif;tdrfodkY a&mufvQif vGefcJYaom
aeYuuJYodkY tdrfay:odkY <uawmfrlav/ xdkaeYum; 0efuawmfESifY reef;EG,fuav;udk rjrif&?
0efrif;ESifY taptyg;rsm;omvQif qGrf;0wfudk jyKvsuf½SdMuav/ ½SifZedEú £aÈ´r&EdkifbJ rsufvkH;
tpkHwdkYjzifY Munfhvdkoluav;udk ½SmazGav/
q&mawmfvnf; tvdkufodawmfrlonfhtvm;? ]]b,fYES,f ,aeY 0efuawmfBuD; rjrifygyJ
uvm;}}[k rdefYawmfrl&m? ]]rSefyg ... tvSLwpfckodkY vdkufygoGm;MuaMumif;yg bk&m; ...}}[k avQmufxm;
ojzifY q&mawmfvnf; uGrf;uvyfrS uGrf;rsm;udk jyifqifbkOf;ay;awmfrlNyD;vQif jyef<uawmfrlcJYav/
aemufawmfyg;u ½SifZedEúm; axG&mav;yg;udk pdwful;vsuf vdkufygvm[ef ½Sdav/
vrf;axmifYcsKd;wpfckü q&mawmfbk&m;onf oif;ydkifatmufodkYavsmYonfudk cPrQ &yfwefYjyifqif
awmfrl&m? awG;awmvdkufygvmaom ½SifZedEónf q&mawmfausmudk 4if;oydwfESifY wdkufrdatmif
idkifíaerd&mrS ]][if}}[k tHYtm;oifYum &yfíae&m? q&mawmfbk&m;u ]]igY½Sif ZedE´ ... owdxm;
owdxm;}}[k NyKH;í rdefYawmfrlaomtcg acgif;udkatmufodkYcsí aeav/ xdkuJYodkYaecdkufrSmyif
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RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
vSnf;,OfwpfpD;onf cyfvSrf;vSrf;rS jcLoHrsm;ay;vsuf tajy;uav; armif;ESifvmav&m? teD;odkY
a&mufvQif vSnf;ay:rS 0efuawmfESifY reef;EG,fuav;wdkYonf atmufodkY vsifjrefpGmqif;vsuf
usKd;EGHpGm 0wfcsaeMuav/
]]aMomf ... 'umrBuD;wdkY jyefvmMuNyDudk; ...}}[k rdefYawmfrl&if; qkay;oem;ae&m? ½SifZedE´rSm
t0wftpm; oyf&yfpGm zD;vdrf;jyKjyifxm;aom reef;EG,fuav;udk uodkPf;uGufusatmif Munfh½SK
aerdav/ q&mawmfbk&m; a½SUu vSKyf½Sm;xGuf<uonfudkyif rvSrf;csifvSrf;csif ajcvSrf;rsm;jzifY
vdkufygí oGm;&av/
ykvJa&mifozG,f jzLpifnDnGwfaomoGm;? eDaxG;apYpyfaom ESKwfcrf;yg;uav;? ajyjypfaom
yg;jyifuav;? av;udkif;o@mef nDnGwfaom rsufckH;? tcgvnf EGm;i,f rsufvkH;ozG,f tjzL
teufuGufwGif MunfvifaomrsufvkH;? txufodkY aumYwufaom rsufawmifjzifY jrifolai;
avmufatmif vSyonfh reef;EG,f ½kyfykHuav;om rsufpdxJu rxGufbJ ausmif;0if;aygufodkY
wdkifcJYav/ a½S;u Or®m'EÅDaMumifY ½l;Muonfqdkaom w&m;awmfudk ydkrdk,kHMunf[ef½Sdav/ þrQ
vSyacsmarmaom ysKdunmESifY b,ftcgwGif a½Tzl;pmrQ&ygrnfenf;/ rdrdtajctaeonf þa'0pä&m
ewfunmESifYwefygrnfavm/ rnfuJYodkY BuHzefíeD;pyfEdkifrnfudk awG;awmír&wdkif; pdwf½SKyfaxG;vsuf
ausmif;ay:odkYa&mufvQif oydwfudk tomxdk;um rSKdifawGcs&if; pOf;pm;awG;awmaerdav/
q&mawmfbk&m;um; ½SifZedE´udkom rjywftuJcwfaeawmfrlavY½SdojzifY xdkaeYu qGrf;rpm;
pmrjyef ouFef;acgif;NrD;NcKHí tdyfaeavY½Sdaom ½SifZedE´tm; awGUjrifrd&um;? ntcsdef 0wfjznfhpOf
rdef;rwdkYtjypfudk azmfjyí qkH;racscRwfawmfrlrnf[k awG;awmawmfrlojzifY? n oli,ftdyfqdwfcsdefwGif
½SifZedE´tm; ac:,lawmfrlav/
]]ZedE´? rif;udk igoifxm;wJY aA'ifwðoif;ydkif;awG rSwfrdao;&JUvm; ...}}
]]wifyg ... tukef rSwfrdaMumif;yg bk&m; ...}}
]]aumif;NyD arxkef&moDeJY uef&moDrSm rdef;uav;wpfOD;&JU v*fpef;wpfckck[m aomMum
wðoif;rSm wnfae&if olYtusifY b,fvdkaerwJYvJ ...}}
]]awGUjriforQ a,musfm;rsm;udk BuKdufcspfwwfygw,f bk&m; ...}}
]]tdrf; ... [kwfuNyD/ u&u#f pef;v*f[m paewðoif; pD;&ifaumuG,f ...}}
]]vifudk aq;cwfNyD; aoatmif owfwwfygw,f bk&m;}}
]]aMumufp&mygvm;uGJU? od[f&moD v*fpef; aomMumwðoif; wnf&ifaum ...}}
]]vifrSwpfyg; tjcm;a,musfm;wdkYudk cspfBuKdufwwfygw,f bk&m; ...}}
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
]]tdrf; ...rSwfrd&JUudk;/ yxPDtdrfrSm paewnfNyD; 'djyif ygyN*Kd[fawG jrif&ifaum ...}}
]]tysKdjzpfpuyJ rdbray;pm;bJ a,musfm;wpfOD;OD;ESifY azmufjym;NyD; ttdkjzpfwwfygw,f
bk&m; ...}}
]]rum&? ukH? rdó? NAdpäm 'Dav;&moDrSm v*fpef; aomMumyl;NyD; ygyN*Kd[f jrif&ifaum ...}}
]]xdkrdef;r[m olYtarESifY olyg vifwpfa,mufwnf; jzpfwwfygw,f bk&m; ...}}
]]tdrf; ... igYwynfh? 'gawG em;vnfom;yJ/ pef;ESifY t*Fgyl;vQif qkd;wmawG? t*FgtdrfrSm pef;eJY
e0if;udk t*Fg? t*Fg&JU e0if;udk pef;pD;vQif azmufjym;wwfwJY rdef;rpm;vdkY aA'ifZmwmeJY a½G;&if
tjypfuif;wm&zdkY tawmfcJ,Of;yguvm;uGJU wynfh&JU/ NyD;awmYuG,f ... £w¬d,oQwå&usrf;eJY ppfaq;
&ifvJ rdef;rtrsKd;aygif; 256-rsKd;awmif ½Sdwm? aumif;wJYtrsKd;tpm;u enf;yguvm;/ 'gYaMumifY
olawmfoljrwfwdkY[m rdef;rudk tvGefpufqkyfawmfrlMuwm}}
]]rdef;rwdkif; [kwfr,frxifygbl; bk&mY ...}}
]][JY ... jrif;rsm;[m pD;olaemufudk aumufaumufygatmif vdkufovdk? rdef;rrsm;[mvJ awGU&m
a,musfm;aemufudk vdkufygavY½SdowJY/ 'gYaMumifY ½Sifawmfbk&m;u jrpfqdyf? aoqdkif ponfwdkYeJY
ESKdif;,SOf a[mMum;awmfrlcJYwm ...}}
]]'gjzifYbk&m; ... rdef;rwdkif; 'DvdkjzifY cufukefa&maygY ...}}
]]rdef;rwdkif;awmY b,f[kwfrvJuG,f ... trsm;tm;jzifY ,kwfnhHwmudk a[m&wmudk; ...}}
]]'DvdkjzifY bk&m; ...}}[k ½SifZedE´onf pum;qufrnfvkyfNyD;rS ½SufaMumufovdk qdwfNidrfpGm
twGifom wHawmifudk vSKyf½Sm;aeav/
q&mawmfbk&m;onf eef;EG,fuav;uJYodkY rdef;racsm rdef;rvSuav;onf tzdk;wef y'kr®eD
rdef;rjrwf jzpfEdkifonf[lonfh qdkvdk&dyfudk y,fzsufawmfrlvdk&um; ...
]]igY½Sif ZedE´? rdef;racsmwdkif;vnf; tusifYpm* jrwfvSw,fvdkY rxifrSm;aveJY/ q&mawmf
ajymjyr,f? a½S;uwJY udEé&Drdzk&m;qdkwm tvGefvSNyD; ewfwrQ acsmarGUw,fqdkyJuGJU? wpfaeYawmY
rif;BuD;eJYtwl xGuf<uawmfrlwJYtcg eef;awmfNrKdU½dk;teD; oajyyifajc&if;rSm ajcvufikH;wdwd? aoG;jynf
wpdkpdkeJY tElwpfa,mufudk jrifowJY/ rdzk&m;[m tEludkjrifvQif arwåmpdwf ,dkzdwfNyD; eef;awmf
jyefa&mufvdkY nOfhtdyf&m0ifwJYtcg bk&ifrif;jrwf tdyfaysmfpOfrSm NrKdU½dk;ausmfowJY/ ausmfykHu tJ'D
oajyyifBuD;&JU tudkif;uvJ eef;awmfwGif; xdk;usaeawmY tJ'Du qGJwufoGm;wmyJwJY? tm* rdef;rysH
aygYuG,f/ 'DvdkoGm;oGm;NyD; tEleJY aysmfyg;um tElpm;p&m xrif;[if;awmif olu ,lcJYao;owJY ...}}
]]'DvdkqdkawmYvJ ... rdzk&m;BuD;[m odyfNyD; vGefwmaygY bk&m; ...}}
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
]]tdrf; wumawmf bk&ifrif;jrwf&,f? oli,fcsif; bk&m;avmif;yka&m[dwf&,f? tJonf tEl
aewJYtem; a&mufMua&mwJY/ a&mufawmYum bk&ifrif;jrwfu 'Davmuf tjrifqdk;½Gm;wJY tEludkrsm;
cspfBuKdufr,fY rdef;rrsm; ½SdygOD;rvm;vdkY yka&m[dwfudkar;owJY/ 'DtwGif; tElu opfyifbuf
vuf,Suf ½Sdcdk;wJYNyD;? t½Sif½ku©pdk; ... uREfkyfwdkYtaMumif; t½Sifomodygw,fvdkY rcHcsifwJYoabmeJY
wdkifw,fvdkufw,f qdkudk;/ 'DawmY bk&m;avmif;u &dyfrdNyD; ...}}
]]t½Sifrif;BuD;? nOfhpufawmfac:wJYtcg rdzk&m;udk,ftawGU b,fYES,faeygovJ ...}}
]]b,fYES,fae&rvJ? 'DvdkaygY ... aMomf wpfck½Sd&JU? olYudk,ftawGU[m wpfcgwpf&H at;aew,f}}
]]'gjzifY ... t½Sifrif;BuD; rdzk&m;[m ... a[m'D tEleJY jypfrSm;MuNyD ...}}
]][m ... r[kwfEdkifwm yka&m[dwf&,f}}vdkY rsufESmawmf n§Kd;oGm;owJY/ 'gayr,fY oli,fcsif;
qdkawmY pdwfrqdk;bl;aygY/ 'djyifvlqdk&if oefvsufpmjzpfoGm;rSmaygYuGJU/ yka&m[dwfuvJ oajyudkif;u
rdzk&m;vm&r,fvdkY twwfawG;NyD;? ]]'gjzifY&if t½Sifrif;BuD;eJY uREfkyf nus&if 'Dae&mu apmifY&atmif}}
vdkY wdkifyifxm;MuowJYuGJU/ nOfhtcsdefusawmY rdzk&m; rif;BuD;em;utxGuf rif;BuD;eJY yka&m[dwf
wdkY[m cyfokwfokwf t&ifOD;atmif oajyyifteD; arSmif&dyfu acsmif;aeMuowJY/ rdzk&m;uvJ
xrif;xkyfudk yg;pyfuudkufNyD; oajyudkif;u qGJqif;vmum xrif;xkyfudk urf;awmY? udk,fawmftElu
'DuaeY aemufus&ygYrvm;vdkY rdzk&m;&JUyg;udk vSrf;csvdkufwm em;awmif;wpfzuf uRwfxGufNyD;
bk&ifrif;jrwfajcem; usvmowJY/ bk&ifrif;jrwfu tomaumuf,lxm;wkef;? rdzk&m;u tdk t½Sif&JU
pdwfqdk;awmfrrlygeJYOD;? bk&ifrif;jrwf tdyfaysmfEdkifcJvdkY apmifYae&wmeJY aemufusae&wmygvdkY tcgcg
awmif;yefwdk;vQKd;NyD; trsKd;rsKd;acsmYarmYae&owJY}}
]]bk&ifrif;jrwfvJ 'gawG em;raxmifcsifwmeJY yka&m[dwfudk vufukyfNyD; tomxGufcJYMu
wmudk;/ aemufwpfaeYusawmY rdzk&m;BuD; vuf0wfvufpm;tjynfhtpkHeJY tcpm;0if&r,fvdkY trdefYawmf
csvdkufawmY olYcrsm vm&wmaygY/ em;awmif;wpfzuf 0wfqifvsufygrvmawmYbl;/ 'DawmY ...}}
]]b,fYES,f rdzk&m;? em;awmif;wpfzuf rjrifyguvm; ...}}
]]rSefvSyg? yef;xdrfawmfudk jyifcyf&ef tyfESHxm;ygbk&m;}}
]][JY yef;xdrfawmfudk tjrefac:}}qdkNyD; ac:,lar;jref;awmY yef;xdrfawmfuvJ olYxH rdzk&m;BuD;
bmwpfckrQ rtyfESHaMumif;eJY oHawmfOD;wifumudk; .../ 'DawmYrS bk&ifrif;jrwfu em;awmif;udk
ypfcsay;NyD;? eif igYudk abmufrJY vdrf&ovJ? eifYtaMumif; igrodbl;rSwfvm;/ [JY tmPmom;wdkY
'Drdzk&m;udk okH;ydkif;ydkif;NyD;arQmvdkY trdefYawmfjrwf owfrSwfwJYtcg? bk&m;avmif;uvJ teD;rSm
½SdavawmY? t½Sifrif;BuD;tm; ]]onf;cH onf;cH? uREfkyf taMumif;jyygOD;r,f}}vdkY avQmufxm;vdkuf
wmudk;/
tJ'Dvdk rdzk&m;udk toufab;u ESKwf,lNyD;wJYaemuf rif;BuD;eJY bk&m;avmif; yka&m[dwfwdkY[m
rxifr½Sm;wJYtoGifeJY 'djyifwdkif;jynfrsm;udk vSnfhvnfMuwmudk;uGJU/ wpfaeYawmY vrf;c&D;rSm ol<u,f
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
wpfa,mufu olYom;tzdkY acR;ravmif;wpfa,mufudk vSnf;eJY ac:aqmifvmwmudk bk&m;avmif;
odjrifowJY/ onfawmY a½SUu wiful;NyD; Z&yfwpfckrSm wif;wdrf um&Hxm;um rif;BuD;udk wif;wdrf
xJrSm aeapowJY/
ckwifu ol<u,f&JUvSnf;tem;a&mufvmawmY bk&m;avmif;[m qHyifzm;,m;eJY tajy;uav;
xGufNyD; ]]wpfqdwf cifAsm;? uRefawmfYZeD; rD;zGm;cgeD;vdkY rdef;razmfvnf; r½SdaomaMumifY rdef;uav;
wpfa,mufavmuf cPuav;xnfhay;yg}}vdkY ajymyga&m/
ol<u,fuvJ t[kwfrSwfNyD; olYacR;ravmif;udk vdkufoGm;ygqdkawmY vdkufvmwmaygY/
wdrf;wdrfxJrSm rif;BuD;eJY azmufjym;NyD; rdef;uav;jyefxGufoGm;wmudk olYa,mu©ravmif;u ar;wJY
tcg ... om;a,musfm;uav; zGm;jrifw,fvdkY nmowJY/
bk&m;avmif;vJ rif;BuD;qD 0ifwJYNyD; ]]udkif; ... b,fYES,fvJ rdef;rtaMumif;odNyDvm;}} qdkwJY
tcg rif;BuD;u odNyDvdkY 0efcHowJY/ ]]t½Sifrif;BuD; bmrsm; ay;vdkufao;owkef;}}vdkY ar;wJYtcg?
