a list of contact fungicides and its role of disease management.

2. CREDITSEMINAR ON
‘Role of Contact fungicides in the management of
Phytopathogens’
Presented By
Mr. Satendra Kumar sharma
Enroll. No. 170318003
Seminar incharge
Dr. D.S Tomar
Head of the Section
Department of Plant Pathology
Dept. Of Plant Pathology,
College Of Agriculture, Tikamgarh (M.P)

3. Content
 Introduction
 Classification of contact fungicides
 Landmark in fungicides history
 Mode of action
 Method of application
Safety precautions operator protection
Conclusion

4. The word ‘fungicide' originated from two Latin word, viz.,
‘fungus’ and ‘caedo’. The word ‘caedo’ means ‘to kill.’
Fungicide is any chemical which has the ability to kill the
fungus.
A chemical agent which kill fungi.
What is the Fungicide ?

5. Introduction
 A contact fungicide must be present on the leaf surface
before the disease penetrates the tissue.
Provides a barrier to protect against infection
Sulphur fungicides are the oldest method of disease
control. Inorganic sulphur is used in the form of elemental
sulphur or as lime sulphur mixture.
1882 Millardet Made first report of bordeaux mixture of
copper fungicide.

6. Protectant fungicides are active on plant surfaces where
they form a chemical barrier between the plant and fungus.
or
Contact fungicides remain on the leaf surface after
application and do not penetrate the tissue. These
fungicides are usually used for the control of foliar
diseases.
Definition of contact fungicide

7. Characteristics of contact fungicides: -
 Contact fungicides are not taken up into the plant tissues
and protect only the plant where the spray is deposited.
 They don’t have systemic nature.
 They should be apply to the plant prior to the infection .
 They work as protectants.
 They do not work as curative.

8. Year Scientist Primary use
1637 Remnant Mentioned seed treatment (probably sodium chloride)
for wheat bunt. This is the first case of protection.
1733 Jethro Tull Described salt brine treatment for wheat seed.
1761 Schulthess Apparently first used copper sulfate on wheat seed.
1807 Prevost First exponent of laboratory testing fungicide and
rediscovered copper sulphate.
1824 J.Robertson Said that sulphur was specific for powdery mildew of
peach.
1833 Kenrick In United States proposed boiled lime sulphur for
grape mildew.
1845 Morren Recommended lime and copper sulphate as soil
treatment for potato blight.
1852 Grison Boiled lime with sulphur.
Landmarks in Fungicide History:-

9. 1882 Millardet Made first report of bordeaux mixture .
1888 Trillat First recognized fungicidal properties of formaldehyde .
1889 C. M. weed First mixed fungicides and insecticides together.
1897 H. L. Bolley First used formalin for wheat smut.
1900 A. D. Selby Introduced formaldehyde soil treatment for onion smut.
1923 A. J. Farley Proposed first wettable sulfur.
1934 Tisdale and
Williams
Patented the dithiocarbamates. The beginning of the
scramble for organic fungicides.
1941 Howard's Revival of interest in chemotherapy.

10. Classification of contact fungicide.
Based on chemical Composition
Fungiside
Copper
fungicide
Sulphur
fungicide
Heterocyclic
nitrogenous
compounds
Murcuary
fungicide
Benzene
Compound
Quinon
fungicide

11. * COPPER FUNGICIDES:-
the fungal action of copper
was metioned early as 1807
by prevost against wheat
bunt disease (Tilletia caries),
but its large scale use as a
fungicide started in 1885
after the discovery of
Bordeaux mixture by
Millardet in France.

12. * PREPARATORY COPPER FUNGICIDES
Common name Chemical composition Diseases managed
Bordeaux
mixture
It is prepared by
suspending 5 Kg of
copper sulphate and 5
Kg of lime in 500 liters
of water (1%)
Ratio:
5:5:50=1%
Downy mildew of grapes,
Coffee rust,
Tikka leaf spot of groundnut,
citrus canker, etc.
Molecular
Formula
IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
(CuSO4) +
(Ca(OH)2)

13. Bordeaux paste It is prepared by mixing 1
Kg of copper sulphate
and 1 Kg of lime in 10
liters of water
It is a wound dressing
fungicide and can be
applied to the pruned
parts of the host Plants
such as fruit crops and
ornamentals.
Ex. Citrus gummosis,
Stem bleeding of Coconut,
Bud rot of coconut, etc.
Molecular Formula IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
do do

