Pharmaceutics i-dosage-form

INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENT DOSAGE
FORMS
Powered By:- Mrs. Sarika V. Patil
M. Pharm (Q.A.)
SHREE PANCHAVATI EDUCATION SOCIETY
INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
PANCHAVATI, NASHIK.
Affiliated and Approved By –MSBTE Mumbai,
DTE, Mumbai, PCI New Delhi,
Government of Maharashtra.

DRUG/API/ ACTIVE DRUG SUBSTANCES
Drug may be defined as an agent or
substance, intended for use in the diagnosis,
mitigation(Make something less), treatment, cure or
prevention of disease in human beings or animals.
Drugs are rarely administered in their
original or crude forms. They are administered in
different dosage forms by converting them into
suitable formulations.
Crude Drugs

Drug ?
 International non-proprietary names (INN, “generic” names)
 Direct clinical use of the active drug substances is rare: Why??
• API handling and Accurate dosing can be difficult or impossible
(e.g., potent (Strong, powerful) drugs: low mg and g doses)
• API administration can be impractical/inconvenient because of
size, shape, smell/odour, taste and low activity.
• Some API are chemically unstable in light, moisture, O2
• API can be degraded at the site of administration (e.g., low pH
in stomach).
• API may cause local irritations or injury when they are present
at high concentrations at the site of administration.
• Administration of active substance would mean to have no
chance for modification (improvement) of its PK
(Pharmacokinetic)profile
DRUG/ACTIVEDRUGSUBSTANCES/API
DRUG /ACTIVE DRUG SUBSTANCES /API

DOSAGE FORMS
Definition:
Dosage forms are the Carrie through which drug molecules
are delivered to sites of action within the body.
Every dosage forms is a combination of the drug and different
kinds of non – drug components called as Excipients or additives.
The additives are used to give a particular shape to the
formulation, to increase stability, palatability & more elegance to
preparations.

MEDICINE
API (Active
Pharmaceutical
Ingredients)
Excipients
5
Dosage
from/

EXCIPIENTS:
6
Antiadherents-magnesium stearate.
Binders-sucrose, lactose;
Coatings-shellac
Colours- tartrazine
Disintegrants- sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
Flavors-mint, cherry
Glidants-fumed silica, talc, and magnesium carbonate.
Lubricants- talc , silica, fats, e.g. vegetable stearin, magnesium stearate ,
stearic acid
Preservatives- methyl paraben and propyl paraben
Sweeteners-Sugar
Vehicles-Petrolatum (Petroleum jelly i.e. mixture of mineral oil & wax), dimethyl sulfoxide , mineral oil

1. To provide for the safe and convenient delivery of accurate dosage
Examples: Tablets, Capsules, syrups
2. For the protection of a drug substance from the destructive influence of
atmospheric oxygen or moisture.
Examples: coated tablets, sealed ampules
3. For the protection of a drug substance from the destructive influence of
gastric acid after oral administration.
Example: Enteric coated tablets
4. To conceal the bitter taste, salty obnoxious or odor of a drug substance.
Examples: Capsules, coated tablets, flavored syrups
NEED OF DOSAGE FORMS:OVERCOMINGTHE
DIFFICULTIES

5. To provide liquid preparations of substances that are either
insoluble or unstable in the desired vehicle.
Example: suspension
6. To provide liquid dosage forms of substances soluble in desired
vehicle.
Example: solution
7. To provide extended drug action through controlled release
mechanisms
Examples: controlled release tablets, capsules, suspensions
8. To provide optional drug action from topical
administration sites
Examples: ointments, creams, ophthalmic, ear and nasal preparations
DIFFICULTIES

9. To provide for insertion of a drug into one of the body’s
orifices
Examples: rectal and vaginal suppositories
10. To provide for the placement of drugs within body tissues.
Examples: Implants
11. To provide for the optimal drug action through
inhalation therapy.
Examples: inhalants and inhalations
12. In addition, many dosage forms permit ease of drug
identification through distinctiveness of color,shape,or
identifying markings
DIFFICULTIES

They are classified according to:
2.Physical form
Solid
Semisolid
Liquid
Gases
1.Route of administration
Oral
Buccal & sublingual
Topical
Transdermal
Parenteral
Inhalation
Ophthalmic
Otic
Rectal
Vaginal
TYPES OF DOSAGE FORMS