oem;vdkY vufpGyfay;vdkufaMumif; ajymjyawmY? bk&m;avmif;u xGufoGm;wJYvSnf;qD tajy;vdkufNyD;
]]wpfqdwf&yfMuygOD;? [dkoli,fr[m uRefawmfYrdef;racgif;&if;u vufpGyfudk ,loGm;ygw,f}} ajymvdkY
ol<u,fu MunfhwJYtcg? olYacR;rvufrSm vufpGyf jrifwmudk;/ 'DawmY ]][JY jyefay;vdkuf}}qdkvdkY
bk&m;avmif;vufxJ vufpGyfjyefxnfhay;wJYtcg tvGef½SKyfwJYolqdkwJYoabmeJY bk&m;avmif;vufudk
a,mu©r rjrifatmif qdwfvdkufao;owJY/
bk&m;avmif;vJ ]]udkif; ... t½Sifrif;BuD; rdef;rtaMumif; odawmfrlNyD r[kwfvm;}} ar;&m
em;vnfNyD jzpfaMumif;? 'djyif rdef;rawGvJ 'DvdkaerSmyJ? jyefMupdkYqdkNyD; wdkif;jynfjyefvmum rdzk&m;udk
rowfawmYbJ &mxl;om csxm;vdkufowJY wynfh&JU ...}}
]]igY½Sif ZedE´? rmwkumrqdkwm b,fYuavmuf aMumufp&maumif;ovJ/ y'krZmwfrSm
MunfhOD;/ nDtpfudkckepfyg; crnf;awmfu olYudkykefuefrSmpdk;vdkY ESifxkwfvdkufawmY awmxJa&mufvdkY
iwfrGwfMuwJYtcg nDi,f 6-a,mufuawmY udk,fYr,m; udk,fowfNyD; tm;vkH;a0pm;Muw,f/ tpfudk
tBuD;qkH; y'krrif;om;tvSnfhusawmY olYr,m;udk cspfvGef;vdkY nOfhcsif; wdwfwdwfxGufajy;? vrf;rSm
a&iwfvdkY vufarmif;aoG;azmufwdkufeJY? 'gawmif aygifwdk vufwdkeJY awGUwJYtcg? vifBuD;aoatmif
owfNyD; aygifwdkudk BuKdufao;w,f/ aemufNyD; rif;om; 5-a,mufpvkH; vifjyKwJY rif;orD;? NyD;awmY
yÍöygyD? ajcmufusdyfav;a,mufudk jypfrSm;wJYrdzk&m; ...}}ponfjzifY r[mukPmvZmwfedygwf qkH;atmif
a[majymawmfrlNyD;aemuf nOfheufvSNyDjzpfí ½SifZedE´tm; vTwfvdkufav/
jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif udk,fawmfjrwfBuD;onf omuD0ifrif;om; 500 tm; &[ef;jyKay;pOfu
vlxGufcsifMuí [dr0EÅmodkY ac:awmfrlí tqdkyg r[mukPmvZmwfawmfudk a[mjyacscRwfawmf
rlaomtcg &[ef; 500-pvkH; tuRwfw&m; &Muavukef/ ½SifZedE´onf ynmyg&rD &ifYoefol
uav; jzpfojzifY q&mawmfbk&m;onf rdrdodu©m *kPfawmfESifYrSrvdkuf y&d,m,fjyKawmfrlum a[mjy
acscRwfawmfrlav/ odkY&mwGif ½SifZedE´um; xl;jcm;jcif;r½Sd? q&mawmfbk&m; qGrf;cH<uawmfrl&m
vdkufygvsuf wpfaeYwpfjcm; pGJvrf;ae[efwlav/
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
wpfaeYum; udk&ifOwåronf ½SifZedE´tm; vufukyfac:,lvsuf? vl½Sif;aomae&mwGif
rmwkumruav;tm; pGJvrf;vQif ausmif;om;i,f ausmfaomif;tm; pmtay;cdkif;&ef tBuHay;av/
ausmfaomif;txuf tpfrwpfa,mufonf oefvsif0efrif;tdrfwGif taptyg;tjzpf aexdkifojzifY
qufoG,f&efvG,fulaMumif; ajymjyaomtcg ½SifZedE´rSm rsufESm½Tifysvsuf taumif;qkH;pmwpfapmifudk
a&;om;aeav/ ausmif;om;i,f ausmfaomif;tm; acsmYarmYvsuf tay;cdkif;vdkufav/
aemufwpfaeYü ausmfaomif;yifvQif ½SifZedE´tem;odkY uyfvsuf reef;EG,fqDu pmjyef
vdkufaMumif;? olYqD ygvmaMumif;rsm;udkajymjy&m? twdkif;rod 0rf;omvsuf ausmif;om;i,ftm;
wpfae&modkYac:um pmudkawmif;,lav/ pmwGifum; rdrduJYodkY rdef;uav;wpfOD;onf ouFef;0wfudk
arwåmul;pufrnf r[kwfaMumif;? tu,fí vl0wfaMumifjzpfapumrl þuJYodkYaomvlrsKd;udk zl;pmrQ&ef
cJ,Of;aMumif;? rdrdt½G,frSmvnf; tvGefYtvGef i,fEkao;&um; ukd&ifonf pdwfazmufjym;jcif;?
oGyfjcif;r½Sdu BuH½G,f&ef roifYaMumif;rsm;jzpf&m? ½Sufvnf;½Suf? emvnf;em pdwfxJu [mwmwmBuD;
jzpf&m? [if; ... ueJ oufrBuD; ½SLcsrdav/
trSeftm;jzifY ½SifZedE´ a&;om;xm;aompmonf reef;EG,fvufxJodkY a&muf½Sdonfr[kwf?
reef;EG,fuav; jyefpmrSmvnf; uav;rudk,fwdkif bmrQod&onfr[kwfacs/ q&mawmfbk&m;onf
½SifZedE´ tmomqE´jywfatmif BuHaqmif y&d,m,fjyKawmfrljcif;omjzpfav/
odkY&mwGif ½SifZedE´wGifum; tmomqE´rjywfvSbJ tpGJBuD;pGJ tcspfcifBuD; cspfcifolwpfa,muf
qkH;½SKH;avNyD[k pdwfESvkH;udk txl;xdcdkufum tpmrpm;bJaeav&m av;ig;&uftMumwGif tdyf&mxJü
vJavsmif;ae&½SmavawmY/ q&mawmfbk&m;vnf; wynfhcspfwpfa,muf &[ef;abmifrS qkH;½SKH;rnf
pdk;vGef;vSojzifY rdrd*kPfudkrQ riJYEdkifbJ? vli,frSKudk 0ifa&mufzefwD;awmfrlcJY&m vli,frsm;rSm omíyif
qdk;½Gm;aejyefojzifY rBuHwwfatmifjzpfí aeawmfrl&av/ rdrdwwfpGrf;aom aq;usrf;? "mwfusrf;
rsm;jzifY tpGrf;ukef ukoygaomfvnf; temwjcm; aq;wjcm;jzpfojzifY oufomonfr½Sd? vlrrmrSm
wpfaeYwpfjcm; azmufjyefcJYav/
wpfcgwpf&H owdvpfvsuf a,mif,rf;ajymqdkaom pum;rsm;rsm;rSmvnf; reef;EG,fuav;
taMumif;yifjzpf&m? oefvsif0efrif;tm; taMumif;Mum;&rnfvnf; tcuf? þtwdkif; Munfh½SKae&rSm
uvnf; wynfhwpfa,muf toufqkH;awmYrnfh tajctaersKd; awGUBuKH&rnfjzpfojzifY tcufjzpfum
rsm;pGm pdwftdkufawmfrl½Smav/
q&mawmfbk&m;onf tpyxrü qGrf;rpm;bJaeaom wynfhcspftm; olYcspfol rmwkumr
uav;udk teD;wGif awGUatmifjyoum rdef;rwdkYtjypfudk jyvsuf qkH;rrnf[k BuHpnfawmfrlcJY
aomaMumifY? rif;?rSL;rwf? olaX;? ol<u,f? ukefonfv,fvkyfwdkYrusef MunfnKdjcif;cH&aom rdrd
*kPfyk'fudkrQ riJYbJ qGrf;cHxGuf<uawmfrlcJYav/
wynfhcspftm; tusKd;taMumif; jyoqkH;raomtcg? wynfhjzpfolrSm vkH;0rvdkufemEdkif? 4if;
a&m*gwdk;wufatmif jyKawmfrlbdouJYodkY jzpfíaeav/ wpfzef rdef;uav;u vkH;0*½krpdkufaMumif;?
olpdwfüxifjrifvQif pdwfESvkH;BuD;oljzpfonfhtwdkif;? pdwftemBuD;emum þpdwfawGazsmufvsuf
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
&[ef;abmifodkY rkcsa&muf&rnf[k arQmfvifYawmfrlum ½SifOwårtm; ESKwfydwfBuHaqmifawmfrlap&mwGif
wynfhcspfrSm tdyf&may:wGif vJavsmif;ae&av/
rdrdonf &yf½Gm'umrrsm;tay:ü tjcm;rnfonfhudpöESifYrqdk ajym&Jqdk&Jjzpfum rdrdajymorQ
rSmvnf; vdkufemMuonfu rsm;cJYav/ þrmwkumrav;udpöwGif q&mawmfwefrJY wynfh
cspfaMumifY zGifY[ajymqdkrdaomf rdrdtm; rlvMunfnKdaompdwfrsm;yif avsmYyg;oGm;MuayvdrfYrnf[k
pdk;&drfawmfrlrdav/ uav;rrSmvnf; t½G,f i,fEkvGef;ao;onf/ wynfhcspfvnf; tdrfaxmifonf
wdkY vdktyfaomtiftm; rjynfhpkHao;&um; rdkuf½l;&J tcspfief;zrf;aomudpötwGuf 0ifa&mufpGufzuf
rdonfudk aemifw&awmfrlrdav/ ½SifZedE´u tdyf&mwGif rSdef;vsuf owdr&wpfcsuf? &wpfcsufyif
jzpfaewkef;yifwnf;/
OD;yÍöif;tcsKdUESifY udk&ifBuD;tcsKdUvnf; q&mawmfbk&m;ESifYtwl ½SifZedE´tm; ulnDjyKpkvsuf
½SdMuav/
q&mawmfbk&m;vnf; wynfhrsm;tm; obm0udk em;vnfapvdkojzifY ...
]]tdrf; ... 'grsKd;[m jzpfwwfwJY oabmayyJuGJU/ a½S;u oD[dkVfuRef; o'¨gwdórif;BuD;
vufxufrSm rif;BuD;u &[ef;ysKdwpfyg;udkyifYNyD; w&m;emowJY/ rif;BuD;eJYwuG rdzk&m; armif;r
udk,fvkyfawGygaygY/ armif;rwpfa,mufuawmY &[ef;udk wpdrfYpdrfYMunfhowJY/ &[ef;uvJ tJ'D
armif;ri,fudk w&m;a[m&mu MunfhowJY/ rif;BuD;vnf; 'DtaMumif;&dyfrdvdkY uefYvefYumjcm;NyD;
w&m;emwJYtcg? armif;reJY &[ef;[m uefYvefYum&JU [dkzufonfzufrSm ESpfoufcspfcifvGef;wJYpdwfeJY
&ifuGJemusNyD; aoqkH;MuowJYuGJU ...}}
]]NyD;awmY tJ'D oD[dkVfuRef;rSmyJ &[ef;awmfrsm;[m ol<u,fwpfOD;tdrf qGrf;cH<uMuowJY/
ol<u,f&JU orD;ysKduav;[m &[ef;wpfyg;udk arwåmouf0ifNyD; rtdyfEdkif rpm;Edkif jzpfaeowJY/
rdbvkyfolrsm;u tBudrfBudrfar;ayr,fY olYtjzpfudk rajymbl;wJY/ aemufqkH; r&ru ar;awmYrS
&[ef;ysKdwpfyg;udk arwåmrQrdvdkY rtdyfEdkif rpm;Edkifjzpf&aMumif;? oljzifY 'DpdwfeJYyJ ao&awmYrnfh
taMumif; jyefajymawmY ol<u,fYcrsm igYorD;jzifY taorcHEdkifygbl;qdkNyD; tJ'D&[ef;ysKdqD oGm;NyD;
tusKd;taMumif; avQmufxm;½SmowJY ...}}
]]'gjzifY &[ef;ysKdu vlxGufNyD; vdkufvma&mvm; bk&mY ...}}
]]w,f ... Owåru avmwmudk;/ q&mawmfa[mwm em;axmifygOD; ...}}[k tjcm;udk&if
wpfyg;u axmufvdkufav/ q&mawmfvnf; uGrf;zwfrsm;udk axG;xkwfypfNyD;aemuf ...
]]'DawmY &[ef;ysKduvJ olYrSm C&m0goqdkwJY vlYabmifudk vGwfatmif½kef;NyD; &[ef;jyK&wJY
[mrdkY b,fenf;ESifYrQ vljyefawmfvkyfNyD; arwåmouf0if cspfcifjcif;rjyKEdkifbl;vdkY jiif;qefaewmudk;/
ol<u,fu twefwefavQmufayr,fY r&awmYbl;/ aemuf ol<u,fvJ tdrfudkjyefoGm;wJYNyD; &[ef;
ujzifY vlrxGufEdkifbl;vdkY ajymw,f/ 'djyif orD; arwåmrQwJY trsKd;om;wpfa,mufa,mufajym? zcif
oabm wlr,f qdkayr,fY b,f&rvJ/ uav;rav;[m wpfcgwnf; toufqkH;½SmowJY/ 'DawmYrSm
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
ol<u,fvJ y&da'0rD; awmufavmifNyD; orD;udk oN*KØ[f½Smw,f/ orD;&JU t0wftpm;rsm;udkvJ
&[ef;awmfrsm;udk vSL'gef;awmY? xdk&[ef;ysKd[m oN*KØ[fwkef; rvdkufayr,fY olYa0pkawmY &ao;
wmudk;/ tdrf; 'Dt0wf½Sif 'umrav;[m igYaMumifY toufqkH;wmyguvm; ... igYaMumifYyguvm;eJY
&m*ylBuD; 0ifvdkufwm? tJ'D&[ef;ysKdvJ toufqkH;½Sma&mwJY/ &m*qdkwJY tyl[m onfxdatmifqdk;wJY
obm0uGJU/ 'DawmY 'Dtaumif ukpm;zdkYaq;enf;udk igY½SifwdkY BuHMuprf;ygOD; ...}}[k rdefYawmfrl&m
wynfhrsm;rSm eef;EG,fESifY ay;pm;onfrSty tjcm;aq;enf; rjrifojzifY? bmyJjzpfjzpf oefvsif
0efrif;udk twif;a[majymzdkY oifYaMumif; avQmufxm;Muav/ q&mawmfbk&m;vnf; ]]tdrf; ...
tawmfvJ 0efav;yguvm; ...}}[k nnf;wGm;aeawmfrl½Smav/
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
tcef; (2)
½SifZedE´ tjzpftysufonf oefvsifNrKdUtwGif tcsKdUtdrfrsm;odkY wdk;wdk;BudwfBudwf ysHUESHYoGm;
av/ uRef;wdkifBuD;rsm;? ,dk;',m;yef;cufBuD;rsm;jzifY BuD;us,fcrf;em;vSaom oefvsif0efrif;
tdrf½Sd tcef;wpfcef;üum; tapcH rdNidrf;omESifY reef;EG,fuav;wdkYonf wpfpkHwpf&mudk wD;wdk;
ajymqdkvsuf½SdMuav/
reef;EG,fuav;rSm NyKH;ra,mifa,mifESifY rsufESmuav;nKdvdkuf? n§Kd;i,fvdkuf? ylaqG;[ef
aygufvdkufESifYaejcif;jzifY pdwfESvkH;udk xdcdkufaom taMumif;t&mudk ajymqdkaeMuonfudk cefYrSef;Edkif
av/ rdNidrf;omum; vuf[efajc[efESifY ...
]]bk&m;uRefr&JUarmif ausmfaomif;[m tJ'Dausmif;rSm aeawmY ausmfaomif; tdrfvm&if tukef
od&wmyJ? uRefr rajym0HYygbl;? EG,fEG,f ar;awmfrlvdkYom t&JpGefYajym&ygw,f/ olYcrsmrSm EG,fEG,fYudk
arwåm½Sdaewm tawmfMum½SmNyDwJY/ EG,fEG,fuvnf; toufawmfwm 13-ESpf jynfhcgeD;uav;om
qdkw,f? udk,fvkH;udk,faygufu 0g;rQpfpdkYBuD;vdk uspfvpf0g0if; xGm;BuKdif;acsmarGUwmudk; bk&mY ...}}
]]'Dvdkqdk&if ol½dkUu arwåm½SdMua&mvm; rNidrf;om&JU ...}}[k oabm½dk;uav;ESifY ar;jref;
vdkuf&m? rdNidrf;omrSm NyKH;&,fvsuf ...
]]aMomf ... EG,fEG,fuawmY tupm;rysuf uav;pdwfraysmufao;bl;/ 'gayr,fY EG,fEG,f&JU
[efyeftrlt&m ½kyf&nf½lyum,uawmY wu,fYtysKdBuD;jzpfaeNyD/ em;axmifawmfrlygOD;? olYcrsm
qGrf;rpm;EdkifbJ wrSKdifxJ rSKdifaeawmY q&mawmfu oem;wmeJY udk,fawmfwdkif qGrf;cHxGuf<uNyD;
'Dtdrfawmfudk aeYwdkif;wufawmfrlowJY/ aemufawmY w&m;eJYjyo qkH;rayr,fY r&bl;qdkudk;/
wynhfawmfawmY olYtwGufeJY toufwdk&awmYr,fvdkY avQmufxm;owJY/ 'geJY q&mawmfbk&m;vnf;
wynhf udk&ifwpfyg;udk EG,fEG,f&JUtay;eJY pmwpfapmifa&;NyD; ay;apowJY/ EG,fEG,fu arwåmr½Sdbl;?