14. Burgundy
mixture
Sodium carbonate is used in
Place of lime.
It is prepared by mixing 1 Kg
of copper
sulphate and 1 Kg of sodium
carbonate in 100 liters of
water
Downy mildew of grapes,
Coffee rust,Tikka leaf spot
of groundnut, citrus
canker, citrus scab
Molecular
Formula
IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
CCuNa2O7S Copper disodium carbonate
sulphate

15. Cheshunt
compound
or
Cupric
carbonate
Prepared by
mixing 2 parts of copper
sulphate and 11 parts of
ammonium carbonate.
It is used for soil
drenching only. Used
against sclerotial wilt
diseases of chilli,
tomato, groundnut and
Fusarial wilt diseases.
Molecular
Formula
IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
Cu(OH)2CO3 Dicopper carbonate dihydroxide

16. Chaubattia
paste
It is a compound prepared by
mixing
800g of copper sulphate and
800g of red lead in 1 liter of
lanolin or linseed oil
Pink disease of citrus, stem
canker and collar rot of apple
and pears

17. Common name Trade name Dosage Disease managed
Copper oxy
chloride
Blitox-50,Blue
copper 50,
Cupramar-50
0.3 to 0.5% for
foliar application,
25 to 35 Kg/ha for
dusting
Anthracnose of
grapevine,
Tikka leaf spot of
groundnut,
Sigatoka leaf spot
of banana citrus
canker, black arm
of cotton
Molecular Formula IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
Cu2(OH)3Cl
Dicopper chloride
trihydroxide

18. Cuprous oxide Fungimar and
Perenox
0.3% for foliar
spray
Anthracnose of
grapevine,
Tikka leaf spot of
groundnut,
Sigatoka leaf spot
of banana, citrus
canker, black arm
of cotton
Molecular
Formula
IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
Cu2O Copper hydrate

19. 3. Copper
hydroxide
Kocide 0.3% for foliar
spray
Blister blight of
tea False smut of
rice, Tikka leaf
spot of groundnut
Molecular
Formula
IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
Cu(OH)2 Copper dihydrate

20. SULPHUR FUNGICIDES
Sulphur is probably the oldest chemical used in plant
disease management for the control of powdery mildews
and can be classified as
1.Inorganic sulphur.
Ex. Lime sulphur and Elemental sulphur.
2.Organic sulphur.
Ex. Carbamate fungicides, are the derivatives of
Dithiocarbamic acid.

21. Common name Chemical
composition
Dosage Disease managed
Lime sulphur It is prepared by
mixing 20 Kg of
rock lime and 15
Kg of sulphur in
500 liters of
water
10-15 liters lime
sulphur in 500
liters of water
Powdery mildew of
apple, Apple scab,
bean rust
Molecular
Formula
IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
CaSx
x is the no of
sulphide
calcium
polysulphide
INORGANIC SULPHUR FUNGICIDES

22. Sulphur dust Trade Name
Kolo dust, Mico-
999
4-5g/Kg seed for
ST, 10-30 Kg/ha
for dusting on
crops,100 Kg /ha
for soil
application
Common scab of
potato, Grain smut of
sorghum, Powdery
mildew of tobacco,
chilli,
rose, mango,
grapes, etc.
Molecular
Formula
IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
S8

23. Organic sulphur compounds
These are derived from Dithiocarbamic acid.
Fungicidal nature of Dithiocarbamates described by
Tisdale and Williams in 1931.
Dithiocarbamates can be categorized into two
groups, viz
1. Dialkyl dithiocarbamates
(Ex. Ziram, Ferbam and Thiram).
2. Monoalkyl dithiocarbamates
(Ex. Nabam, Zineb, Vapam and Maneb).

24. Common
name
Trade name Dosage Diseases managed
Dialkyl Dithiocarbamates
Ziram Ziride, Hexazir,
Milbam, Zerlate
0.15 to 0.25%
for foliar
spray
Anthracnose of pulses,
tomato, beans, tobacco,
etc.
Molecular
Formula
IUPAC NAME ChemicalStructure
C6H12N2S4
Zn
Zink dimethyl
dithiocarbamates

25. Ferbam Coromet,Ferbam,
Fermate,
Fermocide,
Hexaferb, Karbam
Black
0.15 to 0.25%
for foliar spray
leaf curl of
peaches, apple scab,
downy mildew of tobacco
Molecular
Formula
IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
C9H18FeN3S6
Ferric dimethyl
dithiocarbamate
Thiram
Arasan, Hexathir,
Tersan, Thiram,
Thiride
0.15 - 0.2% as
foliar spray, 0.2-
0.3% as dry seed
treatment, 15-
25Kg/ha as soil
application
Soil borne diseases
caused
By Pythium,Rhizoctonia
solani, Fusarium, etc.
Molecular
Formula
IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
C6H12N2S4
Tetramythyle
thiram disulphide