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO PHYSICAL FORM
Solid dosage forms
Unit dosage forms
Tablets
Capsule
Pills
Bulk
Internal
Fine powders &
granules
External
Dusting powders
Insufflations
Dentifrice
Snuffs
Ear powders (D2IES)
Liquid dosage forms
Biphasic
Emulsion
Suspension
Monophasic
Internal
External
Syrups
Elixirs
Linctus
Drops (SELD)
Liniments
Lotions
Gargles
Throat paints
Mouth washes
Sprays
Eye lotions
Eye drops
Nasal drops (TLLGM SEEN)
Semi solid dosage forms
Internal External
Suppositories
Pessaries
Ointment
Creams Pastes
Jellies
Gaseous
dosage form
Inhaler
aerosols

I) Oral dosage forms:
1-Tablet:
A tablet is a hard, compressed medication in round, oval or
square shape.
The excipients include:
Binders, glidants
Disintegrants to ensure that the tablet breaks up in the digestive tract.
-Sweeteners or flavour to mask the taste of bad-tasting active
ingredients.
-Pigments to make uncoated tablets visually attractive.
A coating may be applied to:
1- hide the taste of the tablet's components.
2- make the tablet smoother and easier to swallow .
3- make it more resistant to the environment.
4- extending its shelf life.

2-Buccal and sublingual tablet:
Sublingual and buccal medications are administered by
placing them in the mouth, either under the tongue
(sublingual) or between the gum and the cheek (buccal).
Avoid the acid and enzymatic environment of the
stomach and the drug metabolizing enzymes of
the liver.
Examples of drugs administered by this route: e.g.
vasodilators, steroidal hormones.
(sublingual)
buccal
The medications dissolve rapidly and are absorbed through the
mucous membranes of the mouth, where they enter into the
bloodstream.

3-EFFERVESCENT TABLET:
Effervescent tablets are uncoated tablets that generally contain acid
substances (citric and tartaric acids) and carbonates or bicarbonates
and which react rapidly in the presence of water by releasing carbon
dioxide.
-They are intended to be dissolved or dispersed in water before use
providing:
A- Very rapid tablet dispersion and dissolution.
B- pleasant tasting carbonated drink.

4- CHEWABLE TABLET:
-
-
These tablets are that chewed prior to swallowing.
They are designed for administration to children e.g.
vitamin products.

VINAY GUPTA
DOSAGE FORMS (TABLET) FOR ORAL
ADMINISTRATION
 Generations of
dosage forms
– 1st gen.
conventional
(unmodified)
release of API
– 2nd gen.
controlled
release of API
(CR)

CONVENTIONAL VS. CONTROLLED RELEASE FORMS
 I. Gen. – disintegration of the dosage form and
dissolution of API is spontaneous process;
– drug absorption and distribution is based only on
physico-chemical properties of API

 II. GEN. THE RELEASE OF API IS UNDER CONTROL OF
THE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (TEMPORAL CONTROL)
–
–
– Advantages:
 Avoids fluctuations of plasma drug concentration  better
safety and efficacy
 Decreased frequency of drug administration (often once
daily admin)  better compliance
Sustained release (SR) – release of the initial API
dose & further prolonged release
Controlled release (CR) – properly controlled (Zero
order) release of API
15

5- Capsule:
A capsule is a medication in a gelatin container.
-Advantage: mask the unpleasant taste of its contents.
-The two main types of capsules are:
1.Hard-shelled capsules, which are normally used
for dry, powdered ingredients,
2.Soft-shelled capsules, primarily used for oils and for
active ingredients that are dissolved or suspended in
oil.
Soft gelatin capsule
Hard gelatin capsule
Spansules
17

6- LOZENGE:
- It is a solid preparation consisting of sugar and gum,
the latter giving strength and cohesiveness to the
lozenge and facilitating slow release of the
medicament.
- It is used to medicate the mouth and throat for the
slow administration of indigestion or cough
remedies.

7-PASTILLES:
They are solid medicated preparations designed to
dissolve slowly in the mouth. They are softer than
lozenges and their bases are either glycerol and
gelatin, or acacia and sugar.

8- Dental Cones:
-A tablet form intended to be placed in the empty socket
following a tooth local, for multiplication of
Pathogenic bacteria associated with tooth
extractions.
may contain an antibiotic or
- The cones
antiseptic.

9-PILLS:
- Pills are oral dosage forms which consist of spherical
more medicaments
-
masses prepared from one or
incorporated with inert excipients.
Pills are now rarely used.

10- GRANULES:
- solid, dry aggregates of
supplied in single-dose
They are consisting of
powder particles often
sachets.
- Some granules are placed on the tongue and
swallowed with water, others are intended to be
dissolved in water before taking.
- Effervescent granules evolve carbon dioxide when
added to water.