'Dvdkvl bmtokH;usovJqdkwJY t"dyÜg,feJYaygYav ...}}
]]tvdk bk&m;a& ... EG,fEG,f bmrSrod&ygyJuvm;/ b,fYES,fvkyfMuwmwkef; ...}}
]]'g[m q&mawmfYtBuHwJY/ EG,fEG,fu rkef;&if ol &[ef;abmifjrJ&JUvdkYwJY ...}}
]]tEdkY ol &[ef;abmifwufzdkY BuKd;pm;ae½SmywJYvm; ...}}
]]b,fBuKd;pm;EdkifrvJ ... ckeu ajymygyaum? udk&ifysHwpfyg;udk ½Gmu oN*KØ[f&awmYrSmyJ ...}}
[k rdrdBum;od&orQudk csJUxGifajymjyvsuf½Sdav/ reef;EG,fuav;um; a½S;tcgurl uav;pdwfrQ
jzpfcJY&m? Nidrf;om ajymjycsuft& rdrdonf ri,fawmYaMumif;udk yxr em;vnfav/ xdkodkY tysKd
aygufp tysKdabmf0ifpwGif vkvifysKdwdkYonf arwåmul;pufum cspfzuf½SmvdkMupjrJygvm; [laom
obm0udkvnf; od½SdoGm;av/ xdkrSwpfzef rdrdaMumifY vlwpfzufom; 'ku©a&muf½Smonf [laom
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
owif;udkMum;&jyefaomtcg pdwfESvkH;udk ,lBuKH;ypfvdkufouJYodkY xdcdkufoGm;av/ ½SifZedE´
udk,fvkH;udk,fayguf? ½kyfvu©Pm [efyeftrlt&mrsm;udkvnf; t½kyfa&;jyouJYodkY ay:ayguf vmcJY
avawmY/
tapcHra½SUüum; ]]aMomf ... oem;p&myguvm;}}[k omrnom [efaqmifajymqdkvdkuf
aomfvnf; twGif;pdwfrSmrl tawmfylavmifí oGm;½Smav/ avmuü jzpfwwfaom obm0
yifwnf;/ at;at;aq;aq; aexdkifcJYaom reef;EG,fuav;onf pdwfESvkH;udk rnfrQxdcdkuf½Smoenf;
[lrlum;? xdkowif;Mum;&onfhtcsdefupí xdktaMumif;udkom wpfawG;wnf;awG; wpfylwnf;ylESifY
aerd½Smav&m? tpm;rrSef ttdyfrrSefawmYbJ ESpf&uftMumwGif anmifapmif;ay:ü acGacGuav; ae&
½SmavawmY/
rdbESpfyg;rSmum; jymjymovJjzpfí aeMu½Smav/ udk,fryl acgif;rcJbJ tdyf&mxJwGif
vJaeonfh a&m*gudkrodMu? aq;q&mrsm;udk jyo&müvnf; a&m*gudk rqkH;jzwfEdkif/ aA'ifESifY ya,m*
q&m? ewf0ifykpämef;wdkYudk ar;aomtcgvnf; rdrdwdkY t,loef&mudk ajymqdkqkH;jzwfvsufaeMuojzifY
tcufBuD;cufíaeMu&mrS 0efuawmfBuD;onf tapcHrsm;udk wpfOD;pD ppfaq;av/ rdNidrf;om
tvSnfhodkY a&mufvQif ½SifZedE´taMumif; olodw,f xifygaMumif; rwifrus oHawmfOD;wif&mrS
awG;awmrdMuojzifY? reef;EG,fuav;tm; acsmYarmYar;Muav/ reef;EG,fuav;vnf; rjiif;om
ojzifY [kwfrSefaMumif;0efcH&m? 0efrif;ESifY 0efuawmfBuD;onf tjyifbufodkY xGufum wdkifyifMujyef
av/
]]uRefrawmY odyfNyD;½SufawmYwmyJ/ trdEdkYrS rpifao;bl; 'Dvdkjzpf&w,fqdkwm ...}}
]]r[kwfbl; ½Sifr? a½S;b0u a&pufyg&if BuD;aom i,faom r[kwfbl;/ jzpfwwfwJY
obm0yJ ...}}
]]olYpdwf wpfcgwnf; jywfoGm;atmif [dkarmif½Sif aoNyDvdkY ajymvdkufMupdkYvm; ...}}
]][m ... 'Dvdkqdk&ifvJ olvnf; wpfcgwnf; aooGm;rSmaygY/ usKyfoabmawmY orD; tqkH;
rcHEdkifbl;/ armif½Sifudk vlxGufcdkif;NyD; aMumif;vrf;xm;vdkufr,f/ [kda½S;a½S;wkef;u xkH;pHvdk
orD;½Sifu oruf½Sm&wmyJjzpfjzpf orD;rao&if NyD;a&maygY ...}}
]]uRefrvJ udk,fvG,farG;&wmygyJ ... 'gayr,fY 'djyifenf;vrf; r½SdawmYbl;vm; ...}}
]]r½Sdbl; r½Sdbl; ... ½SifryJ oGm;NyD; armif½Sifudk vlxGufcdkif;? tdrfac:cJYr,fY taMumif;udk
ajymayawmY [kwfvm; .../ olYpdwfoufom&m&atmif ajymygaemf ...}}
]][dk armif½Sifu Mum;&wJYowif;twdkif;jzifY aorsm;aoaerSef;rS rodbJ ...}}
]]tdk ... aorS aowJYtvdkufaygY/ olYem;rSm owif;aumif;Mum;&if oufomygvdrfYr,f ...}}[k
qdkojzifY 0efuawmfBuD;vnf; orD;tcef;odkY 0ifum taptyg;rsm;udk tjyifodkY xGufapav/
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
xdkYaemuf orD; ezl;qHpwdkYudk prf;oyf,k,um ]]orD; EG,fEG,f ... b,fYES,f aeao;ovJ?
r,fr,fwdkY tjypfrwifygbl;/ b0u taMumif;yg&if 'Dvdkjzpfwwfw,fvdkY crnf;awmfuvJ ajymqdk
ae½Smygw,f/ orD; pdwfaumif;atmifaeyg/ [dk armif½Sifudk vdifjyefcdkif;NyD; ae&mcsxm;ay;ygvdrfYr,f}}
[k ajzmif;jzajymqdk½Smav/
reef;EG,f rsufESmtrlt&muav;rSm tenf;i,f Munfvifívmav/ wpfzef rarQmf
vifYaom rdrdpdwf jzpfysufykHudk awG;½Sufum rsuf&nfrsm;usqif;vmjyefav/
q&mawmfbk&m;um; vlrrm ½SifZedE´ eHab;wGif xdkifum vlrrm ZmwmcGifudk yk&ydkuf
wpfckwGif uefYulqHESifYjcpfum wGufcsufMunfh½SKaeawmfrlvsuf½Sdav/
]]igYwynfh bmrSrjzpfEdkifbl;? tcdkuftwefY roifYwJYtcg 'DvdkBuKHawGU&wmyJ/ odrfv*frSm
we*FaEG-t*Fgyl;NyD; Ak'¨[l;u uef&moDrSmaew,f/ wynfhvJ em;vnfw,f r[kwfvm; ... tck
tm,ku 12-vkH; 2-yg'f 3-ADZem qdkawmY uk#KrÜtdrfrSm pkwftdrfpkwfBuKdufyJ/ 'gayr,fY eu©wåd
uD'omeJYqdk&if Mumoyaw; xlv'omrSm &m[k tEÅ&'om pm;qJ tcdkuftwefYuav;rSm 'Dvdk
zsm;aewmyJ? aumZm&m[ku od[f&moD? paeu yxPDtdrfrSmqdkawmY 'guav;wpfck enf;enf;
qdk;ayr,fY raxmif;wmygbl;/ igYwynfh rausmfapmbJ ppfolBuD;rjzpfbJ raoEdkifygbl;uG,f ...}}[k
tm;ay;pum; ajymMum;awmfrlaomfvnf;? vlrrmrSm rsufvkH;zGifYMunfh½kHxufydkí bmrQrajymEdkif½Smacs/
cyfawGawG aMumifwufwufjzpfíom aeawmY/
xdktcdkuf ausmif;om;wpfa,muf q&mawmfbk&m;tm; 0wfcsum oefvsif0efrif; a&muf½Sd
aeaMumif; ajymqdkav&m? q&mawmfbk&m;vnf; avvkHaom vlrrmcef;rS xGufBuGum ae&mxdkifwGif
wifyv’ifcsdwf xdkifawmfrl&if; ...
]]b,fYES,f 'umBuD; ... bmudpörsm; taMumif;xl;½SdvmygovJ ...}}
]]udpöxl;awmY r½Sdygbl; bk&mY ... q&mawmfeJY qGrf;cHwJYtcg vdkufygavY½SdwJY armif½Sif
aeraumif;bl; Mum;vdkY tar;tjref; vm&jcif;yg bk&m; ...}}
]]aMomf ... aMomf ... armif½SifZedE´vm;? odyfNyD; rusef;rrmjzpfae½Smw,f 'umBuD;&JU ...}}
]]bmjzpfvdkYwkef; bk&mY ... tat;rdvdkYvm; ...}}[k rod[efaqmifí ar;av&m ...
]][m ... 'umBuD; bm&,fvdkY r[kwfbl;/ qGrf;rpm;bJae&mu zsm;wmygyJ/ 'Doli,fudk
cufygw,f? pdwfu olrsm;eJYrwlbl; ...}}
]]pdwfESvkH;BuD;ykH&ygw,f bk&m;/ em;½Gufum; acgif;um;eJY ÓPfvJ xufjrufykH&ygw,f ...}}
]]'gYaMumifY q&mawmf *½kpdkuf ukoae&wmaygY .../ y&d,wådbufu tvGefÓPfoGm;wJY
oli,fyJ ...}}
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
]]b,ftcef;rSmvJ bk&mY ...}}
xdktcg teD;½Sd vli,fwpfa,mufu tckwif tdyfaysmfoGm;aMumif;ESifY tcef;wpfcef;udk
vufn§Kd;xdk;jyav/ q&mawmfvnf; ...
]]tdyf&if oloufomatmifvdkY tdyfaq;wdkufxm;wm 'umBuD;/ cufygw,f ... 'Doli,f?
q&mawmfawmY olYtwGuf ,lBuHK;r&jzpf&awmYr,f xifyg&JU ...}}
]]olYZmwdrsKd;EG,fudk rod&bl;vm; bk&mY ... b,folYtquftEG,fygvJ ...}}
]]oefvsifta½SUydkif;u bdk;&Jausmf&JUajr; ... ½SifjrwfvS&JUom;aygY ...}}
]]aMomf ... bdk;&Jausmf odNyDbk&mY ... ½SifjrwfvSqdkwm t&ifq,fESpfavmufu awmifilom;
wpfa,mufeJY taMumif;ygNyD; ypfxm;cJYwJY oli,fr r[kwfvm; bk&mY ...}}
]][kwfw,f 'umBuD;? ol½dkU&JU tjzpftysufuvJ oem;p&m? 'DvdkjzpfysufcJYMuwmudk; ...}}[k
ZmwfvSefí rdefY>rufawmfrlvsuf½Sdav/
¦ ¦ ¦
ouú&mZf 962-ck? wydkYwGJvqef; 4-&uf paeaeYonfum; &wemyl& t0a½TNrKdUawmfwpfckvkH;
rdk;csKef;onfhyrm rsm;pGmqlnHvsuf½Sdav/ jrefrmYZmwd jrefrmYaoG;tppf jzpfMuukefaom bk&if
rif;jrwf ppfonfawmf wyfom;wdkYonf bkHausmfwHcg;rS xGufjyLvsuf csDwufvmMuav&m
NrKdUawmfol NrKdUawmfom;wdkYonf ppfvrf;rab;rS wdk;a0SUjynfhusyfatmif Munfh½SKaeMuav/ ydk;ykqdk;
atmufydk;usKdufvsuf ppf0wfwefqmwdkYjzifY aoewf "m;vSHwdkYudk xrf;aqmifum av;a,mufwpfwGJ
tqufrjywf ½Tifysaom rsufESmtrlt&mwdkYjzifY b,fnmnDnD vSrf;vsuf½SdMuonfudk jrifMu&aom
jrefrmYaoG; t½G,fvGeftbdk;BuD;rsm;yif i,fEkysKdrspfcsifaompdwfrsm; ay:aygufvmMu[ef½Sdav/
ajcvsifwyfom;rsm; tpOftvdkufxGufMu&mwGif ppfatmifvHrsm; wHcGefrsm; wvlvlwvGifYvGifY
0ifYwufae&mwGif wHydk;oH? c&moH? ppfatmifpnf½Grf;oHwdkYrSmvnf; qlnHcsdrfYrGrf;vsuf½Sdav/ ab;rS
wpfjyL; ESpfjyL;ponfjzifY a&wGufaeMu&m a&wGufolrsm;yif ppfom;aygif; 5000-cefYwGif yg;pyf
anmif;um axmifaygif;wmjyESifY cefYrSef;wGufqaeMu&awmY/
ajcvsifwyfrsm;aemufrS jrif;wyfom;rsm;rSmvnf; vSH½Sifrsm;? tJarmif;ac: vSHrBuD;rsm;?
aoewfrsm;udk,fpDESifY xGufcGmMu&m? jrif;cGmoHrsm;rSm qlnHyGuf½dkufum ajrpdkifEkH;cJwdkY ab;odkY
pifxGufvsuf jrLrsm; waxmif;axmif;jzpfíaeav/ jrif;wyfaemufrS qifwyfrsm;ygvm&m OD;pD;?
ukef;vnfpD;? yJYcsdyfppfom;rsm;? ppfAdkvfrsm; aygif;0ef;txG#f atmifvH&J&JESifY jrifawGUMu&um omvGefí
pdwfx<uMuukef/ xdkwyfom;pk tvsm;um; av;&mwGif;cefY ½Snfavonf[k cefYrSef;Muav/
qifwyfrsm; wjznf;jznf; a½GUvsm;csDwufpOf ajcvsifwyfom;rsm; qufívmjyefav/ xdktcgusrS
a½SUwyfonf wyfOD;rQomjzpfí aemufxyfrnfrQvmOD;rnfudk apmifYpm;Munfh½SKaeMuav/
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
wyfvrf;jywdkYonfvnf; uwDåyguGyf BudrfvkH;rsm;jzifY vltaygif;wdkYtm; ab;odkY vrf;csJU
ay;apvsuf csDwufvdkufygvm&m a½SUwyfOD;rS wHydk;oH? c&moH? pnfoHrsm;udk oJYoJYrQMum;&pOf? tvGef
qlnHvSaomtoHrsm;udk qufvufíMum;&av/
ppfom;rsm; ZeD;rsm;? uav;rsm;? rdwfaqGrsm;onf vufjyESKwfqufMu&if; atmifygap?
EdkifMuygap[k qkawmif;Muukef/ tcsKdUppfom;rsm;rSm aysmfaysmf½Tif½TifESifY ajcrSefcsDwufvsuf½Sd&m
tcsKdUppfom;rsm;rSmum; om;r,m;rsufESmudk jrif&vQif rsufESmtenf;i,fysufMuav/ odkY&mwGif
ZeD;onfrsm;rS auGUvGefoGm;aomtcg ppfaoG;ppfpdwf 0ifa&mufvmum trsm;enf;wlyif aysmf½TifpGm
xGufcGmMuavawmY/
ppfwyfrsm;rSmum; a½SUwyfOD;twdkif;yif ppfMuyf? ppfrSL;? ppfAdkvf? ppfuJ? wyfrSL;BuD;rsm;
tkyfcsKyfvsuf vdkufygvmMu&m ppfjrif;rsm; [DoH? ppfqifrsm; a<u;aMumfoHwdkYjzifY aumif;uifebH
[Datmif toHvSKdifatmif toHvkH; jyef[yfíaeavawmY/ jrif;wyf qifwyfrsm; qkH;aomtcg
wpfzef ajcvsifwyfonf xGufay:ívmjyefav/
xdkenf;twdkif; wyfaygif;ig;wyf xGufcGmNyD;aemuf ajcvsifwyfom;rsm; ay:xGufvmaomtcg?
]]a[m ... tdrfa½SUrif;wyfawmf xGufvmNyD/ tdrfa½SUudk,fawmfuav;[m oufawmf 20-ausmfrQ
½Sdao;w,f/ bkef;vuf½kH;? tmPmESifY jynfhpkHí tvGefusufoa&½Sdw,f}}ponfjzifY ajymqdk&if; Munfh½SK
aeMu&mrS tm;vkH;vuf,SufaeMuav/
tdrfa½SUOy&mZmum; a,musfm;tmZmenfyDoaom trlt&m vu©PmjzifY £a`E´&&vdkufygí
oGm;awmfrlav/ xdkYaemufrS tajrmufoHrsm; wNcdrfYNcdrfYMum;&NyD;aemuf atmifpnfatmifarmif;
wD;cwfaqmf½Grf;oHrsm;udk qufvufMum;&jyefav&m ]]a[m bkef;awmfBuD;bk&m; wyfrawmfxGufNyD}}[k
ajymqdkpOf ]][JY xdkifMu? acgif;ikHY vuf,SufMu}}[laom toHrsm;ukdMum;&NyD;aemuf a½Tav;udkifrsm;
BudrfvkH;udkifrsm; ajy;vTm;vrf;z,f oefY½Sif;aeMuonfudk jrifMu&av/ wyfom;rsm;rSm bk&ifrif;jrwf
udk,fawmfwdkif uGyfuJvsufygvmojzifY? rsufESmtrlt&m a½SUwyfom;rsm;xuf wif;rmcefYnm;ykH
&av/ a½SUwyfOD;um; jrefrmc&D; 2-wdkifausmfausmfcefYodkY a&muf½SdaeojzifY tdrfa½SUrif;wyfrS toH
rsm;udk oJYoJYom Mum;&avawmY/
rSwfcsuf / / jrefrmEdkifiHü bkef;vuf½kH;tmPm tBuD;rm;qkH;? udk,fawmfwdkif
pGrf;&nfowdåESifY jynfhpkHawmfrlvSí jrefrmEdkifiHawmfudk tus,fqkH; csJUxGifawmfrlcJYonfh
[Hom0wD qifjzL½Sifrif;w&m;BuD;(bk&ifYaemif) ewf½Gmvm;onfhaemuf om;awmftdrfa½SUrif;
xD;eef;qufcHcJY&m? tqdkygom;awmfudk nDawmfawmifilrif; eef;rScsNyD;aemuf bk&ifYaemif
rif;w&m;BuD; ydkifpdk;orQ e,fy,ftoD;oD; rusKd;rEGH raoroyf tpdwfpdwftrTmrTmuGJí
jcm;em;Muav&m rif;&JeE´rdwfbGJUcH anmif&rf;rif;w&m;BuD;onf crnf;awmf bk&ifYaemif
rif;w&m;BuD; bkef;vuf½kH;? tBuHÓPf pGrf;tifowådtxl;½Sdawmfrlonfhtwdkif; wdkif;jynfudk
wpfvkH;wpfaygif;wnf;jzpfatmif BuHaqmifwdkufcdkuf odrf;½kH;awmfrlaom tcsdefjzpfavonf/
,ckppfcsDaomtcsdefum; anmifa½Te,fudk odrf;&efjzpfav/
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
tcsKdUaom vkvifysKdwdkYonfvnf; ppfa&;ppf&m em;vnfaom tbdk;BuD;rsm;tm; qnf;uyf
ar;jref;vsuf½Sd&m? þppfwyfrsm;onf ½Srf;jynf anmifa½TodkY csDwufawmfrljcif;aMumif;/ b,*grPd
wpfwyf? &mZoBuFef wpfwyf? oD[yawY wpfwyf? oD&daZ,saemf&xm wpfwyf? oD&d"r®maomu
wpfwyf? tdrfa½SUrif; wpfwyf? rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m; wpfwyf? wyfaygif; 7-wyf? wdkufqif 300? jrif;
4000? ajcvsifppfom; 35000-rQygaMumif; ajymqdkvsuf½SdMuav/
wyfom;rsm;rSm tukefr[kwf? wcsKdUrQomjzpf&m? tvdk½SdawmfrlvQif odef;oef;csDí&EdkifaMumif;?