26. Wettable
sulphur,
Sulfex, Cosan
Thiovit
0.2-0.4 % for
foliar spray
Powdery mildews
of various crops
Molecular
Formula
IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
S8 _

27. Monoalkyl dithyiocarbamates
Nabam Chembam,Dithane
D-14,Dithane A-40
and Parzate liquid
0.2% as foliar
spray
Used as foliar spray against
leaf spot diseases of fruits
and vegetables. Also used
against soil borne pathogens,
Fusarium,Pythium and
Phytophthora
Molecular
Formula
IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
C4H8N2S4 Di sodium ethylene
bisdithiocarbamates
Zineb
Dithane Z-78,
Hexathana,
Lanocol and
Parzate
0.1 to 0.3% for
Foliar
application
Chilli die-back and fruit
rot,Apple scab, Maize leaf
blight, early blight of potato
Molecular
Formula
IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
(C4H6N2S4Zn)n
Zink ethylene
bisdithiocarbamates

28. Vapam or
Metham sodium
Chem-vape,
vapam, vitafume,
VPM
1.5 to 2.5 liters
per 10 m2 area
Fungicide with fungicidal,
nematicidal and insecticidal
properties. Soil fungal
pathogens like Fusarium,
Pythium, Sclerotium and
Rhizoctonia.
Molecular
Formula
IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
C2H4NNaS2 Sodium methyl
dithiocarbamates
Maneb Dithane M22,
Manzate and MEB
Mancozeb (78%
Maneb + 2% zinc
ion):
Dithane M 45, Indofil
M 45
0.2% to 0.3%
as foliar
application
Early and late blight of
potato and tomato, rust
diseases of field and fruit
crops
Molecular
Formula
IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
Manganese ethylene
bisdithiocarbamates

29. HETEROCYCLIC NITROGENOUS
COMPOUNDS
The group of heterogeneous fungicides includes some of the
best fungicides.
like
Captan, Folpet, Captafol, Vinclozoline

30. Common name Trade name Dosage Diseases managed
1.Captan
(Kittleson’s killer)
Captan 50W,
Captan 75 W, Esso
fungicide,Orthocide
406, Hexacap,
Vancide 89
0.2 to 0.3% for
dry
seed treatment,
0.2 to 0.3% for
foliar spray, 25
to 30 Kg/ha for
furrow
application
Onion smut, Chilli
die-back and fruit
rot, Damping off of
beans, chilli and
tomato, seed rots
And seedling blights
of maize
Molecular Formula IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
C9H8Cl3NO2S
(N-trichloromethyl thio-4-
cyclohexence- 1,2-
dicarboximide)
Folpet Phaltan 0.1 to 0.2% for
spraying
Apple scab, tobacco
brown spot, rose
black spot
Molecular Formula IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
C9H4Cl3NO2S 2(trichloromethylsulfanyl)
isoindole-1,3-dione

31. Captafol Difosan, Difolaton,
Sanspor, Foltaf
0.15 to 0.2% for
spraying, 0.25% for
Seed treatment,
0.15%
for soil drenching
Sorghum
anthracnose, cotton
seedling diseases,
seed rot and seedling
diseases of rice,
downy mildew
of crucifers, apple
scab
Molecular Formula IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
C10H9Cl4NO2S (Cis-1,1,2,2-
tetrachloro hexene
1,2 dicarboximide)
Iprodione Rovral, Glycophene
0.1 to 0.2% for
foliar application
Diseases caused by
Botrytis, Monilinia,
Alternaria,Sclerotinia
,Helminthosporium
and Rhizoctonia
Molecular Formula IUPAC NAME Chemical Structure
C13H13Cl2N3O3

32. Mercury fungicide
Common name Trade name Disease controlled
Inorganic Mercury
Mercuric chloride Merfusan,
Mersil
Treating potato tubers
and preparative materials
Mercurious chloride Cyclosan, M-C
Turf,
Soil application
Organomercurials
Methoxy ethyl mercury chloride
(MEMC)
Agallol,
Aretan, Emisan
Mainly use of Seed
Treatment
And Planting Materials.Phenyl mercury chloride (PMC) Ceresan Dry
(India )
Ethyl mercury chloride (EMC) Ceresan (USA)
Tolyl mercury chloride (TMC) Agrosan GN.
Benzene compound
Common name Trade name Disease controlled
PCNB
Brassicol,
PCNB 75% WP
Seed and Soil treatment
Dichloran
Botran 50% WP,
Alisan
Protective fungicide