11- POWDER (ORAL):
There are two kinds of powder intended for internal use.
1-Bulk Powders are multidose preparations consisting of solid,
loose, dry particles of varying degrees of fineness. They contain
one or more active ingredients, with or without excipients and, if
necessary, coloring matter and flavoring substances.
- usually contain non-potent medicaments such as antacids since
the patient measures a dose by volume using a 5ml medicine
spoon. The powder is then usually dispersed in water or, in the
case of effervescent powders, dissolved before taking.
2-Divided Powders are single-dose presentations of powder ( for
example, a small sachet) that are intended to be issued to the
patient as such, to be taken in or with water.

12- Powders For Mixtures:
- The mixed powders may be stored in dry form
and mixture prepared by the pharmacist when
required for dispensing, by suspending the
powders in the appropriate vehicle.

13-LIQUID PREPARATIONS:
a. Oral solution:
Oral solutions are clear Liquid preparations for oral use containing
one or more active ingredients dissolved in a suitable vehicle.
b. Oral emulsion:
Oral emulsions are stabilized oil-in-water dispersions,either or
both phases of which may contain dissolved solids.
c. Oral suspension:
- Oral suspensions are Liquid preparations for oral use containing
one or more active ingredients suspended in a suitable vehicle.
- Oral suspensions may show a sediment which is readily
dispersed on shaking to give a uniform suspension which
remains sufficiently stable to enable the correct dose to be
delivered.

13-LIQUID PREPARATIONS (CONT.):
d- Syrup:
It is a concentrated aqueous solution of a sugar, usually sucrose.
Flavored syrups are a convenient form of masking disagreeable
tastes.
e- Elixir:
-It is pleasantly flavored clear liquid oral preparation of potent or
nauseous drugs.
- The vehicle may contain a high proportion of ethanol or sucrose
together with antimicrobial preservatives which confers the stability of the
preparation.

13-LIQUID PREPARATIONS (CONT.):
f- Linctuses:
-Linctuses are viscous, liquid oral preparations that are usually prescribed for the
relief of cough.
-They usually contain a high proportion of syrup and glycerol which have a demulcent
effect on the membranes of the throat.
-The dose volume is small (5ml) and, to prolong the demulcent action, they should be
taken undiluted.
g- Oral drops:
Oral drops are Liquid preparations for oral use that are intended to be administered in
small volumes with the aid of a suitable measuring device. They may be solutions,
suspensions or emulsions.

13-LIQUID
PREPARATIONS:
h- Gargles:
-
- They are aqueous solutions used in the prevention
or treatment of throat infections.
Usually they are prepared in a concentrated solution
with directions for the patient to dilute with warm
water before use.
i- Mouthwashes:
These are similar to gargles but are used for oral
hygiene and to treat infections of the mouth.

II) TOPICAL DOSAGE FORMS:
1- Ointments:
-Ointments are semi-solid, greasy preparations for
application to the skin, rectum or nasal mucosa.
-The base is usually anhydrous and immiscible with skin
secretions.
-Ointments may be used as emollients or to apply suspended or
dissolved medicaments to the skin.

TOPICAL DOSAGE FORMS (CONT.):
2- Creams:
Creams are semi-solid emulsions, that is mixtures of oil and water. They
are divided into two types:
A- oil-in-water (O/W) creams: which are composed of small droplets of oil
dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase.
Oil-in-water creams are more comfortable and cosmetically acceptable as they
are less greasy and more easily washed off using water.
B- water-in-oil (W/O) creams: which are composed of small droplets of water
dispersed in a continuous oily phase.
Water-in-oil creams are more difficult to handle but many drugs which are
incorporated into creams are hydrophobic and will be released more readily
from a water-in-oil cream than an oil-in-water cream.
Water-in-oil creams are also more moisturising as they provide an oily barrier
which reduces water loss from the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of
the skin.
30

3- Gels (Jellies):
-Gels are semisolid system in which a liquid phase is constrained within a 3-D polymeric
matrix (consisting of natural or synthetic gum) having a high degree of physical or
chemical cross-linking.
-They are used for medication, lubrication and some miscellaneous applications like
carrier for spermicidal agents to be used intra vaginally .
4- Poultice:
It is soft, viscous, pasty preparation for external use. They are applied to skin while they
are hot. Poultice must retain heat for a considerable time because they are intended to
supply warmth to inflamed parts of body.
E.g. Kaolin poultice (B.P.C.)