þppfom;rsm;xJwGif qifjzL½Sifrif;w&m;BuD;vufxufuwnf;u ppf&nf0aom ppfom;BuD;rsm;vnf;
ygaMumif;? ppfbufuRrf;usifaomolrsm;onf anmif&rf;bk&m; bkef;vuf½kH; ÓPfpGrf;owådudk
,kHMunfí tajrmuftjrm; 0ifa&mufvmMuaMumif;rsm;yg ajymqdkvsuf½SdMuav/
jrefrmppfwyfrsm;onf awmifbufudk;c½dkif? ausmufqnfe,frSjzwfvsuf? wpfaeYvQif jrefrm
q,fwdkifrQ rSefrSefcsDwufvsuf½SdMuav/ ompnfe,frSwpfzef ta½SUawmifbuf uavm? atmifyef;
ponfwdkYukd acsmif;ajrmif;awmifi,f t&yf&yfausmfjzwfvsuf wdkufpnfwdkufarmif; wD;ESif[pfa<u;um
tm;wufoa&mcsDMu&m? anmifa½TokdYa&muf&ef c&D;wpfwdkifrQvdkawmY/
ppfjrif; 4000 ESifY wyfOD;csD&aom AdkvfcsKyfeE´ypönf;onf anmifa½TapmfbGm; wyfawmf
om;rsm; t&dyftqifudk txl;*½kpdkufvsuf½Sd&m? toHBuD;toHi,frwl qlnHaom armif;wD;oHrsm;vnf;
jrefrmwyfOD;udk zkH;vTrf;oGm;ouJYodkY rSwfxif&av/ jrefrmwyfrSL;? wyfuJrsm;ESifY jrif;pD;ol&Jrsm;
rSmvnf; vufajcwmuG<ujzifY tBuD;tcsKyfwdkYtrdefYudk apmifYpm;aeav&m? jrefrmYowådum;
aemufqkwf avYr½Sd? a½SUodkY xdk;wufwdkufcdkufavY½Sdonfhtwdkif; ½Srf;apmfbGm;wyfOD;udk
jrefrmwyfOD;onf pwif wdkufcdkufavawmY/
½Srf;wyfom;rsm;rSm jrif;wyf? qifwyfrSpí jrefrmrsm; xifouJYodkY tenf;i,frQr[kwf?
39-e,frS pkaygif;vsuf tvkH;t&if;BuD;pGmjzifY wdkufcdkufaomaMumifY tm;csif;rrQojzifY jrefrm
wyfOD;onf tajcrvSjzpfysufaepOf wyfOD;AdkvfcsKyf eE´ypönf;vnf; jrif;wpfpD;jzifY tjyif;pdkif;um
"m;uGyfvsuf ]]rqkwfeJY BuHBuHcHMu}}[k trdefYxkwfum aqmfMoae&m ppfyGJwGif EdkifvQifEdkif? rEdkifvQif
aopjrJ[k pdwfacgif;rmMuaom jrefrmppfonfawmfwdkYonf ½Gyf½GyfcRHcRH xdk;ckwfwdkufcdkufMuav&m
a½SUwyfOD;rS ½Srf;wyftiftm;udk rcHEdkifojzifY y&rf;ywmjzpfMu&av/ ½Srf;ppfwyfrsm;vnf; jrefrm
wyfOD;udk zdzdpD;pD;EdkifvdkufojzifY ½Gyf½GyfcRHcRH a½SUodkYcsDwufwdkufcdkufvsuf½Sd&m? jrefrm'kwd,wyfOD;
ycef;BuD; oD[yawYwyfodkYwdkif a&mufvmav/
AdkvfcsKyfoD[yawYvnf; ]]a[Y aemufjyefrMunfheJY rsufESmapmif; acgif;tjywf? 'D½Srf;awGudk
bZmrSK&rvJ? a½SUodkY zdzdpD;pD;wdkuf}}[k "m;ESifYtjyif;uGyfuJvsuf wdkufcdkufckcHavae&m? aoewfoH
tajrmufoHwdkYrSmvnf; wpfrdk;vkH; qlnHvsuf ajAmif;qefaeavawmY/ AdkvfcsKyfoD[yawYwyfrS
AdkvfcsKyfBuD;udk,fwdkif ½Srf;wyfusnfqHrsm;tMum;rS jrif;wpfpD;ESifY vufatmuf AdkvfrSL; wyfrSL;rsm;tm;
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twlwl ppfwdkuf&if;ao&r,f/ rif;wdkY&JUqkvmbf[m aoqkyJ ...}}[k tm;ay;pum;ajymMum;&if;
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
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tcsdeftawmfMumatmif vkH;axG;wdkufcdkufvsufyif ½SdMuav/
tdrfa½SUrif;um; a½SUrS tajrmufoH? aoewfoHrsm; wpf&Hrjywf Mum;&aomfvnf; igYwyfawmf
om;rsm; Edkif&rnf[k ,kHMunfvsuf cyfrSefrSefyif csDwufawmfrlcJYav&m? jrif;apausmfppfom;wpfOD;onf
a½SUrS aemufodkY tjyif;pdkif;ESifvsuf ]]oHawmfOD;wif&ef-oHawmfOD;wif&ef}}[k [pfatmfpdkif;ESifvm&m?
rMumrD tdrfa½SUrif;a½SUawmfodkY a&mufavvQif jrif;ay:rS qif;ouf vuf,Sufum ]]rSefvSyg? wyfOD;
eE´ypönf;wyf ysufaMumif;ygbk&m;? ,ck oD[yawYwyfawmfESifY axG;&pfwdkufcdkuf BuHUBuHUcHqJygbk&m;?
MumvQif ½Srf;tiftm;rsm;vGef;í wyfawmfodkY aygufrnfpdk;&aMumif;yg bk&m;}}
tdrfa½SUrif;u at;aq;aom trlt&mjzifY ]]aumif;NyD armifrif; cHEdkifatmif cHESifYMu?
igudk,fawmfwdkifwdkufrnf/ trdefYawmfjyef ...}}[k rdefYqdkawmfrlvdkufojzifY jrif;apausmfvnf; a½SUwyfodkY
trdefYawmfjyefESifYav&m tdrfa½SUbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif wdkufawmfrlvdrfYrnf[k Mum;od&aom wyfawmf
om;wdkYrSm tm;tifwpfrsKd;wufvsuf vuf½Sd "m;vSH aoewfwdkYudk acR;pD;uyfaevsufyif twif;xdk;ckwf
ypfcwfwdkufcdkufvsuf½SdMuav/
tdrfa½SUrif;um; rdrdwyfawmfwGif ppfuJBuD;tjzpf tjrJac:avY½Sdaom ]]vuf0Jpnfol}}udk
qifawmf bkef;awmufytm; a½TuBuKd; wefqmyvmrsm; wif;usyfcdkifrmatmif Munfh½SKjyifqifawmfrlap
NyD;rS ]]vuf0Jpnfol? oifYudk ig,kHMunfonf? owdåvnf; a,musfm;yDoonf? ukef;vnfpD;/ wyfawmf
om;rsm; toifYjyifMu ...}}[k
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aoewfvkvifawmf? vuf0Ja½T"m;? vufsma½T"m;wdkY i,fom;rsm;ESifYwuG wdkufpnfwdkufarmif;
wD;cwfaqmfESKd;um twif;csDwufav&m? oD[yawYvnf; tdrfa½SUbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif csDwufvmNyD
jzpfojzifY txl;tm;½Sdvsuf ]]wdkufa[Y wdkufMu ... tdrfa½SUbk&m;vmNyD}}[k trdefYjyefav&m?
½Srf;wyfom;rsm;vnf; ppfwdkufemrnfausmf tdrfa½SUbk&m;vmNyD[laom toHudkMum;vQif pdwfwpfrsKd;
jzpfíoGm;Mu[efwlav/
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jrefrmwyfrsm;udkyif ausmfvGefvsuf ½Srf;ppfom;rsm;tm; xdk;ckwf½dkufESuf aoewfoHw'dkif;'dkif;ESifY
wdkufzsufaeMuav&m? apmfbGm;wyfom;rsm;onf wyfajcysufvsuf aemufodkY wpfpwpfp qkwfpjyK
av/ ½Srf;ppfom;rsm; a½GUonfudkjrifav jrefrmwyfom;rsm; tm;wufavjzpfum twif;zdMuav&m?
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]]NrKdUwHcg; rydwfrdapeJY ... NrKdUwHcg; rydwfrdapeJY ...}}[k [pfatmfaomtoHrsm;ESifYwuG jrefrmwyf
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
tvkH;t&if;wdkYonf ½Srf;wyfom;rsm;ESifY ta&ma&mtaxG;axG; ckwfjzwf&if;yif NrKdUwHcg;udk pD;rdav/
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vSH½Sifrsm;onf ukef;vnfpD; vuf0Jpnfol tJarmif;vSHjzifY ½dkufcwfumuG,fjcif;jzifY tdrfa½SU
udk,fawmfrSm toufab;rS vGwfuif;cJYav/
jrefrmwyftm;vkH; 0ifrdaomtcg ½Srf;wyfom;rsm;vnf; vufeufcsum apmfbGm;ESifYwuG
tnHhcHMuav/ aemufqkH;wyfrS b0½Sifrif;w&m;BuD;onf om;awmf tdrfa½SUrif;u ½Srf;apmfbGm;
rsm;ESifYwuG rSL;rwftcsKyftcsm[lorQudk a½SUawmfta&muf qufoGif;av&m? anmif&rf;bk&m;u ...
]]tarmifapmfbGm;wdkY ... igYom;awmf&JU bkef;vuf½kH;udkyif rcHEdkifMuukefwum; ...}}
]]rSefvSyg ... rcHEdkifMuaMumif;ygbk&m; ...}}
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odrf;oGif;aejcif;yifjzpfonf/ igwdkY bdk;awmf bDawmfrsm; vufxufuyif 39-vkH;rSKdif;udk tpdk;&aom
tarmifapmfbGm;rsm;wdkYudk bdk;ab;bDrsm; opömcHí ao0yfpGmaecJYMuonf/ igwdkYonf rnfrQ pGrf;tif
owåd wefcdk;½Sdonf[k tarmifwdkYtm; ppfqifíjyacsaomfjim;? igwdkYonf tarmifwdkY tkyfcsKyfa&;?
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rlavY r½SdMu/ igwdkYjrefrmbk&if ousomuD0if rif;rsKd;? jrefrm½dk;tpOfrSm rdrdwdkY vufeuftiftm;
aumif;í EdkifiHi,frsm;udk odrf;ydkufaomfvnf;? xdkEdkifiHi,frS a½TaiGypönf;vmbfvmbudk wyfrufarmí
EdkifYxufpD;eif; rw&m;odrf;,lavYr½SdaMumif; tarmifwdkYtodyifjzpfonf/ ,ckvnf; tarmifwdkY
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av/
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,m,DwJeef;rsm;udk aqmufvkyfNyD;pD;av/ ae0ifonfESifYwpfNyKdifeuf awmif&dyfawmifajc
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jyKojzifY rD;xif;rsm;zdkí aeMuav/ tdrfa½SUrif; wJeef;awmfESifY wpfac:omomavmufwGif
vuf0JpnfolESifY tjcm;Adkvfrsm; wnf;cdkaeMu&m vuf0Jpnfolum; wpfpkHwpf&mudk jyefvSef
awG;awmonfh toGifESifY ai;armae½Smav/
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tdrfa½SUrif;uvGJvQif xdkwyfwGif tBuD;qkH; ppfuJbuft&m½SdjzpfojzifY tjcm;ppfrSL; ppfuJrsm;rSm
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
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a½SUaqmifvsuf vuf0Jpnfoltem;odkY a&muf½Sdvmav/ vuf0Jpnfolvnf; oli,ftm; aoG;ajym
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N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
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atmufu usm;awGu wpfcgwpfav tay:armYarmYMunfhw,f/ reufus&if 'DtaumifawG½Sdovm;
qdkwm MunfhNyD;rS twif;ajy;&w,f/ aemufqkH; [dk½Gm bm½Gmac:ovJ? tJ'DrSm tpmrpm;&vdkY tm;jywf
vJaeawmY 'Dtbdk;BuD;u uRefawmfYudk auR;arG;jyKpkxm;½Smw,f/ Armwyfqdk&if 'Dvrf;u jyefrSmyJ?
'D½GmtvGefrSm ppfpcef;cswwfw,fqdkvdkY 15-&ufavmuf apmifYae&w,f ...}}[k pDumywfukH; ajymqdk
av&m? ppfuJBuD;rSm ]]jzpfrSjzpf&yav vluav;&,f ...}}[k nnf;wGm;pOf AdkvfrSL;BuD;wpfa,mufu
]]tif; aoG;aomuf&JYom;uawmY toufi,fi,f½Sdao;? tazYaoG;ygyJAsm? Munfhprf;yg awmBuD;
awmifBuD;xJ wpfa,mufwnf; raMumufr½GHUvdkufajy;vmw,f ...}}[k ajymqdkav/ ppfuJBuD;um;
om;jzpfoltm; auR;arG;xm;aom ½Srf;tbdk;BuD;tm; vufpGyf? txnfwdkYudk qktjzpf ay;cJYNyD;vQif
jyefívTwfvkdufav/ xdkYaemuf om;uav;tm; wpfnvkH; ,k,jyKpkvsuf? eHeufvif;aomtcg rdrd
pD;aomqifwGif wifí t0aejynfawmfta&muf wifaqmifcJYav/
uav;rSmum; t0aejynfawmfwGif 14-5 &ufcefYMumvQif? uav;wdkYobm0 rdcifudk
vGrf;qGwfjyefojzifY zcifBuD;yg vdkufydkYzdkY ylqmvsuf½Sdav/ xdktcsdefum; anmif&rf;
rif;w&m;BuD;onf crnf;awmf qifjzL½Sifbk&m; e,fy,ft&yf&yf wpfvkH;wpfpnf;wnf;jzpfatmif
wdkufodrf;zdkYta&;BuD;vSojzifY vuf0JpnfoluJYodkY ta&;t&ma&mufaom ppfuJBuD;wpfa,mufvkH;udk
wpfv ESpfvcefY cGifYvTwfxm;Edkifrnfr[kwf&um;? opöm½Sdaom ZeD;onfESifY a,mu©rBuD;tm; rsm;pGm
awGUvdkaomfvnf; xdktBuHudkvufavQmYum? om;uav;udk ukefa&mif;vmMuaom OD;pdk;jrqdkolESifY
tyfESHí vufaqmifypönf;? aiGaMu;? trSmpmrsm;udkyg a&;om;vsuf uav;udk acsmYarmYjyefvTwf
vdkuf&av/
]]olYpmxJrSm bkef;BuD;qD oD;oefYpmwpfapmif ygvmao;w,f/ bkef;BuD;eJY armif&JacgifuawmY
awmifilxJu od&if;pGJ? tpu awmifilrSm bkef;BuD;vkyfaepOfuwnf;u 0ifxGufoGm;vmaewm/
bkef;BuD; oefvsifrSm ausmif;vmxdkifawmYvJ vSLzG,f0w¬K rjywfydkYavY½Sdw,f/ olYom;udk &[ef;abmif
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
jrJr,fxifu &[ef;abmifta&mufydkYzdkY? rjrJu avmuDynm wwfatmifoifzdkYvJ rSmvdkufavawmY?
oli,f 10-ESpft½G,fuwnf;u tdrfudk aeYcif;avmufjyefNyD; ausmif;rSm tdyfpm;ae½Smw,f 'umBuD;/
bkef;BuD;rSm ykxkZOfqdkawmY 'if;uav;udk om;vdkcspfrdw,f/ tckawmY 'if;uav;aMumifY cufwmyJ}}[k
rsufESmawmfn§Kd;vsuf nnf;wGm;½Smav/
0efrif;u ai;pdkufem;axmif&mrS ]]udk&JacgifeJY wynhfawmf pum;rpyfrdMuvdkYyg bk&m; .../
udk&JacgifeJY wynfhawmf[m a&mif;&if;buf aoG;aomufrsm;yg/ ol awmifiltdrfa½SUqDrSm wyfrSL;uav;
tjzpfESifY aepOfuwnf;u txl;cifcJYygw,f/ aemuf wynfhawmfu uAsm? vuFm? &wk oDqdk
a&;pyfrSKrSm ewf½Sifudk,fawmfu oabmusawmfrlvdkY? oefvsif0eftjzpfeJY ydkYxm;wmuvm; bk&m;}}[k
jyefavQmufxm;&m? udk&ifwpfyg;u ½SifZedE´ Edk;aeNyDjzpfaMumif; avQmufxm;vmojzifY pum;quf
jywfoGm;av/
4if;wdkY pum;ajymcsdefrSm rsm;pGmrMum jrefrmwpfem&DavsmYavsmYrQjzpf&m? oefvsif 0efrif;rSm
q&mawmfajymjycsufudk pdwf0ifpm;onfxuf rdrdorD;ESifY 'ku©jzpfaeaom armif½Sif taMumif;udk
b,fvdkqufpyf,l&ygYrvJ[k awG;awmaejcif;u rsm;ojzifY? pum;qkH;MuvQif ]]'gxuf armif½Sif
bma&m*gvJ bk&mY}}[k qufíar;av&m? q&mawmfrSm pum;tpcufvSojzifY awGa0í ae&mu ]],ck
'umBuD;eJY onfoli,fYtaz a&mif;&if;bufqdkvdkY ajym&OD;r,f? 'umBuD;oli,f[m [dka½S;wkef;u
oD[dkVfuRef; ol<u,forD;wpfa,muf ...}}[k armif½SifESifY reef;EG,fuav; jzpfysufaeykHudk ESKdif;,SOf
ajymjyav&m? 0efrif;rSm olYorD;vnf; þodkYjzpfysufaeaMumif; ajym&rnfcufvSojzifY y&d,m,fjyKum
]]'DvdkjzifY bk&m;wynfhawmfudk apmapmrdefYygawmY/ 'if;wdkY vlBuD;csif; aMumif;vrf;xm;NyD; okH;ESpf
okH;oD;avmuf apmifYapwmaygY/ armif½Sifudk tm;ay;pum; ajymMuyg bk&m; ...}}
]]om"k om"k? bkef;BuD; tvGeftrif; 0rf;ajrmufw,f 'umBuD;/ 'umBuD; rsufESmjyay;ygOD;}}
bkef;BuD;ESifY 0efrif;onf ½SifZedE´teD;odkY xíoGm;Muav/ bkef;awmfBuD;onf ½SifZedE´
udk,fuav;udk tomt,mvSKyfvsuf ...