33. Contact vs Systemic fungicide
Contact Systemic
Adsorbed Absorbed
Immobile Mobile
Preventive Preventive + curative
Multi-site action Single site action
Few problems with resistance Resistant fungi strains could
develop
Ex. Mancozeb, Maneb, copper,
sulphur,Captan, Captafol.
Ex. Metalaxyl, Tricyclazole,
Propiconazole, Carbendazim,
Cyperoconazole, Hexaconazole.

34. Advantages of contact fungicide
 Low residual effect.
 Less harmful to human and animals.
 Cost of contact fungicides are comparatively low.
 Multi site mode of action.
 Few problems with resistance.

35. Disadvantages of contact fungicides
 They do not cover the whole plant.
 They do not provide long term protection.
 They will not provide protection to internal diseases.
 They don’t have curative nature.

36. FUNGICIDE MODE OF ACTION
Sulphur fungicides
Organic Fungicide
Dithiocarbamates (EX. Mancozeb Dithan M-45,Maneb)
Mode of action
Broad spectrum, Reacts with protein SH groups.
Inorganic fungicide
(EX. Sulphur dust, Lime Sulphur)
Mode of Action
Inhibits electron movement, Thus interfere with
cellular respiration.

37. Copper fungicide
1.Bordeaux mixture
2. Cheshunt compound
3.Burgundy mixture
Mode of action-
Disrupt function of enzymes
and energy transport system,
integrity of membranes.
Mercury compound
(Ex. Mercuric Chloride)
Mode of action
Metal toxicity and ATP
Synthesis.

38. Heterocyclic nitrogenous compound
(Ex. Captan)
Mode of action
Combine with protein SH groups.
Benzene Compound
(Ex.Dinocap (Karathane)
Mode of action
Un couple oxidative phosphorylation cause membrane
disfunction in fungi.

39. Methods of application of contact fungicides
Seed dressing -
Seed treatment with contact
fungicides are done to destroy
pathogen present on the seed
surface
- To protect the germinating seed
and seedling from soil borne
pathogens. Eg. Captan Thiram .

40. Foliage application
This is the most commonly
followed method. Spraying of
fungicides is done on leaves, stems
and fruits.
Ex. Captan, Ferbam, Zineb etc.
wound dressing
This is practiced normally in most
of the ornamental and fruit tree
after cutting and pruning.
Ex. Bordeaux paste Chaubattia
pest etc.

41. Soil drenching:-
To protect the seed and seedling
from soil borne inoculums.
- Controlling damping off and
root rot infections at the ground
level.
Eg. Bordeaux mixture ,Vapam,
etc.
Broadcasting :–
It is followed in granular
fungicides where in the pellets
are broadcasted near the plant.
Eg. sulphur dust.

42. Furrow application :
Specifically in the control of
some diseases where the
direct application of the
fungicides on the plant
surface results in phytotoxic.
- It is specifically practiced
in the control of
Soil born fungus.
Eg. Sulphur dust.

43. Fumigation
The fumigant is applied to the soil
and covered by thin polythene
sheets for 5-7 days and
removed.
 Normally done in nursery areas
and in glass houses. Eg. Vapam
Fruit protectant
Fruits are dipped in fungicide
solutions to protect from post
harvest diseases.
Ex. Bnomyl, carbendazim

44. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS OPERATOR PROTECTION
 Engineering control of operator exposure must be used where reasonably
practicable in addition to the following personal protective equipment.
 Wear rubber boots and globes when applying as a dip.
 When using do not eat, drink or smoke. In case of contact with eyes,
rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
 Wash hands and exposed skin before meals and after work.
 Keep out of reach of children.
 Keep in original container tightly closed.
 Do not re-use container for any purpose. This container must be dispose
in a safe way.
 Keep away from food, drink and animal feeding stuffs.

45. conclusion
•Cost of the contact fungicides are
comparatively low.
•They have multisite of action.
•Threat of pathogen resistance is low.
•Typically inhibit spore germination and
stop infection.
• Contact fungicides are harmful for
environment and pollutes soil and ground
water.

46. Thank You