5- Pastes :
- Pastes are basically ointments into which a high percentage of insoluble solid has been
added
-The extraordinary amount of particulate matter stiffens the system.
-Pastes are less penetrating and less macerating and less heating than
ointment.
-Pastes make particularly good protective barrier when placed on the skin, the solid they
contain can absorb and there by neutralize certain noxious chemicals before they ever
reach the skin.
- Like ointments, paste forms an unbroken relatively water – impermeable film unlike
ointments the film is opaque and therefore can be used as an effective sun block
accordingly.
-Pastes are less greasy because of the absorption of the fluid hydrocarbon fraction to the
particulates.

There are two types of paste:
a) Fatty pastes (e.g: leaser's paste) .
b) Non greasy pastes (e g: - bassorin paste).
6- Dusting powders:
- These are free flowing very fine powders for external use.
- Not for use on open wounds unless the powders are
sterilized.

37
7- Transdermal patch:
-A transdermal patch or skin patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is
placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and
into the bloodstream.
-An advantage of a transdermal drug delivery route over other types such as
oral, topical, etc is that it provides a controlled release of the medicament into
the patient.
- The first commercially available patch was scopolamine for motion sickness.

38
TOPICAL DOSAGE FORMS
(CONT.):
8-Plasters:
- Plasters are solid or semisolid masses adhere to the skin
when spread upon cotton felt line or muslin as a backing
material and they are mainly used to,
A- Afford protection and mechanical support.
B- Furnish an occlusive and macerating action.
C- Bring medication into close contact with the surface of
the skin.

39
(CONT.):
9- Liniments:
-Liniments are fluid, semi-fluid or, occasionally, semi-
solid preparations intended for application to the skin.
-They may be alcoholic or oily solutions or emulsions.
-Most are massaged into the skin (e.g. counter-
irritant).
-Liniments should not be applied to broken skin.

40
(CONT.):-
10-Lotions:
 These are fluid preparations (aqueous) for external application without friction.
 They are either dabbed on the skin or applied on a suitable dressing and covered with a
waterproof dressing to reduce evaporation.

(CONT.):
11- Collodion:
in ether or acetone,
Collodion is a solution of nitrocellulose
sometimes with the addition of alcohols.
-Its generic name is pyroxylin solution.
-It is highly flammable.
- As the solvent evaporates, it dries to a celluloid-like film.
- Compound Wart Remover consists of acetic acid and salicylic acid in an
acetone collodion base used in Treatment of warts by keratolysis.
38

(CONT.):
application to the skin or
12- Paints:
Paints are liquids for mucous
membranes.
Skin paints contain volatile solvent that evaporates
quickly to leave a dry resinous film of medicament.
Throat paints are more viscous due to a high content
of glycerol, designed to prolong contact of the
medicament with the affected site.
39

(CONT.):
13- Pressurized dispensers (aerosol sprays):
Several different types of pharmaceutical product may be
packaged in pressurized dispensers, known as aerosols.
Surface sprays produce droplets of 100 um diameter or
greater.
May be used as surface disinfectants, wound or burn dressing,
relieve irritation of bites.
Spray-on dusting powders are also available from pressurized
containers.

44
III) RECTAL DOSAGE FORMS:
1- Suppository:
It is a small solid medicated mass, usually cone-
shaped ,that is inserted either into the rectum (rectal
suppository), vagina (vaginal suppository or
pessaries) where it melts at body temperature .

RECTAL DOSAGE
FORMS:
2- Enema:
An enema is the procedure of introducing liquids into the rectum and
colon via the anus.
Types of enema:
1- Evacuant enema: used as a bowel stimulant to treat
constipation. E.g. soft soap enema & Mgso4 enema
-The volume of evacuant enemas may reach up to 2 liters.
before
- They should be warmed to body temperature
administration.

RECTAL DOSAGE FORMS
(CONT.):
2- Retention enema:
-
-
Their volume does not exceed 100 ml.
No warming needed.
- May exert:
A-Local effect:e.g.a barium enema is used as a contrast substance in
the radiological imaging of the bowel.
B- Systemic effect:
e.g. the administration of substances into the bloodstream. This may be
done in situations where it is impossible to deliver a medication by
mouth, such as antiemetics.
e.g. nutrient enema which contains carbohydrates, vitamins &
minerals.