]][JY ZedE´ eifYudk usef;rmatmifjyKwJY/ a[m'D 0efrif;u cGifYjyKvdrfYr,f/ Munfhprf; 'DrSm 0efrif;}}
[k ajymqdkav&m? ½SifZedE´rSm jyL;us,faomrsufvkH;BuD;rsm;udk cyfarS;arS;zGifYum Munfh½SKNyD; jyefí
rSdef;aeav/ 0efrif;u ]]armif½Sif? usef;rmatmifBuKd;pm; ...}}[k ajymqdkNyD;vQif q&mawmftm;
0wfcsvsuf 0efrif;xGufcGmoGm;av/
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
tcef; (3)
½SifZedE´ESifY reef;EG,fuav;wdkYum; ESpfOD;ESpfzuf vlBuD;rsm;u oabmwlBuNyD[laom toH
Mum;uwnf;u a&m*ga0'em oufomívmcJYMu&m? wpfvcGJ ESpfvtMumwGif ESpfOD;pvkH; 0NzKd;
pdkjynfí? ½SifZedE´um; ½Sifemrnf aysmufum armifbkef;jrifY[laom i,femrnfjzifY oefvsifwGif vlarmf
jzpfíaeav/ wHcg;rSL;a[mif; bdk;&JausmfESifY ½SifjrwfvSwdkYvnf; q&mawmfu tusKd;taMumif;
ajymjyojzifY oefvsif0efrif; oabmwlrnfhtcsufudk od½Sd&um;? rdrdwdkY aowGif;xGuf om;ajr;
uav;twGuf txl;0rf;omMuav/
vlBuD;rsm;0wå&m;twdkif; aMumif;vrf;xm;&onfjzpf&m? ouú&mZf 969-ck? uqkefvwGif
oefvsif0efrif;tdrfü vlBuD;vlaumif;tcsKdUESifY q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;udk,fwdkif a&muf½Sdaeav/
y&dowfrsm;tm; vufzuf&nf jrefrmrkefYrsm;jziYf auR;arG;{nfhcHNyD;? bdk;&Jausmfu rdrdajr;? t0
aejynfawmf ppfuJBuD; vuf0Jpnfolom; armifbkef;jrifYtm; aersKd;ausmfacgifbGJU& oefvsif0efrif;
orD; ½Sifeef;EG,fESifY aMumif;vrf;apYpyfaMumif;? rdrduvnf; rdbrS tarG&aom v,fajry,fwpf&mudk
,ckuyif vufzGJUypönf;tjzpfESifY ay;tyfonfhtjyif? EGm;t½SOf; 20? EdkYpm;EGm;r 35-½SOf;? jrif;
3-aumifwdkYudkvnf; ay;tyfaMumif;ESifY ajymqdk&m? oefvsif0efrif;uvnf; ,ckuyif rdrduvnf;
v,fy,f-50? aiGcGuf-10? a½Tvuf0wfvufpm;rsm; vufzGJUxm;aMumif; ajymqdkMuav/ orD;
½Sifeef;EG,f 16-ESpfjynfhaomtcg vufxyfr*Fvmtcrf;tem;udk usif;yrnfjzpf&m? ,ck uwdxm;aom
ypönf;rsm;udk tydkifay;tyfrnfjzpfaMumif;ESifY toD;oD; ESKwfuwdxm;Muav/
ykqdk; rwdkr½Snf? yk0grjynhfwpfjynfESifY cyfwnfwnfxdkifvsuf½Sdaom armifbkef;jrifYonf
vlBuD;rsm;rsufESmudk Munfhvsuf rsufvkH;Munfvifíaeav&m? rdciftem;wGif xdkifíaeaom
½Sifeef;EG,fuav;um; ½SufpEdk;aom trlt&mjzifY OD;acgif;udkatmufcsíae½Smav/ <uvmMuaom
y&dowfrsm;vnf; owdkYom; owdkYorD;wdkY wifYw,fykH? a½SUaemufvdkufykHwdkYudk csD;rGrf;ajymqdkvsuf
jyefoGm;Mu&m? ESpfzufrdbESifY tdrfwGif;tapcHtcsKdUom usef&pfMuav/
4if;wdkYvnf; {nfhcH&mrS q&mawmfa½SUodkYvma&mufí udpöNyD;pD;aMumif; avQmufxm;awmf
rlMu&m? q&mawmfvnf; om"kac:vsuf rsKd;aumif;aqGaumif; yDoaMumif;? wifYw,foifYjrwfaMumif;
rsm;udk rdefYawmfrlNyD;vQif jyef<u&ef jyifqifawmfrl&m? tm;vkH; 0wfcsuefawmY&if; usef&pfMuav/
a½S;xkH;pHum; rdbvlBuD;csif; aMumif;vrf;NyD;aomf rdrd&nf;pm;tdrfodkY ykef;vQKd;uG,fvQKd;
r[kwf? ajymifajymifwif;wif; 0ifxGufoGm;vmEdkifMuav/ ESpfOD;awGUqkHMuaomtcgüvnf; ESpfOD;
tuvufryg pum;xm 0Sufvdk0Suf? a½S;wkef;utaMumif; `rGufvdk`rGufESifY nOfheufrS jyefavY½SdMu&m?
ESpfOD;awGUqkHum rsufESmcsif; 00BuD; Munfh½SKMu&onfudkyif auseyfíaeMuav/
]]av;wpf&mYqD? xkHxkHi,farT;? ukefukefa0;NyDrdkY ...}}paom awmifwGif;OD;aMumY ½SmykHawmfü
yg0ifonfh av;wpf&mqDum; [dka½S;ya0oPDuyif eef;awmfoleef;awmfom; olaX;ol<u,fwdkY okH;pGJ
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
Muonfh qDarT;rsKd;jzpfcJY/ qDcsdefwpfusyfom;vQif aiG'*Fg;usyfwpf&m (0g) tav;wpf&m ay;&
aomaMumifY av;wpf&mqD[kac:av/ oefvsif0efrif; wpfyifwdkifeef;[kqdktyfaom orD;uav;
½Sifeef;EG,ftcef;ü oif;ysHUarT;BuKdifum wvSKdifvSKdifjzpfaeaom &eHYum; xdk&eHYyifjzpfvdrfYrnfwum;/
onfanmiftxufrS jrifYwufaomtkH;puf&mwGif rapmif;wapmif;ESifY acgif;uav;ruswus
rSDumae½Smrluav;rSm ½Sifeef;EG,fuav;yifjzpf/ xdkaeYxdktcsdefü qwfozl;&JU wpf½kHESpf½kH paom
oDcsif;ray:ao;í oDcsif;oHyifr[kwfvifYupm; tjcm;aw;&wkuav;rsm;udk wdk;wdk;oDqdkí aeay
vdrfYrnf/
tapcH rdNidrf;omum; pmqdkawmf e0a';BuD; bk&m;wdkif&wkrsm;udk oHaeoHxm;ESifY zwfí
aeav&m ½Sifeef;EG,fuav;rSm rsufawmifpif;vsuf aomwtm½kH cHpm;aeav/ xdktcdkuf tdrfa½SU
zdeyfcRwfrS ESKwfqufoH? rdrdtcef;qDodkY a&mufvmaomajcoHudk Mum;&av&m? &ifuav; wmuG<u
jzpfvsuf vufuav;jzifY tomzdrdav/ tysKdZmwf0ifcgpwGif tzdkqdkí ,ifzdkrQ roef;zl;ao;onfh
twdkif; txl;wkefvSKyfacsmufjcm;aeavonf/
]]EG,fEG,f a[m vmNyD? bk&m;uRefr oGm;awmYr,f ...}}[k rdNidrf;omuajymav&m? ]]tdk ½SifuvJ
ta&;xJusrS b,fudkoGm;&rSmvJ/ EG,fEG,fYtem; aeprf;yg/ pum;rajymwwfygbl; ...}}[k rNyKH;wNyKH;
ajymaepOf OyuvlxGufonf tcef;0odkYa&mufvmav/ uRef;wdkifBuD;rsm;wGif xGef;n§dxm;aom
qDrD;wdkifrsm;onf rD;awmufrsm;,drf;uvsuf? ½SifvlxGuftm; ajymifavSmifíjyaeonf[k xifrSwf&
av/ armifbkef;jrifYum; tjyifwGif owdåaumif;olwpfa,mufjzpfvsuf? þae&mwGif tb,fYaMumifY
&ifckef&onfudk rpOf;pm;wwfatmifjzpfaeav/
arT;BuKdifaom&eHYonf wysHUysHUvSKdifoif;vsuf½Sd&m? ]][,f bmaMumuf&rSmvJ? ol&Jobuf
pD;wm r[kwfbl;}}[k ajcvSrf;rsm;udk a½SUodkY twif;rSdwfíwdk;av/ rdNidrf;omum; tpdrf;oufouf
jzpf½SmolESpfOD; jzpfysufykHudk acgif;ikHYíNyKH;ae&mu ...]]EG,fEG,fuvJ udk,fYqDvmwm ac:rSaygY ...}}[k
wdk;wdk;ajymrS ]]tdk ...olYrsufpdjrifom;yJ? vmwwfygw,f ...}}[k jyefajympOf? ½SifvlxGufonf ppfyGJBuD;
wpfyGJudk ZGwfrSdwfwdkufcdkufvdkuf&bdouJYodkY EG,fEG,fanmifapmif;wGif 0ifíxdkifav/
EG,fEG,fuav;onf MunfvifaomrsufvkH;uav;jzifY wpfcsufrQ vSefíMunfhNyD;vQif 4if;
udk,fuav;udk BuKHUBuKHU,kHY,kHYjzpfatmifjyifí xdkifaeav/ tuif;yg;aom rdNidrf;omonf ]]EG,fEG,f
r,fawmfBuD;cdkif;xm;wmuav; oGm;NyD; vkyfacsygOD;r,f ...}}[k ajymajymqdkqdk rwfwwf&yfav&m?
EG,fEG,fuav; ESKwfcrf;jyifpOfüyif taygufodkY xGufcGmoGm;av/
armifbkef;jrifYum; vnfacsmif;xJrS renf;n§pfxkwf&aomavoHjzifY ]]usef;rmygNyDvm;
EG,fEG,f}}[k ar;jref;vdkuf&m? 4if;pum;onf armifbkef;jrifY a½G;cs,f&mwGif a½S;OD;ay:xGufvmaom
pum; jzpfojzifY &,fzG,fyifjzpfapumrl EG,fEG,fonf OD;acgif;udkndwfum ]][kwfuJY usef;rmygNyD ...}}
[k ajymqdkav/ xdkwGif pum;&yfvsuf wpfOD;udkwpfOD; twefMum Munfh½SKaeMu&m? rsufESmcsif;
qkHrdvQif EG,fEG,fu acgif;uav;atmufodkY tcsvdkuf? EG,fEG,f wpfudk,fvkH;udk uodkPf;uGuf
usatmif Munfh½SKaerdav/
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
EG,fEG,fu jyefíarmYaomtcg rsufESmcsif;qkHjyefojzifY? ]]tdk oljzifYMunfhEdkif&efaum ...}}
ajymqdkvdkufaom toHav;udkyif em;0ifcsKdvsuf? xdktcgusrS pOf;pm;xm;orQ pum;pay:um ]]tckvdk
rMunfh&&if aoawmYr,f ... EG,fEG,fYaMumifY touf,JY,JYusefwJYolrsm; 'DavmufMunfhwmuav;udk
0efrwdkoifYygbl; ...}}[k avavQmufqufrdojzifY ...]]tdk EG,fEG,fu rMunfh&bl;vdkYrajymygbl;? 'gxuf
udkbkef;jrifYudk wpfckar;csifw,f ...}}[k r&Jw&JESifY pav&m? ]]bmwkef; EG,fEG,f ar;prf;ygOD; ...}}[k
cGifYjyKavvQif ]]aMomf ... EG,fEG,f&JUtoufu i,fi,f? cifwG,fwJYpdwfu tm;BuD;vdkY wjcm;enf;eJY
tawG;acsmfawmfrrlbl;vm;vdkYygyJ ...}}[k tvGefYtvGef ½SufaMumufaomtrlt&mjzifY ar;jref;av&m ...
]]rxifygbl; EG,fEG,f ... rxifygbl;? EG,fEG,fYudk tvGefyJ 'Du arwåm½SdaeawmY wkHYjyefwJY
oabm jzpf&r,fvdkY ,kHMunfygw,f? EG,fEG,f&JU ½kyf&nfuav;[m tvGeftzdk;xdkufwefwJY tqif;ajy
toGifxl;olrdkY 'djyifxifrSm;zG,f&m taMumif;r½Sd½dk;trSefyg ...}}
xdkYaemufrlum; &mZ0if Zmwfedygwf taMumif;rsm;ESifY a½S;wkef;u taMumif;awGudk &if;ESD;pGm
ajymqdkíaeMuav/ armifbkef;jrifYonf tonf;pGJcspfcifoluav;xHrS oufBuD;acgif;csomomwGif
ESKwfqufxGufcGmcJY&m? zdeyfcRwfü apmifYaeaom oli,fcsif; jrpHudk vufukwfESKd;um aetdrfokdY
jyefvmcJYav/
tdrfodkYa&mufaomtcg EG,fEG,fuav; tjyKtrl tpcyfodrf;udk pOf;pm;ay:ayguf&if;
tawmfnOfheufrS tdyfaysmfav&m? EG,fEG,fuav;rSmvnf; armifbkef;jrifYa,musfm;yDoykH? toHvkHí
Munfvifjywfom; oGufvufpGm ajymjyykHwdkYyg wpfa&;a&;jrifvsuf tdyfaysmf½Smav/ teD;rS ,yfcwf
ay;aeaom tapcHrsm;vnf; toD;oD; tdyf&modkY0ifMuav/
¦ ¦ ¦
oli,ftdyfqdwf tcsdefwpfcsdefü oefvsifNrKdU ta½SUydkif; okH;aqmifNyKdif tdrfBuD;wpfaqmif
wpfckaom tcef;wGif touft½G,ftm;jzifY 30-ausmf 40-eD;yg;½Sd rdef;rBuD;wpfOD;onf aypm
wpfcsyfudk zwf½SK&if; rsuf&nfrsm; wawGawG pD;usvsufae½Smav/ touf 17-ESpfcefY qHyif
awmifqkyfcefYudk ydk;rnf;csnfygESifY pD;íxm;aom vkvifysKdwpfa,mufonf teD;odkY a&mufvmum
rdcifvufxJu pmudk qGJ,lzwf½SKaeav/
]]pma&;rSmMum;vdkufonf ½SifjrwfvS? nJwdkYudk aeYpOfrjywf igtrSwf&onf/
igYom;uav; bkef;jrifYudk csif;jyefoGm;uwnf;u tjrJrjywf vGrf;emusvsuf½Sd&m? ,ck
aejynfawmfwGif crnf;awmfrif;w&m;BuD; odEéDppfyGJu tjyef ewf½Gmvm;í om;awmfBuD;
Oy&mZmonf r[m"r®&mZmtrnfESifY xD;arGeef;arGudk qufcHvsuf½Sdonf/ igYrSm ,ckrif;w&m;
vufxufawmfwGif a½S;uxufydkrdkí wefcdk;½Sdonfu wpfaMumif;? EdkifiHawmf ao0yf
ydjym;atmif wdkufckdufodrf;oGif;ae&onf wpfaMumif;rsm;aMumifY nJwdkYxH vmcsifvsuf
rvmEdkifjzpfonf/ nJwdkY uqkefvu yg;vdkufaom pmudk 0gqdkvwGif a&muf½Sdaomfvnf;?
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
ppfcsDoGm;ae&í 0gacgifvjynfhausmfrS zwf&onf/ zwfNyD; ,ckpmudk jyefa&;&onf/
bkef;jrifYudk aersKd;ausmfacgiforD;ESifY ay;pm;ojzifY txl;0rf;ajrmufonf/ igESifY a&mif;&if;
bufjzpfí pdwfwludk,fwl jzpfcJYzl;olrsm;jzpfonf/ igYrSm nJwdkYudk vGrf;emusayr,fY nJwdkY
ta&;xuf EdkifiHta&;? omoemta&;u ydkrdkBuD;av;vSonfhtjyif? wdkif;jynfcspfolwdkif;
jyKvkyftyfaom 0wå&m;jzpfojzifY? ppfyGJwGif aouao? raou nJwdkYESifY jyefvnfqkHawGU
&rnf[k atmufarYonf/ igYom;uav;udk igwdkYwdkif;jynfESifY trsKd;udkcspf&ef nTefMum;ygav/
þpmudk vl,kHwpfa,mufwGif tyfvdkuf&í nJwdkY zwfNyD;u rD;wifygav/ igYom;ESifYig
tquftoG,f½SdaMumif; tjcm;ol rodu? csif;aemifa&;aumif;rnf[k ,kHonf/ nJwdkY igwdkY
uHaumif;vQif 4-5 ESpfwGif awGUqkHjyefaygif;&rnfvdkYxifonf/
armif&Jacgifu t0aejynfawmfrS 969-ck 0gacgifvjynfhausmf q,f&ufaeYwGif
a&;ydkYonf/}}
]]uRefawmfvJ vGrf;wmyJ arar ... 'gayr,fY b,frSm wwfEdkifygYrvJ/ uRefawmfwdkYuHu
'Dvdkzefvmwmudk;}}[kajymqdkaeav&m? ½SifjrwfvSrSm om;uav;rsufESmudk wpfcsufrQ MunfhNyD;vQif
]]igYom;[m rif;tazeJY wpfcsufrQ omNyD;wlw,f/ rif;tazuawmY wpf,loefBuD;uGJU/ olYpdwf
rxif&if aemufrqkwfbl;/ ararYudk oltvGefcspfw,f/ cspf&ufeJY igYom; tcgvnfom;rSm pGefYypf
xGufcGmoGm;wmyJ}}[k rdrdwdkYtaMumif;udk jyefajymif;ajymqdkae½Smav/
¦ ¦ ¦
awmifilNrKdU vufsm0if;awmfrSL;BuD;aetdrfwGif 0if;rSL;BuD;orD; touf 20-t½G,fcefY½Sd
½SifjrwfvSonf rdrdESifY&nfiH&if;½Sdol wyfrSL;uav; armif&JacgifESifY cspfwif;ESD;aESm ajymqdkvsuf
½SdMuav/ xdktcsdefum; awmifilbk&ifxuf om;awmftdrfa½SUrif; ewf½Sifaemifonf tvGef wefcdk;
BuD;cdkufjzpfavonf/ ½SifjrwfvS acsmvSaom *kPfowif;onf awmifilNrKdUwGif ausmfaZmxif½Sm;
aomfvnf; wyfrSL;uav; ol&owådudk ,kHMunfolwdkYrSm wkNyKdifydk;yef;jcif; rjyK0HYMuacs/ tdrfa½SU
rif;om; uRef,kH AdkvfrSL;rif;xifvufsmbGJUcH armif&mpdk;wpfa,mufomvQif tNyKdif ydk;yef;0HYav/
vufsm0if;rSL;BuD;um; armif&Jacgiftm; orD;arwåmrQaeonfudk auseyfojzifY? rdrdtdrfwGif
0ifxGuf oGm;vmaeonfudk cGifYjyKxm;cJYav/ armif&mpdk;um; tdrfa½SUrif;uRef,kHjzpfojzifY
ypfypfcgcgajym&ef cJ,Of;vSojzifY tvdkufoifYpGm aexdkifcJY&av/ ½SifjrwfvSum; armif&Jacgifudk
arwåmrQoavmuf armif&mpdk;tm; arwåmrJYav&m awGUqkHonfhtcgwdkif; rdrdarwåmr½Sdonfh tajc
taeudk ajymjyaomfvnf;? armif&mpdk;onf vufavQmYjcif;r½Sd? ½SifjrwfvSESifY eD;uyfpGm pum;ajym&
onfudkyif auseyfí aecJYav/ armif&Jacgifonf þuJYodkY aemufaemifu taMumif;rsm;udk
awG;awmylyefrdaomtcg cspfoluav;tm; ...
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
]]jrwfvS&,f ... igawmY nJudk b,fvdkcspfw,fvdkY nJtodyJ/ &mpdk;u tdrfa½SUuRef,kHqdkawmY
oif;u tdrfa½SUudk,fawmfudk tm;udk;NyD; twif;BuHrSmudk pdk;&drf&ygw,f/ nJ&JU crnf;awmfu tvdkwl
vdkufrSjzifY usKyfrSm &ifuGJemeJY ao½kH½SdawmYw,f}}[k vSKdufvSJpGmajymvdkufaomtcg? ½SifjrwfvSum;
ajyusaeaom qHyifrsm;udk odrf;½kH;um aemufwGJxkH;&if; ...
]]udk&Jacgif&,f ... usKyfpdwfaepdwfxm;udk awmf todom;yJ/ usKyfpdwfrSm awmfuvGJ&if zGJESifY
qefuGJavmufrS 'djyifvludk rxifygbl; ...}}
]]'guawmY ajym½dk;xkH;pHudk;uGJU/ wu,fY tusOf;tusyfus&if b,fYES,fvkyfrvJ ...}}
]]'DawmY touftaocHjyvdkufr,f od&JUvm; ...}}[k tm;wufoa&m ajymqdkav&m?
armif&JacgifrSm cspfoltm; Munf½Tifaom rsufESmjzifY auseyfpGm Munfh½SKaeav/ xdktwGif;
jyif;xefaom ajceif;oHudk Mum;&ojzifY ESpfOD;rSm NidrfoufíaeMuav&m? wif;rmcufxefaom
trlt&mjzifY AdkvfrSL;rif;xifvufsm trlt&mudk jrifawGUMu&av/
]]a[Y &Jacgif? 'DaeY rif;wdkYwyfu ppfa&;jyzdkY½Sdw,f/ 'DrSm bmvmvkyfaewmvJ ...}}[k cyfrmrm
ajymvdkuf&m? &Jacgifonf wif;rmaom trlt&mjzifY ...
]]usKyfvmcsifvdkY vmaewmyJ/ rif;tyl wpfa½G;om;rS rygbl; ...}}
]]rif;xuf &mxl;BuD;wJY AdkvfrSL;? rif;igYudk rcefYav;pm;rajymeJY ...}}
]]a[Y rif;AdkvfrSL;ayr,fY igYwyfu Adkvfr[kwfbl;/ rqdkifwJYol&JUtrdefYudk emcH&rSmvm; ...}}
]]w,f 'Dtaumif "m;pmjzpfoGm;a&mYr,f ...}}[k toifYvG,fí,lvmaom "m;tdrfrS "m;½Snfudk
qGJxkwfvdkuf&m? &Jacgifvnf; rwfwwf&yf &ifudk aumYvsuf? ]]ckwfvdkufprf;yg cH&Jygw,f}}[k
ajymqdkpOf? ½SifjrwfvSonf vlESpfa,mufMum;u rwfwwf&yfvsuf? ]]awmfwdkY[m ausmfraumif;
Mum;raumif;}}[k 0ifa&mufjzefajzav/
rif;xifvufsmum; tdrfa½SUuRef,kHjzpfí omrnvlwpfa,mufjzpfvQif owfypf0HYaomfvnf;?
armif&JacgifrSm awmifilbk&ifrif;jrwfxH ppfAdkvfcsKyfBuD;u toem;cHí omrefppfom;uav;b0rS
wyfrSL;tjzpftxd csD;jr§ifYjcif;cH&ol jzpfojzifY? tu,fí &Jacgif wpfpkHwpf&mjzpfu ppfAdkvfcsKyfBuD;
cHrnfr[kwf[k awG;rdaomaMumifY? ]]rif;vdktaumifeJY igY"m;rwefao;bl;}}[k "m;ukd jyefodrf;av/
&Jacgifvnf; wm½Snfpum;rajymvdkojzifY ]]jrwfvSa& jyefvdkufOD;r,f? nJ&JU opömudk vkHatmif
apmifYygbd}}[k qdkum xGufíoGm;av/ rif;xifvufsmu ukwifwGifxdkifum ...
]]b,fYES,fwkef; jrwfjrwfuJY ... 'Dvdk taumifpkwfaMumiYf armifYudk aoGzDawmfrlwmvm; ...}}[k
rcsKdrcsOf rsufESmESifY ar;jref;av&m? ½SifjrwfvSvnf; rSwfavmufatmifajymrnf[k oabmydkufvsuf ...
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
]]usKyfwpfckajymr,f? awmfwdkY usKyfwdkYpD;wJY &xm;aemufu uyfygwJY jrLrSKef[m &xa&EkjrLvdkY
ac:w,f/ tJ'DjrL[m qHyifwpfyif&JU tykH 36-ykHrSm wpfykHrQ½Sdw,f/ aemufwpfcg x&Haygufu aepG,f
a&mufvdkY jrif&wJY jrLrSKefawG[m wZÆm&DjrLvdkYac:w,f ...}}
]]'g bmjzpfovJ jrwfjrwfuJY? bmawG avQmufajymae&wmvJ ...}}
]]qkH;atmif em;axmifygOD;/ tJ'D wZÆm&DjrL[m &xa&EkjrL&JU 36-ykH ykH&if wpfykHyJ yrmP
½Sdw,f/ 'DawmY Bwdef;q {u t|xGufvkduf&if wZÆm&DjrL[m qHwpfyif yrmP&JU waxmifYESpf&m
udk;q,fYajcmufykHrSm wpfykHbJ½Sdw,f? tJ'D wZÆm&DjrL&JU 36-ykH wpfykHudk tEkjrLvdYkac:w,f/ tEkjrL&JU
46-ykH wpfykH½SdwJY jrLudk y&rmEkjrLvdkYac:w,f/ tJ'DjrLudk bk&m;&[EÅmrsm;rS jrifEdkifw,f/ 'DawmY
y&rmEkjrL&JU toacFsykHrSm wpfykHavmufrS awmfYudk arwåmr½Sdbl;/ 'g aemufqkH;odzdkY pum;yJ ...}}[k
ajymqdkNyD;vQif oGufvufpGm ae&mrS xoGm;av&m? rif;xifvufsmonf tHYtm;oifYusef&pf&mu
rvSrf;csifYvSrf;csif ajcvSrf;rsm;jzifY xGufcGmoGm;&av/
rif;xifvufsmum; rdrd tBudrfBudrf oGm;a&mufydk;yef;orQ aemufqkH; tcsnf;ESD;jzpf&onfudk
awG;awmrdaomtcg? xdkodkY tcsnf;ESD;jzpf&jcif;onf &JacgifaMumifY[k pdwfESvkH;axmif;vSojzifY
tdrfa½SUudk,fawmfxH &JacgifESifY tcspftwGuf "m;upm;vkdaMumif;rsm;udk avQmufxm;av/ tdrfa½SU
rif;vnf; ]]igYuRefrS wu,fYowådcJ/ rif; "m;upm; qdk&mrSm ol&Jaumif;wkdYtvkyfyJ/ i&Jacgif&JU
AdkvfcsKyf aersKd;oufawmf½SnfqD taMumif;Mum;vdkufrnf}}[k rdefYawmfrlav/
rMumrD tdrfa½SUbk&m;tdrfawmfwGif rif;xifvufsmtrnfcH AdkvfrSL;armif&mpdk;ESifY ocF,mbGJUcH
wyfrSL;uav; &JacgifwdkY "m;pGrf;jyMurnf[laom owif;rsm; xGufay:vmav/ wyfrSL;uav;um
ol&owådESifY jynfhpkHonf[k ausmfMum;aomfvnf;? "m;a&; rnfrQwwfuRrf;onf[k rodMuolu
rsm;av/ rif;xifvusfmum; "m;a&;vSHa&;wGif NyKdifbufr½Sd uRrf;usifoljzpfaMumif;udk od½Sdol
rsm;ojzifY wyfrSL;uav;twGuf oem;Muav/ aersKd;oufawmf½Snfum; rdrdcsD;jr§ifYxm;aom wyfrSL;
uav;udk om;t&if;ozG,f cspfcif&um; 3-4 ESpfcefY "m;a&;vSHa&;udk jyoxm;aomfvnf; yGJawGU
rjrifbl;ojzifY pdwfrcsatmifjzpfíaeav/
csdef;qdkaomaeY&ufodkYwdkifaomtcg? tdrfa½SUudk,fawmfESifY AkdvfrSL;wyfrSL;rsm; ae&mtqifYqifY
edrfYjrifY &mxl;jcm;í om;em;pGm jyifqifxm;vsuf½Sdav/ ajruGufwpfckwGifum; q,fawmif
ywfvnfcefY ajrudk ½Sif;vif;xm;av/ tdrfa½SUrif;onf aersKd;oufawmf½Snftm; ]]b,fYES,f
oufawmf½Snf? "m; b,f"m;udk a½G;cs,fxm;ovJ? "m;trsKd;wl&r,faemf}}[k rdefYav&m ...
]]rSefvSyg ... uRefawmfrsKd; pdwful;udk avQmufcGifYjyKawmfrlyg}}
]]wifap ...}}
]],ck wyfrSL;uav; &JacgifESifY AdkvfrSL; &mpdk;wdkYta&;rSm csif;wdkY&nf;pm;ESifY ywfoufí
tcspfppfyGJrQ jzpfygonf/ onfuJYodkY udpöuav;ESifY wpfOD;wpfa,muf toufqkH;½SKH;apvQif? ppfyGJwGif
t&ma&mufolwpfOD; qkH;½SKH;rnfjzpfí? crnf;awmfbk&m; tjypfwifawmfrlygvdrfYrnf/ odkYjzpfyg
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
aomaMumifY csif;wdkYtm; vkH;ywf wpfrdkuf? t½Snf okH;awmifYxGm½dSaom wkwfrsm;jzifY wpfOD;udkwpfOD;
wkwfa&;jyvsuf rxEdkifatmif ½dkufMuapvQifoifYygrnfbk&m;}}
armif&Jacgifum; "m;jzpfap? aoewfjzpfap? ,SOfNyKdif0HYaMumif; avQmufxm;vdkaomfvnf;? rdrd
AdkvfcsKyfBuD; trdefYudk vGefqef&ef cJ,Of;ojzifY acgif;ikHYem;axmifaeav/ trSeftm;jzifY
AdkvfcsKyfBuD;onf rdrdwyfrSL;uav; ta&;edrfYvQif oufom&m&apawmY[laom oabmjzifY BuHpnf
&jcif; jzpfav/
xdkodkY jyifqifajymqdkaeMucdkufwGif vufsm0if;rSL;BuD;ESifY orD; ½SifjrwfvSwdkY vma&mufvsuf
½Sdonfudk y&dowfwdkY 0dkif;0ef;Munfh½SKMu&if;? tcspfppfyGJ jzpfxkdufaom ½kyf&nfESifYjynfhpkHygayonf[k
csD;rGrf;Muav/ om;tzESpfOD;um; tdrfa½SUudk,fawmftrdefYudk rvGefqefEdkifojzifY vma&mufMu
&jcif; jzpfav/ xdkpOftcgüum; tdrfa½SUudk,fawmf ewf½SifaemifrSm &mZ"mwkuvsmudk pGJvrf;aecdkuf
jzpfojzifY? ½SifjrwfvS ½kyftqif; rnfrQwifYw,fapumrl wdrf;nGwfawmfrljcif; r½SdcJYacs/
udk,fawmfwdkif wnfom;tESpf wkwfESpfacsmif;udk udkifwG,fMunfh½SKvsuf vufqjzifY? ]]tvGef
av;ayw,f armifrif;rsm;? omrnvlrsm;onf wkwftzsm;u udkifwG,fa0SY,rf;EdkifzdkYyif cJ,Of;
vdrfYrnf}}[k rdefYqdkav/ xdkYaemuf tdrfa½SUuRefawmfwpfa,muftm; wkwfrsm;udkcsdefwG,fap&m?
tav;csdefnDrQvsuf½SdojzifY? ]]udkif; tav;csdefawmY ajymzG,fr½Sd/ odkYaomf pma&;wHcsí a0iSawmf
rlrnf}}[k rJvdyfESpfck ay½Gufi,fwGifa&;vsuf pmrwwfaom vufyg;ap tdrfa½SUtysKdawmfwpfOD;udk
tESKdufcdkif;um a0iSvdkufav/ ½SifjrwfvSum; ½SufaMumufaom trlt&mjzifY tdrfa½SUtysKdawmfrsm;
tv,fwGif OD;csxdkifae&m? armif&JacgifrsufvkH;rSm rD;awmufrwwfjzpfí aeav/ tdrfa½SUrif;tm;
vuf,Sufvsuf avQmufxm;cGifYawmif;NyD;vQif ...