IV) VAGINAL DOSAGE
FORMS:
1- Pessary:
-
-
Pessaries are solid medicated preparations designed for
insertion into the vagina where they melt or dissolve.
There are three types:
A- Moulded pessaries: they are cone shaped and prepared in a similar
way to moulded suppositories.
B- Compressed pessaries: made in a variety of shapes and are
prepared by compression in a similar manner to oral tablets.
C- Vaginal capsules: are similar to soft gelatin oral Capsules differing
only in size and shape.

VAGINAL DOSAGE
FORMS:
2- Vaginal ring:
Vaginalrings are 'doughnut-shaped' polymeric drug
delivery devices
designed to provide controlled release of drugs to the vagina over
extended periods of time.
Several vaginal ring products are currently available, including:
Femring :
a low-dose estradiol-acetate releasing ring, manufactured from silicone
elastomer, for the relief of hot flashes and vaginal atrophy associated with
menopause.
NuvaRing:
a low-dose contraceptive vaginal ring, releasing progesterone and
estrogen.
45

49
VAGINAL DOSAGE FORMS (CONT.):
3- Douche:
A douche is a device used to introduce a stream
of water into the body cavity for medical or
hygienic reasons.

50
VAGINAL DOSAGE FORMS (CONT.):
4- Intrauterine device:
-It is a birth control device placed in the uterus, also known as an IUD or a
coil.
-The IUD is the world's most widely used method of reversible birth
control.
-The device has to be fitted inside or removed from the uterus by a doctor .
-It remains in place the entire time pregnancy is not desired. Depending on
the type, a single IUD is approved for 5 to 10 years use.
-There are two broad categories of intrauterine contraceptive devices: A-
inert and copper-based devices.
B- hormonally-based devices that work by releasing a progesterone.

51
V) PARENTERAL DOSAGE FORMS:
An injection is an infusion method of putting liquid into
the body, usually with a hollow needle and a syringe
which is pierced through the skin to a sufficient depth
for the material to be forced into the body.
There are several methods of injection, including: 1-An
intravenous injection:
It is a liquid administered directly into the bloodstream
via a vein.
It is advantageous when a rapid onset of action is
needed.

52
PARENTERAL DOSAGE FORMS :
2- Intramuscular injection:
-It is the injection of a substance directly into a muscle.
-Many vaccines are administered intramuscularly.
-Depending on the chemical properties of the drug, the
medication may either be absorbed fairly quickly or more
gradually.
-Intramuscular injections are often given in the deltoid, vastus
lateralis, ventrogluteal and dorsogluteal muscles.

53
PARENTERAL DOSAGE FORMS:
3- Subcutaneous injection:
Subcutaneous injections are given by injecting
a fluid into the sub cutis, thelayer of skin directly
below the dermis and epidermis.
Subcutaneous injections are highly effective in
administering vaccines and such medications as
insulin.

VI) INHALED DOSAGE FORMS :
1- Inhaler :
-
-
-
-
Inhalers are solutions, suspensions or emulsion of drugs in
a mixture of inert propellants held under pressure in an
aerosol dispenser.
Release of a dose of the medicament in the form of
droplets of 50 um diameter or less from the container
through a spring-loaded valve incorporating a metering
device. The patient then inhales the released drug through
a mouthpiece.
In some types, the valve is actuated by finger pressure, in
other types the valve is actuated by the patient breathing in
through the mouthpiece.
It is commonly used to treat asthma and other respiratory
problems.
52

56
INHALED DOSAGE FORMS
(CONT.):
2 Nebulizer or (atomizer):
A nebulizer is a device used to administer medication to people in forms of a liquid
mist to the airways.
-It is commonly used in treating asthma, and other respiratory diseases.
-It pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a vapor, which is
then inhaled by the patient.
-As a general rule, doctors generally prefer to prescribe inhalers for their patients,
because:
1-These are cheaper 2- more portable
3- carry less risk of side effects.
Nebulizers, for that reason, are usually reserved only for serious cases of respiratory
disease, or severe attacks.

57
VII) OPHTHALMIC DOSAGE
FORMS:
1- Eye drops:
Eye drops are saline-containing drops used as a
vehicle to administer medication in the eye.
may contain steroids,
in them and are only
Depending on the condition being treated, they
antihistamines or topical anesthetics.
Eye drops sometimes do not have
medications lubricating and tear-replacing
solutions.
2- Ophthalmic ointment & gel: These
are sterile semi-solid Preparations
intended for application To the
conjunctiva or eyelid margin.