]],ck wkwf½dkufí yGJudk 0ifETJwdkufcdkuf&rnfrSm pifppf jyKrlxdkufaomtcsuf r[kwfyg?
uRefawmfrsKd; Mum;zl;oavmufrSm ESpfOD;NyKdif &nfiHMu&mwGif vkHrysKdu arwåma0cGJr& jzpfvQifom tcspf
ppfyGJjzifY tEdkif,lMu&pjrJ jzpfygonf/ ,ckwpfrlum; rif;xifvufsmtm; ½SifjrwfvS arwåm
wkHYvS,fjcif; vkH;0r½Sd? uRefawmfrsKd;tay:üom arwåmcsdefcGifvQm tpGef;xGufvsuf? &moufyef
aygif;oif;zdkY uwdxm;NyD;jzpfygonf}}
y&dowfxJrS ]][JY &Jacgif? aMumufovm;}}[k ar;Muav/
]]raMumufygbl; ... tusKd;taMumif;udk avQmufxm;jcif;rQjzpfygw,f/ 'DppfyGJudk 0rf;ajrmufpGm
0ifETJzdkY toifYyg}}[k ajymNyD;vQif rdrdykqdk;udk wif;rmatmif atmufydk;usKdufav/ rif;xifvufsmvnf;
toifYjyifqifvsuf ½Sdav/
rif;xifvufsmrSm wyfrSL;uav; armif&Jacgifxuf vufav;vkH;cefY t&yfjrifYvsuf½dSav/
udk,fvkH;udk,faygufrSmvnf; oefrmxGm;BuKdif;vsuf½Sd&m? ½SifjrwfvSuav;rSm EdkifrSEdkifygYrvm;[laom
trlt&mjzifY Munfh½SKrd½Smav/ odkY&mwGif wyfrSL;uav; t&yftarmif;onfvnf; ao;i,f
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
vSonf r[kwf/ txl;ojzifY vufarmif;tdk;? &iftkyf<uufom;rsm; azmif;<uaejcif;onfyif odkif;ESifY
"m;vSHta&;wGif ESpf½Snfvrsm; avYusifYcJYolwpfOD;jzpfaMumif; azmfjyouJYodkY xifrSwf&av/
ESpfOD;om; wkwfwpfacsmif;pD udkifrdav&m? tjcm;ppfAdkvfESpfOD;onf 'dkifvlBuD;tjzpf ab;u
apmifYaeMuav/
armif&Jacgifonf wkwf½Snfudk tzsm;u udkifvsuf a0SY,rf;Munfh&m? rif;xifvufsmvnf;
tvm;wl jyKrlvsuf½Sdav/
ESpfOD;om; &ifqdkif av;awmifuGm &yfaeapNyD;aemuf tcsufay;vdkuf&m ESpfOD;pvkH;
tuJcwfvsuf wpfOD;udkwpfOD; twefMum Bunfh½SKaeav/ rif;xifvufsmonf &Jacgif i,fxdyf
wnfhwnfhudk wtm;ukef ½dkufcGJvdkuf&m? &Jacgifonf 4if;wkwfjzifYcHí ab;odkYwdrf;z,fvdkufav/
wpfzef &Jacgifwkwfzsm;onf rif;xif &if0t½SKdufudk aqmifYí xdk;vdkuf&m vsifjrefaom
rif;xifvufonf &Jacgifwkwfzsm;udk ab;odkYwdrf;vdkufojzifY? tm;vGefvsuf &Jacgif rsufESmrSm
rif;xif &if0em;qDodkY xdk;usoGm;pOf? rif;xifonf 4if;wkwfjzifY em;xifudkt½dkuf? &Jacgifu
vufudkif t&if;bufu wpfawmifcefY xGufíaeaom wkwfjzifY ckcHvdkufav/ ESpfOD;om;
rwdk;ra0SYEdkif wkwfoH wcRifcRif? wcsufcsufjzifY jrnfxGufwkdufcdkufae&m? rif;xifonf tcsufaumif;
udkom apmifYpm;aeav/ &Jacgifvnf; tvpfapmifYaeoljzpfojzifY rif;xif&if0odkY a½S;enf;
wkwfzsm;jzifY wtm;xdk;vdkuf&m? rif;xif wkwfzsm;jzifY ½dkufcwfwdrf;a½SmifpOf? &JacgifrsufESmonf
rif;xifa½SUodkY usoGm;cdkuf? rif;xif b,fbufvufoD;onf &Jacgifukd ususee xdk;vdkuf&m?
&Jacgifonf vufoD;ygcGifYr½Sd xifrSwfum trSwfwrJY rwdrf;rdojzifY ezl;rsufprS aoG;rsm; ,dkpD;us
av/
y&dowfrsm;u ]]rw&m;bl; ... 'grw&m;bl; ...}}[k atmf[pfMu&m? tdrfa½SUrif;u "m;jyojzifY
Nidrfoufvuf,Sufíom aeMuav/ ESpfOD;pvkH; xrif;wpfvkH;csufcefYtMum armíae&m rif;xif
vufsmrSm ydkí armae[efwlav/ &JacgifrSm a'gojzpfvsuf vkyfaeMutwdkif; wkwfzsm;jzifY a½SUodkY
wtm;xdk;vdkuf&m? rif;xifonf cgwdkif;uJYodkYyif wkwfzsm;ESifY cwfz,fvdkufav/
odkY&mwGif &Jacgifonf xdktBudrfü wu,ftm;pdkufxdk;jcif;r[kwf? rif;xiftm; vSnfhpm;jcif;rQ
jzpf&m? 4if;udk,fonf rif;xifa½SUodkY a&mufonfESifYwpfNyKdifeuf rif;xif yg;csdwfudk
b,fvufoD;jzifY uspfuspfygatmif wG,fvdkuf&m? rif;xifrSm rwfwwfu yufvufvefum vJusoGm;
ojzifY 'dkifvkyfolrsm;u wm;xm;&av/ tdrfa½SUrif;um; yxr rdrduRef,kHupí vufoD; tokH;jyK
ojzifY? &Jacgif aemufxyf vufoD;okH;jcif;udk tjypfrwifEdkifbJ trf;wrf;wrf;jzpfaepOf? y&dowf
xJu ]]rif;xifvufsm½SKH;NyD ... &JacgifEdkifNyD}}[k atmf[pfMuav/
tdrfawmf0efwpfa,mufu ]]rNyD;ao;bl;? vufoD;csif; uvJYpm;acsMu½kHyJ ½Sdao;w,f}}[k
ajympOf? rif;xifu ',drf;',dkifESifY rwfwwf&yfum ]]wkwfESifYwdkufíom Mum;azmufMujcif;
jzpfygw,f/ "m;csif;wdkufrSmom omíaumif;rnf/ cGifYjyKawmfrlygbk&m;}}[k avQmufxm;av/
&Jacgifvnf; ]]BuKduf&mESifY wdkufEdkifw,f/ vufoD;wpfvkH;ESifY tEdkifr,lvdkygbl;}}[k ajymqdkMu&m?
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
tdrfa½SUrif;vnf; "m;csif;upm;vQif uRef,kHuEdkifrnf[k awG;awmvsuf? aersKd;oufawmf½Snftm;
]]b,fYES,foabm&ovJ ...}}[k ar;awmfrlav/ AdkvfcsKyfBuD;vnf; rdrdtcspfawmfvufpGrf;udk
jrif&NyD;jzpfojzifY? ]]"m;csif;,SOfrS pdwfauseyfykHygbk&m;}}[k avQmufxm;av/
uGrf;wpf,mnufcefYMumvQif ESpfOD;om; "m;udk,fpDESifY &yfrdMujyefav/ ESpfOD;ESpfzuf
toufvkum NyKdifqdkifMu&mwGif? taMumuft½GHUuif;rJY wif;rmaomowådESifY jynfhpkHjcif;? yGJOD;wpfcsD
pD;rdjcif;wdkYonf t"dutcsufjzpf&um; &Jacgifonf rdrdEdkifrnf[k ,kHMunfNyD;jzpfonf/ rif;xif
vufsmrSm rdrd*kPfaMumifY ½Sufíyif "m;ESifYupm;vdkaMumif; ajymjy&apumrl? &Jacgif wkwf½SnfudkifykH?
ajcrsm;tuGufcsykH? vufoD;jyif;ykHwkYdrSm 4if;tonf;ESvkH;udk ajcrGEdkifaom tpGrf;½Sdonf[k awG;awm
rdav&um; ½GHUovdkvdk jzpfoGm;[ef½Sdavonf/
tcsufay;vdkufonfESifYwpfNyKdifeuf NyKd;NyKd;jyufjyufjzpfaeMuaom "m;ESpfvufrSm wcRifcRif
wjcpfjcpfESifY rD;yGifYonfhtcg yGifYaeav/ rif;xifvufsmum; "m;a&;wGif wkwfudkifonfxuf
tqaygif;rsm;pGm usifvnfojzifY &JacgifrSm cHppfuom vufjrJjrJESifY ckcHíae&av/
rlv pdwfavsmY&rvdkjzpfaom rif;xifonf &Jacgif cHppfupm;aeonfudk awGU&aomtcg?
b,fajcmufnmvSefYjzifY twif;xdk;ckwfvsuf½Sd/ odkY&mwGif &Jacgifvufonf tvGefoefrm&um;
4if;"m;jzifY wpfcgwpfcg jyefí wGufvdkufonfudkyif rif;xifvufrSm usifwufoGm;cJYav/
wpfcsDwGif rif;xifonf 4if;"m;jzifY &Jacgif OD;acgif;udkrdk;í ckwfvkduf&m? &Jacgifonf 4if;
"m;jzifY tumvdkuf? "m;csufajymif;vsuf &Jacgif&if0odkY pdkufvdkufvQif? vsifjrefaom &Jacgif
vufonf rif;xif"m;udk cyfjyif;jyif; "m;aESmifYbufESifY½dkufumvdkuf&m? rif;xif vufrS"m;
vGwfxGufoGm;av/ rif;xifrsufESmrSm aoG;rsm;qkwf,kwfouJYodkY jzpfaepOf? ]]rckwfygbl;?
"m;aumufygOD;}}[k &Jacgifu NyKH;&,fajymrS "m;udk vsifjrefpGmaumufNyD;vQif wdkufMujyefav/
&Jacgifu cHppfu wdkufppftaetxm;odkY ul;vsuf b,fjyefnmjyef acsmufvSefYupm;&mu wpfcsuf
twdrf;wGif rif;xifeHab;odkY xdk;vdkuf&m? rif;xifonf aysmYacGvsuf vJusoGm;av/ y&dowf
MobmoHonfvnf; wcJeuf xGufay:vmawmYonf/
&Jacgifonf tdrfa½SUudk,fawmftm; rwfwwf&yf vuf,Suft½dktaoay;um ]]bk&m;uRefawmf
vufjyif;oavmuf rpdkufvdkufygbl;? oif;udk aq;ukvdkY&Edkifatmif cyfqqxdk;ygonfbk&m;}}[k
oHawmfOD;wif&m tdrfa½SUudk,fawmfrSm ]]tdrf; awmfayY ol&Jaumif;}}[k ½SufNyKH;NyKH;vsuf rdefYawmfrl
NyD;aemuf? ]]udkif; armifrif;rsm;? igudk,fawmfwdkif vufxyfay;awmfrlrnf}}[k &JacgifESifY ½SifjrwfvStm;
vufxyfay;awmfrlav/
tdrfa½SUuRef,kHrsm;vnf; rif;xifvufsmtm; ayGUcsDoGm;vsuf orm;awmfrsm;ESifYukoaeav&m?
y&dowfrsm;vnf; wpfpwpfp vlcsif;uGJum tcspfppfyGJuav; NyD;qkH;cJYavNyD/
wyfrSL;uav; &Jacgifum; NrKdUxJwGif vlBuD;rsm;? ppfbuft&m½Sdrsm;ESifY wpfcgxyfrHí
vufxyfyGJ usif;yNyD;aemuf bk&ifrif;jrwf ay;oem;awmfrlaom wyfrSL;uav;aetdrfrS tcGifY
awmif;um vufsm0if;rSL;BuD;tdrfwGif ZeD;cifyGef; aysmf½TifpGm aexdkifvsuf½Sdav/
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
xdkuJYodkY aexdkif&mrS wpfESpftMumwGif om;a,musfm;av; zGm;jrifav&m armifbkef;jrifY[k
trnfay;av/ rif;xifvusfmvnf; tema&m*gaysmufuif;vsuf ppfyGJrsm;wGif atmifEdkifaomaMumifY
wyfAdkvfrSL;rS ppfuJBuD;&mxl;txd wdk;wuf&½Sdav/ ocF,mbGJUcH wyfrSL;uav;ESifYvnf; oabm
BuD;pGm rdwfaqGjzpfqufqHvsuf 0ifxGufoGm;vm aexdkifvsuf½Sdav/ tdrfa½SUudk,fawmfum; ppfa&;
ppf&mxuf &wk? uAsm? tJtHbufudk ydkrdkav;pm;awmfrlojzifY ppfa&;ppf&mudk *½kpdkufaom wyfrSL;
uav;onf &mxl;wkd;wufjcif;r½SdEdkifatmif jzpfaeav/
wpfaeYoüum; wyfrSL;uav; pdwfemzG,f&m taMumif;wpf&yfonf ay:aygufcJYav/
awmifilopfawmrS aMumYí&cJYaomqifBuD;rSm vl 70-tm;½Sdí xl;tqifYqifY cwfxm;&av/
xdkqifudk rnfolupm;0HYoenf;[k upm;0HYolrsm;udk ppfbufqdkif&mrS tdrfa½SUrif;trdefYESifY ½Smap&m
aemufqkH;wGif wyfrSL;uav;udk nTefMuav/
wyfrSL;uav;vnf; qifzrf;qifaMumY tBudrfBudrf vdkufygzl;aomaMumifY upm;0HYaMumif;
oHawmfOD;wif&m? rMumrD qifusKH;udk jyifqifapvsuf rnfonfhaeY&ufwGif wyfrSL;uav; ocF,mbGJUcH
&Jacgifonf tqdk;qkH;qif½dkif;BuD;udk upm;vdrfYrnf[k ajymqdkvsuf½SdMuav/ ½SifjrwfvSuav;um;
rdrdcifyGef;twGuf pdwfrat;aomfvnf;? owdåt&m rajymomojzifY ab;rxd&ef qkawmif;íom
ae&m½Smav/
þaeYum; wyfrSL;uav; qifupm;rnfhaeYjzpfav/ opfwdkifrsm;jzifY pdkufxlxm;aom
qifusKH;wGif wyfwdkifxdyfü vlrsm;jynfhESuf wdk;a0SYíaeMuav/ vlaygif; 150-cefY qGJn§yfoGwfoGif;
vmcJYaom qifBuD;rSmvnf; rmefwokHokHESifY rkef,dkaeouJYodkY xifrSwf&av/ vlrsm;u xkd;qG
½dkufESufxm;aomaMumifY qifBuD;rSm cGmwjyifjyif? tpG,fwarmYarmYjzpfae&if; qifusKH;twGif;
vSnfhywfajy;vTm;umaeav/
vlaemuftcsKdUonf apmifrsm;udk ypfcsvdkuf&m? qifBuD;onf apmifudk tajy;oGm;í
tpG,fESifYxdk;? ajcESiYfeif;zJY? ESmarmif;ESifYudkifum usKH;opfwdkifrsm;udk wzkH;zkH;½dkufav/ xdktwGif;
vlaemufwpfa,mufonf teD;rS vlwpfa,muftm; usKH;wGif;odkY wGef;csvkduf&m? tqdkygvlrSm us&mu
opfwdkifodkYwufaomfvnf; rwufEdkifojzifY [kdajy;onfajy;jzpfíae&m? qifBuD;uvnf; 4if;tm;
acsmufjyouJYodkY xifrSwfojzifY twif;vdkufíaeav/
usKH;ay:uvlrsm;rSm a0gueJ &,farm vufckyfwD;íaeMuav/ toufpGefYajy;&aom crsm
rSmum; ]]tr,fav; u,fawmfrlygOD;? tara& ao&awmYr,f}}[k atmfav tay:u vlpku &,farm
Muav jzpfysufae&m? wpfcsDü xdkvlonf cvkwfwdkufítvJwGif qifBuD;u cGmjzifY ½Syfvdkuf&m?
w*Rwf*RwfjrnfoH aoG;rsm;yef;ae[efyg jrif&&m? y&dowfrSm omvGefauseyfvsuf vufckyfwD;um
&,farmMuav// qifeif;cH&aomvlum; ,yfawmifyrmjzpfvsuf qifBuD;ESmarmif;wGif t½dk;
tom; wjcm;pD ajrmufygvmcJYav/
odkYESifYyif qifBuD;rSm ol&JpD;íaepOf? ]]a[m wyfrSL;uav; wyfrSL;uav;}}[k atmfMuvsuf
y&dowfrsm; NidrfoufíoGm;av/ &Jacgifum; qifBuD;onf vlwpfa,mufudk eif;owfpOf tjcm;
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
qifrsm;uJYodkY nmoefrSef;odojzifY? usKH;wGif;odkY ckefcsrdonfESifYwpfNyKdifeuf tuJudk Munfh½SKaeav/
qifBuD;um; usm;BuD;rsm;uJYodkY MumMumtuJrcwf? vlrnf;rnf;jrif&majy;vm&m? &JacgifrSm ajy;í
roGm;bJ qifBuD;ESifY eD;uyfvSojzifY tpG,fESifYwnfhwnfh xdk;todyfwGif 0JbufodkY a½Smifwdrf;um
qifYzifem;wGif a&mufíaeav/ qifBuD;rSm nmoefjzpfonfhtwdkif; nmbufodkY auGUvSnfhzrf;,l&m
&JacgifrSm b,fbufaygifab;u uyfvsuf vsifjrefpGm wdrf;z,faeojzifY qifBuD;rSm rl;csm ywfcsm
vSnhfouJYodkY jzpfaeav/ qifBuD;onf vSnfhzrf;í r&aomtcg &yfwefYae&m &Jacgifvnf; qifu
cGmvsuf ajy;[efaqmifav/ qifBuD;onf 4if;pG,fpkHjzifY twif;xdk;odyf&m &JacgifrSm tpG,fESpfck
Mum;odkY a&mufoGm;vsuf qifBuD;u ajrodkYpdkufvQif 4if;cE¨mudk,ftay:ydkif;udk qifpG,fay:odkY
jr§ifYwifvdkuf? qifBuD;acgif;axmifvQif ajcudkatmufcsvdkufESifY a½SUodkY wpfpwpfp wdk;íoGm;av&m
usKH;opfwdkifrsm;wGif qifpG,fxdk;pdkufrdonfwdkifatmif 4if;rSm qifpG,frsm;Mum;rS ygoGm;av/
qifpG,frSm okH;awmifcefY½Snf&m opfwdkifwGif wpfxGmcefYjrKyfaomfvnf;? &Jacgifudk,frSm
qifpG,fMum;wGif vGwfaeojzifY a0gueJ Mobmay;MuaomtoHrsm;udk Mum;&av/ qifBuD;txuf
wnfhwnfh opfudkif;xdyfwGif aeMuolrsm;u rae&JawmYojzifY aemufodkYqkwfajy;Muav/ &JacgifrSm
qifpG,fay:rS qifOD;uif;ay:odkY wufrdonfESifYwpfNyKdifeuf qifBuD;onf &Jacgiftm; tyg,lvsuf
ESmarmif;jzifY ½dkufcsrnf[k ESmarmif;udk &JacgifteD;odkY ajr§mufvdkuf&m? &Jacgifu rnfodkYjyKvkyfonf
rod? tvGefus,favmifpGmatmfjrnfvsuf ajy;jyefav/ &Jacgifvnf; qifOD;uif;ay:rS ausmay:odkY
ul;vsuf rusatmif owdxm;vdkufvsuf½Sd&m? qifa&onf vlrsm;udk cgcsEdkifatmif tavsmYtwif;
vkyfEdkifojzifY ajy;&if;vTm;&if; tcgcsvdkuf? &Jacgif atmufodkY vdrfYtus? vsifjrefaom qif
ajcrsm;jzifY ½Syfvdkuf&m rMunfh0HYolwdkYrSm rsufpdrSdwfíaeMuav/
odkY&mwGif &JacgifrSm vsifjrefpGm vSdrfYíxvdkufojzifY qifcGmESifY vGwfoGm;um b,fbuf
ab;wGif uyfrdjyefav/ qifBuD;onf nmvSnfhvdkufzrf;&m &Jacgifvnf; wdrf;a½Smif&if; cGmtdk;udk
"m;ajr§mifjzifYxdk;av/ qifBuD;onf tonf;cdkufatmif emusifvSojzifY jyif;pGmatmfjrnfav/
&Jacgifvnf; cGmtdk;ESpfzufudk qufumqufum "m;ajr§mifjzifY xdk;av&m? aemufqkH;wGif
qifBuD;onf atmfjrnfvsuf usKH;wGif;odkY vSnfhywfajy;vTm;aeav&m wd&pämefoabm tuif;
yg;aom &Jacgifonf 4if; tusÐteDa&mif? ykqdk;teDa&mifudk qifBuD;jrifatmif jyum twif;
vdkufvsuf½Sdav/qifBuD;um; rajy;omvQif ckcHrnfjyif&m? &Jacgifonf b,fbufab;odkY tajy;
uyfvsuf cGmtdk;udk "m;ajr§mifjzifY xdk;jyefav/ y&dowfrsm; MobmoHrsm;um; em;yGifYvkrwwf
jzpfaeav/ aemufuGrf;wpf,mnufcefYtMumwGifum; qifBuD;rSm rdrdtm;Edkifrnfh ocifESifYawGUNyD[k
0efcHonfhtvm; wyfrSL;uav; ausmay:wufpD;onfudk cgcsjcif;rjyKbJ? "m;ajr§mifjzifY em;½Gufudk
cRef;ozG,f xdk;um tcsufay;&modkY tvdkvdkyif vdkufíae&½Smav/
xdktcsdefrSyif rdrdudpö NyD;pD;ojzifY qifBuD;tm; xl;jyefcwfum usKH;wGif;üyif xm;cJYí tjyifodkY
xGufvmav&m wyfrSL;uav; ppfwyfrS wyfom;vli,frsm;onf 4if;wdkYwyfrSL;uav;udk 3-4
a,muf xrf;ydk;í ,laqmifoGm;av/ a½S;qefqefvlBuD;wdkYrSm wyfrSL;uav; pGrf;&nfowådudk
Mum;odMuaomtcg? jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifrSm emVm*D&dqifudk tEkenf;jzifY acscRwfawmfrlonf/ wyfrSL;
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
uav;um; avmuDom;jzpfonfhtavsmuf tMurf;udkifí acscRwfEdkifonf/ a,musfm;aumif; yDoyg
ayonf[k csD;rGrf;vsuf½SdMuav/
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
tcef; (4)
tdrfa½SUrif;vnf; wyfrSL;uav;ESifYwuG rif;xifvufsmbGJUcH AkdvfrSL;yg rdrdpHtdrfawmfodkY
qkvmbfrsm;ay;&ef ac:,lav/ rSL;rwftcsKdUESifY AdkvfrSL;rsm;vnf; wyfrSL;uav; pGrf;&nfowådudk
txl;csD;rGrf;vsuf½SdMupOf? tdrfa½SUrif;onf taqmifudkifwpfOD;tm; aiGokH;ydómudk ,lcJYapí?