58
VIII) OTIC DOSAGE FORMS:
Ear drops are solutions, suspensions or emulsions of drugs
that are instilled into the ear with a dropper.
It is used to treat or prevent ear infections, especially infections of the outer ear and ear canal.
1- Ear drops:

IX) NASAL DOSAGE FORMS:
1- Nasal Drops and Sprays:
Drugs in solution may be instilled into the nose from a
dropper or from a plastic squeeze bottle.
The drug may have a local effect, e.g. antihistamine,
decongestant.
Alternatively the drug may be absorbed through the nasal
mucosa to exert a systemic effect.
The use of oily nasal drops should be avoided because of
possible damage to the cilia of the nasal mucosa.
56

SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
Tablets Pills
Dusting Powders
Capsules
Granules

 Solid dosage forms one of the oldest dosage forms and most of
the solid dosage forms are available in Unit dose.
 Unit dose may be defined as a exact quantity of the drug
administered at once. e.g. Tablets, Capsule, pills, cachets,
powders etc.
 When drugs are to be administered orally in dry state, then
tablets, capsules are most convenient dosage forms.
 Some solids are supplied in bulk (Means quantity available in
large). Bulk powders can be supplied as Internal (Granules,
Fine powders) as well as External (Dusting Powders,
Insufflations etc.)

DUSTING POWDERS
 Dusting powders are applied externally to skin, so they
should be applied in very fine state to avoid local
irritation. Hence dusting powders should be passed
through sieve no 80 to obtained fined powders.
 Dusting powders are prepared by mixing of more than
one ingredients in which either starch, kaolin, or talc are
used in their formulation. Generally talc or kaolin are
used because they are inert in nature.
 Dusting powders are used for antiseptic, astringent,
absorbent, antiperspirant etc.
 Dusting powders are of two sub type they are as
I) Medical dusting powder
II) Surgical Dusting powders

MEDICAL DUSTING POWDERS
 Medical Dusting powders are used to increase superficial condition of skin.
 These are not applied on wounds, burns etc
 Medical dusting powders must be free from dangerous pathogenic micro-
organism.

SURGICAL DUSTING POWDERS
 Surgical dusting powders are used in body cavities and also on major wounds like as
burns etc.
 They should be sterilized before use.
 They are mainly used for their antiseptic, absorbent action.

INSUFFLATIONS
 These are medicated dusting powders meant for introduction
into body cavities (nose, throat, ear, vagina etc) with the help of
an apparatus known as a insufflator.
 It sprays the powders (in a state of fine particles) on site of
application.
 Now a days insufflations are also available in pressure
aerosols. This pressure aerosols are used for administration of
potent drug.
 They are used in the treatment of ear, nose, throat infections
with antibiotics to produce local effect of drugs.

SNUFFS
 These are finely divided solid dosage forms of medicaments which are
inhaled into nostrils.
 They are mainly used for their antiseptic, bronchodilator and decongestion
action.

Dentifrices (tooth powders)
These are applied with the help of tooth brush for
cleaning the surface of the tooth. They contain a suitable
detergent or soap, some abrasive substances and suitable
flavor. the abrasive agents such as calcium sulphate,
magnesium carbonate, sodium carbonate and sodium
chloride are used in fine powder. A strong abrasive
substance should however not to be used as it may
damage to the structure.

GRANULES
 Granulation is the process in which primary powder
particles are made to adhere to form larger multiparticle
or large particles entities called granules.
 The bitter, nauseous, unpleasant powders can not be
given tablets, capsule due to bulk quantity are required
to be taken, as well as they are not given in liquid
dosage forms due to their stability such powders are
given in the granules forms.
 These powders are mixed with suitable exicipent along
with granulating agent, prepare a coherent mass then
dried & passed through the sieve to obtained desired
size of granules.
 E.g. Effervescent granules

EFFERVESCENT GRANULES
 Effervescent granules are meant for internal use.
 They contained medicaments mixed with citric acid,
tartaric acid & sodium bi carbonates, sometime saccharin
or sucrose may be added for sweetening taste.
 Before, administration desired quantity of granules are
dissolved in water, the acid & bicarbonate reacts with
each other to produce effervescence.
 Effervescent granules are prepared by two methods,
namely as, I) Heat method, II) Wet method

HEAT METHOD
 A large porcelain or stainless steel evaporating dish is placed over
the boiling water bath.
 The dish must be sufficiently hot (generally heating takes place for 1
– 5 min.) before transferring the powders into it, to ensure rapid
liberation of water of crystallization from citric acid.
 If heating of the dish is delayed then the powder which is added to
it, will heat up slowly & liberated water of crystallization will also
be liberated simultaneously.
 As a result, sufficient water will not be available to make a coherent
mass.
 This coherent mass will pass through the sieve to obtained suitable
size of granules, dry it in oven at 600c then packed in air tight
container.

WET METHOD
 In this methods all the ingredients are mixed thoroughly
 This powders mixture make moistened with non –
aqueous vehicle (e.g. alcohol), to prepare a coherent
mass which is then passed through sieve no. 8 to
obtained suitable granules.
 Then dried in oven at 600c. The dried granules are again
passed through the sieve to break the lumps which may
be formed during drying.
 The dried granules are packed in air tight container.

TABLETS
 These are solid dosage forms of medicaments which are
prepared by moulding or by compression with or without
Excipients.
 The tablets can be prepared by two methods namely as a
I) Dry granulation, II) Wet Granulation

CAPSULE
 Capsules are solid unit dosage forms in which one or more
medicaments enclosed within a shell.
 Capsules mainly divided in to two parts namely as –
I) Body (Longest part of capsule shell), II) Cap (Smallest part of
capsule shell)
 The capsule are generally prepared by gelatin.
 Depending on their formulation, two types of gelatin are used
namely as – I) Hard gelatin, II) Soft gelatin.
Body
Cap

PILLS
 These are small, rounded solid dosage forms containing
medicaments intended for oral use.
 The medicaments are mixed with excipients to forms a
firms plastic mass.
 The mass is rolled to uniform pill pipe, which cut into
numbers of uniform pills. The pills are spherical in
shape & produced by rolling them under wooden pill
rounder.
 Sometimes pills are coated with varnish, gold leaf, etc to
improve finish, unpleasant taste & stability.

 Disintegration time of pill is uncertain means freshly prepared
pills are disintegrates readily rather than old dried pills.
 It is difficult to prepare pills of uniform size & weight.
Now a days pills are outdated preparations because of number of
disadvantages such as -

 It may be defined as “A solution is a liquid-preparation that
contains one or more soluble chemical substances
dissolved in a specified solvent”
 Liquid dosage forms are intended for External, Internal or
parenteral use.
 The component of the solution which is present in a large
quantity is known as “SOLVENT” where as the component
present in small quantity is termed as “SOLUTE”
 They mainly classified in to two category namely as –
I) Monophasic Liquid dosage forms.
II) Biphasic liquid dosage forms.

ADVANTAGE
1. Fat onset of action as compared to solid dosage form.
2. Easily administerd to adults & children.
3. Easy identification.
4. Cheap, effective and convenient dosage form.
5. No medical practitioner is required for administration of
drug.
6. Some drugs like aspirin, KCl can irritate gastric mucosa if
used orally as a solid dosage forms. But this effect can be
reduce by solution system.
7. A solution is an homogeneous system and therefore the
drug will be uniformly distributed throughout the
preparation

DISADVANTAGE
1. Dose has to be measured.
2. Not available in unit dosage form.
3. Bulky than tablets and capsule, so difficult to carry
transport.
4. Microorganism can grow easily.
5. Less stable in aqueous system. Incompatibility is faster in
solution than solid dosage form.

MONOPHASIC LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS

 Monophasic liquid dosage forms are represent by true or
colloidal solution.
 The component of the solution which is present in a large
quantity is known as “SOLVENT” where as the component
present in small quantity is termed as “SOLUTE”.
 A solution is homogenous because the solute is an ionic or
molecular forms of subdivision.
 In case of colloidal solutions, the solutes are present as
aggregates although they cannot be seen by necked eye or
ordinary microscope.
 It is sub classified as –
I) Internal Use, II) External use

Monophasic Liquid Dosage
forms
Internal Use External Use
 Syrup
 Elixirs
 Linctuses
 Drops
(SELD)
 Liniments
 Lotions
 Gargles
 Mouth Wash
 Throat paints
 Sprays
 Inhalations
 Nasal drops
 Eye drops
 Eye lotions
 Nasal drops
(TLLGM SEEN)

MONOPHASIC LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS FOR
INTERNAL USE

SYRUP
 It is a concentrated or saturated solutions of sucrose in purified
water.
 The concentration of sucrose is 66.7% w/w & due to that it is a
viscous preparations.
 The syrup which contains medical substance called as a
medicated syrup & those containing aromatic or flavored
substance known as a flavored syrup.

IMPORTANCE OF SYRUP
 It retards oxidation because its partly hydrolyzed into
reducing sugar.
 It prevents decomposition of many vegetable substance
because its have high osmotic pressure which prevent the
growth of bacteria.
 They are palatable due sweet taste.