]]armifrif;rsm; apmapmu jrifawGUMu&onfhtwdkif; aMumYí &cgp qif½dkif;BuD;tm; omrefa,musfm;
wpfa,muf ESdrfeif;jcif;iSm pGrf;Edkifrnf r[kwf&m? wyfrSL;uav; &Jacgifonf ol&Jaumif;yDyD owd
BuD;pGmESifY Edkifeif;ayojzifY qkaiGokH;ydóm ay;oem;awmfrlvdkufonf/ jrefrmrSeforQ twk,lzG,f
aumif;ayonf}}[k rdefYawmfrlvsuf? wyfrSL;uav;tm; aiGxkyfudk xrf;xkwf,lapawmfrlav/
xdkYaemuf wpfzef rif;xifvufsmtm; ac:,lawmfrljyefvsuf [oFmap &wkydk'fpkHwpfyk'fudk pmqdkawmf
wpfOD;tm; zwfMum;apvsuf? armifrif;rsm;onf &wktqdk tzGJU tokH;tESKef;rnfuJYodkY ½Sdygoenf;[k
ar;jref;awmfrlav&m? ]]tvGefuspfvpfom,m aysmfzG,f&m½SdaMumif;ygbk&m;}}[k oHawmfOD;wifMuav/
]]armifrif;rsm; vuf½kH;&nfxuf ESvkH;&nfu ta&;MuD;aMumif;? ESvkH;&nform;onf vuf½kH;&nform;
odef;oef;csDí tokH;csEdkifonf/ xdkYaMumifY rif;xifvufsmtm; xl;uJpGm qkvmbfcsawmfrlrnf}}[k
vuf0wfawmf a½TvufaumufwuGif;ESifY aiGig;ydómudk xkwf,lcJYapí qkcsay;oem;awmfrlav/
wyfrSL;uav;um; rdrd toufwzsm; pGefYpm;&aomtvkyftwGuf ta&;rBuD;ouJYodkY ajymjy
awmfrlí? zifxdkifay:wGif pnf;pdrfESifY ab;&efraMumuf&? at;at;vlvl a&;om;aom pmwpfyk'fudk
t[kwfBuD;xifum ydkrdkcsD;jr§ifYjcif;udk rsm;pGmtcH&cufaomfvnf;? rdrdvSKyf½Sm;vQif rdrdom a½S;OD;pGm 'ku©
awGUrnfaMumifY aiGxkyfudk tomydkufvsuf xGufcJY&av/
tdrfa½SUrif; rsufuG,fwGifum; ]]b,fYES,f wyfrSL;rif;? usKyfwdkYrSm wdkif;jynfwpfjynfvkH;
rqkH;½SKH;&ef? olYwdkif;jynfudk wdkufcdkuf&ef toufpGefY&wJY vlpm;awGawmY t&mra&mufovdk qkH;jzwf
awmfrlyguvm;/ udkif;Asm ... 'djyif wdkif;jynfu ppfvmwdkufvQif ewf½Sifudk,fawmf a&;pyfawmfrlwJY
&wkawG ½Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,fNyD; xkwfvdkY EdkifrSmwJYvm;/ 'grsm;awmY olYuRef,kHudk aoG;aomufu ppfyGJrSm
EdkifvdkufvdkY qif½dkif;eJY ao&ifao? rao&if 'Dvdkvkyfr,fqdkNyD; vkyfawmfrlwm xifyg&JU ...}}[k
ajymaomfvnf; wyfrSL;uav;um; pum;wkHYjyefrajymbJ ]]ol0goemygwmudk tpGJoefNyD; ay;oem;
awmfrlwmaygYAsm? t½SifarG;rS BuD;jyif;& qdkwmvdkaygY}}[k omrnom jyefajymvdkufav/
odkYaomf wyfrSL;uav;pdwfüum; tdrfa½SUudk,fawmftay: tcJrausawmYacs/ wdkif;jynf
ajcvufjzpfaom ol&Jaumif;wdkYtm; ½SKHUcsjcif;rSm rdrdtwGufomr[kwf? toufay;í pGefYpm;vdkaom
ol&Jaumif;wdkif;odkYyif xdcdkufrnfjzpfojzifY? tdrfa½SUrif;0g'onf ol&Jaumif;tm;vkH;odkY rysHUESHU
rpGJ,lap&ef rnfodkYBuHzef&ygrnfenf;[k awG;awmrdav/ rnfonfhwdkif;jynfürqdk pmayorm; vlEk
vl,OfawG ½SdoifYonfum; rSef/ odkY&mwGif ol&Jaumif;wdkYrSm rdrdwdkY um,Av ppfrSKppfa&;
ponfwdkYaMumifY pmayESifY rEkEdkifjzpfwwfav&m? xdkol&Jaumif;rsm;udk pmayorm; vlEkrsm;xuf
ydkrdkta&;ay;oifY/ 'D0g'udk pGJvrf;atmif ppfbufqdkif&mrsm;odkY ajymMum;tHY? xdkYaemuf
tdrfa½SUudk,fawmf tjyKtrludk rBuKdufojzifY awmifilrS xGufí tjcm;ppfbuftm;ay;aom
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
wdkif;jynfodkY ul;ajymif;oGm;tHY/ odkYrSom usef&pfolrsm;udk owd&&pfMurnf[k tmZmenfpdwful;rsKd;udk
wpfudk,fwnf; Budwfí awG;awmaeav/
rnfodkYyif awG;awmaeapumrl ZeD;onfESifY om;uav; rsufESmudk vGwfvGwf rcGm
&ufatmif jzpf&aomtcg? rSKdifawGcsí aerd½Smav/ odkY&mwGif tdrfa½SUudk,fawmfESifY tvdkawmf
tcsKdUrSm pm&wkNyKdifyGJrsm; rMumcPusif;yjcif;? ol&Jaumif;rsm;ESifYESKdif;,SOf qkvmbf ydkrdkay;oem;jcif;
rsm;udk Budrfzefrsm;pGm Mum;od&aomtcg wpfudk,fwnf; acsmif;ajrmif;owfjzwfvdkaompdwfrsm;
ay:aygufvmav/
xdkYxuf omvGefqdk;0g;csufrSm ukvm;jzLEdkifiHu oabFmukvm;tcsKdUtm; rsufESmomay;í
qufqHjcif;? ukvm;jzLEdkifiHu ygvmcJYaom ypönf;rsm;udk jrefrmYa½TaiGwdkYjzifY vJvS,ftokH;jyKjcif;
ponfwdkYjzifY jyKrlawmfrljcif;rsm; jrifawGU&aomtcg? rjzpfawmYbl; ... rdrdonf þwdkif;jynfü MumMum
aevQif tcufBuKHawmYrnf[k ppfom;rsm;tm; rdrd 0g'udk ajymjyí ZeD;ESifY om;uav;yg
ac:aqmifum t0aejynfawmfodkY ajy;awmYrnf[k pdwful;av/
wpfnaeum; ½SifjrwfvSonf jzLjzLazG;azG; a&aq;ig;uJYodkYaom om;OD;uav;udk aqmifyef;
ykcufBuD;wGif yufvufvSefodyfxm;um jr§Líaeav/ uav;rSmum; MunfvifaomrsufvkH;BuD;jzifY
vSefMunfhum 0l;0g;ESifY ajcum;,m;vufum;,m; jrL;wl;aeav&m? ]]vluav;avY ararYom;av;?
rif;taz b,foGm;ovJ/ rifYtaz jyefrvmao;bl;aemf/ igYom;vnf; rifYtazvdk ol&Jaumif;BuD;
jzpf&r,f/ tdk ... igYom; tquftvufu xGm;BuKdif;r,fYykHyg? yg;tdkYBuD;u rdkYrdkYeJY ...}}[k MunfEl;aepOf?
aemufrS ajcoHMum;ojzifY vSnfhMunfhvdkuf&m? rsufESmrMunfrvif jzpfaeaom cifyGef;onfudk jrifawGU
&av/
wyfrSL;uav;um; uav;udk ayGUcsDvdkufum zuf,rf;erf;½SKyfNyD;vQif ]]jrwfvSa& ... 'Dudk
vmygOD; ... eif igYudk t[kwfcspfuJYvm; ...}}[k wkH;wdwdar;vdkuf&m? rsufESmrSm usDp,faomtrlt&m
r[kwfojzifY aMumifwufwuf Munfh½SKaerd&m? ]]cspfuJYvm; ...}}[k xyfar;jyefav/
]]udk,fYvufxJu om;uav;MunfhNyD; pOf;pm;&if usKyfajymzdkY rvdkygbl;/ bmjzpfvmwmvJ/
uaeY pum;xl;xl;qef;qef;awG ar;aeygNyD ...}}
]]r[kwfbl;uG,f ... usKyf 'Dwdkif;jynfrSm aevdkYrjzpfawmYbl;/ usKyf b,fenf;eJYrSm raeEdkif
awmYbl; ...}}[k tdrfa½SUudk,fawmf0g'ESifY rdrdrauseyfykHwdkYudk ajymjyaeav/
]]'gjzifYvnf; udk,foGm;&m usKyfvdkufrSmaygY ... udk,fYudk tyfESHNyD;yJ[m bmajymp&mvdkovJ/
wuwnf; udk,fYr,m; olrsm;vdk uysuf,ysuf rSwfovm; ...}}[k rNyKH;wNyKH; ajymqdkav/
]]udkif; ... usKyf xrif;jyifacsOD;r,f/ ay; uav; ... usKyfudk ... txdef;qDtyfxm;r,f ...}}[k
qdk&m? ]]aeygapuG,f ... igcsDaeygYr,f ...}} uav;i,ftm; jr§LacsmYíae&pfav/
N
RISK.

r[maqG olykefBuD;
aemufwpfaeYü wyfrSL;uav;onf ppfwyfodkY twdkifyifcH xGufíoGm;&m? awmifilrS
[Hom0wDudk wdkufí odrf;NyDjzpfaMumif;? ,ck awmifilbk&ifESifY [Hom0wDbk&ifrSm nDaemifawmfjzpfí
[Hom0wDbk&ifrSm tBuD;jzpfaMumif;? om;awmf tdrfa½SUudk,fawmf tvdktwdkif; wdkufawmfrlrnf
jzpfaMumif;? armifwdkY igwdkYrSm wpfyg;uRefjzpfí awmifilbufrS wdkuf&rnfjzpfaMumif; AdkvfcsKyfBuD;u
ajymjyav&m ...
]]uRefawmfawmY ppfrwdkufcif t0odkYajy;rnf[k BuH½G,fygonf/ tdrfa½SUudk,fawmfoabmudk
rESpfNcKdufyg/ ol&Jaumif;rsm;udk ½SKwfcsonfhtjyif? ukvm;jzLrsm;udkvnf; ta&;ay;awmfrlvGef;tm;BuD;
ygonf}}[k ajymqdkav/
]]tdrf; ... ,ck [Hom0wDudk wdkufrnfqdk&mrSmvnf; olYtvdkawmf jzpfayw,f/ [Hom0wD
bk&if[m pdwfESvkH; tvGefaumif;½Smawmfrlw,f ...}}[k ajymjyav/
aemufrMumrD awmifilbk&ifu [Hom0wDbk&iftm; wkdufcdkuf&m? nDawmf vdkcsifvQif
wdkif;jynfu qif;ay;rnf[lí tnhHcH&m? tus,fcsKyfESifY awmifilodkY ac:aqmifcJY/ awmifil
a&mufvQif tdrfa½SUrif; ewf½Sifaemifu owf&ef awmif;qdk&m? crnf;awmf awmifilbk&ifu
]]igYtpfudkudk bk&m;wpfql *lwpfvkH;odkY udk;uG,frnf? owfcGifYrjyK ...}}[k qdkaomtcg crnf;awmf
rodatmif bBuD;awmf [Hom0wDbk&ifudk tdrfa½SUrif;u owfavonf/ (þum; tus,frcsJUomí
tdrfa½SUrif; ewf½Sifaemifoabmudkod&ef tusOf;csKyf azmfjy&jcif;jzpfygonf/ )
wyfrSL;uav;vnf; AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ESifY wD;wdk;wdkifyifNyD;vQif aetdrfodkY apmapmpD;pD; jyefcJY
av/ vufsm0if;rSL;BuD;ESifY orD; ½SifjrwfvSwdkYonf xdkaeYnaewGif acgif;csif;½dkufum wdkifyifí
aeMuav/ 4if;wdkYESpfOD;pvkH; rsufESmrSm rsm;pGmrMunfomvSbJ? rsuf&nf0dkif;vsuf½SdaeMuonfudk
axmufojzifY? pdwfESvkH;udk tvGefxdcdkufaMumif; xif½Sm;apav/
xdktcdkuf rdrdwdkYtcef;wGif ZeD;onftm; toifYrawGU&aom wyfrSL;uav;onf tdrfa½SUcef;odkY
wkHYjyefxGufcJY&m? uJvm; rapYwapYcsxm;&mrS om;tzESpfOD;½Sd&modkY 0ifcJYav/ wyfrSL;uav;
0ifvmonfudk jrif&onfESifY wpfNyKdifeuf ½SifjrwfvSudk,fuav;rSm w½G½GvSKyfum w½SKyf½SKyf idka<u;
ae½Smav/ 0if;rSL;BuD;vnf; rsufpdrsufESmn§Kd;i,fvsuf av;aq;aomtoHjzifY ...
]]tb[m rif;wdkYudk om;&if;orD;&if;vdkyJ cspfcifw,f/ rif;wdkYtBuHudkvJ oabmrwlp&m
r½Sdbl;/ 'gayr,fY rif;wdkYZeD;armifESHxGufvQif txGufaES;vdrfYr,f/ rif;wdkYtxGufaES;vQif orD;yg
vdkufygoGm;vsufeJY tb rod&aumif;vm;vdkY &mZ0wfab;oifYawmYr,f/ wyfom;tcsKdUeJY AdkvfrSL;
rsm;vJ om;&JU0g'udk ajymaeMuw,f/ om;udk ol½dkUcspfMuwJYtwGuf txift½Sm; oHawmfOD;wifrnfhol
r½SdMuao;bl;/ wpfaeYaeY tdrfa½SUudk,fawmfem;aygufMum;&if tukef "m;pmjzpfMuawmYr,f/ 'gYaMumifY
wpfvavmufqdkif;NyD; tbeJYtwl ajy;MuwmaygY/ uav;vJ i,fEkvSao;w,f? rif;wdkYudk rrdbl;
xm;OD;? usef&pfwJYtb 'ku©jzpfrSmudk pOf;pm;ygOD;vdkY jrwfvSudkajymjyaewmyJuG,f ...}}ajymqdkav/
N
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သူပုန္ၾကီး-(မဟာေဆြ)

သူပုန္ၾကီး-(မဟာေဆြ)

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