ELIXIRS
 It is clear, sweetened, aromatic,
hydroalcholic preparations meant for
oral use.
 The medicated elixirs are generally
contained potent drug like as
antibiotics, antihistamine or sedative ,
where as non – medicated elixirs are
used as flavours & vehicles .
 The composition of elixirs contained
mainly as ethyl alcohol (active
ingredients),water, glycerin or
propylene glycol, colouring agent,
flavouring agent & preservative.

LINCTUSES
 These are viscous liquid preparations
that’s are used for the treatment of cough.
 They contain medicaments which have
demulcent, sedative, expectorant action.
 They are taken in small doses without
diluting with water to have prolonged
effect of medicines.
 Simple syrup is used as a vehicle for most
of the linctuses.
 Tolu syrup is preferred in certain cases
because of its aromatic odour & flavour.
Moreover it have a mild expectorant
action

DROPS
 These are liquid preparations meant for oral administration.
 The oil soluble vitamins, such as vitamin A & D concentrates in fish
– liver oil are presented as drops for administration.
 Since these preparations contain potent medicaments, the dose must
be measured accurately
 The following two methods are commonly used for this purpose.
 Use of a dropper which is accurately graduated in fractions of a
milliliters.
 Use of a pre – calibrated dropper in which the number of drops
equivalent to the prescribed dose of the particular preparation being
administered is known.

MONOPHASIC LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS FOR
EXTERNAL USE

LINIMENTS
 Liniments are liquid or semi- liquid preparations
meant for external application to the skin.
 They are usually applied to the skin with friction &
rubbing of the skin.
 Are usually alcoholic and oily liquid preparations
(monophasic) or emulsion (biphasic).
 Alcoholic liniments are used generally for their
rubefacient and counterirritant effects. Such
liniments penetrate the skin more readily than do
those with an oil base.
 The oily liniments are milder in their action and
may function solely as protective coatings
 Liniments should not be applied to skin that are
bruised or broken it may cause irritation.

LOTIONS
 Are usually aqueous, alcoholic or oily
liquid preparations.
 They are intended for external
application without friction or rubbing
to the affected area
 Usually applied with the help of some
absorbent material such as cotton
wool or gauze.
 It is generally used to provide cooling,
soothing and protective & antiseptic
action.

GARGLES
 Gargles are aqueous solutions used for treating throat infection
(pharynx and nasopharynx part)
 Supplied in concentrated forms with directions of dilution with warm
water before use
 They are used into intimate contact with the mucous membrane of
throat for few seconds, before they are thrown out of the mouth.
 They are used to relieve soreness in mild throat infection.
 They are also used for their antiseptics, antibiotics and/or anesthetics

MOUTH WASH
 These are aqueous solutions with
pleasant or acceptable taste & odour
 These are used to make clean &
deodorise the buccal cavity or used for
oral hygiene and to treat infections of
the mouth.
 They mainly contain antibacterial
agent, alcohol, glycerin, sweetening
agent, flavoring agent & colouring
agent.

THROAT PAINTS
 Throat paints are viscous liquid
preparations used for mouth and
throat infections
 Glycerin is commonly used as a
base because being viscous it
adheres to mucous membrane for
long period and it possess a sweet
taste.

SPRAYS
 These are the preparations of drugs in media
which may be aqueous, alcoholic, or glycerin.
 They are applied to the mucous membrane of
throat or nose with an atomizer.
 The throat sprays must be sprayed from a
special type of atomizer known as a nebulizer,
which removes the large droplets by baffling
system. Only fine droplets are required will
used to reach the lungs.
Nebulizer

INHALATIONS
 These are liquid preparations containing volatile substance & are used to
relieve decongestion & inflammations of respiratory tract.
 The volatile substance in inhalations would be volatile at room temperature
so that they should be placed on some adsorbent pad or handkerchief.
 In some cases inhalations will added to hot water (650c) then vapors will
inhaled.

NASAL DROPS
 Drugs in solution may be instilled into the nose from a dropper or
from a plastic squeeze bottle.
 The drug may have a local effect, e.g. antihistamine, decongestant.
 Alternatively the drug may be absorbed through the nasal mucosa to
exert a systemic effect.
 The use of oily nasal drops should be avoided because of possible
damage to the cilia of the nasal mucosa & if it is used for long
period may reach the lungs & cause lipoid pneumonia.
 To avoid that Nasal drops are prepared so that they are similar in
many respects to nasal secretions, so that normal ciliary action is
maintained thus aqueous nasal solutions usually are isotonic and
slightly buffered to maintain a pH of 5.5 to 6.5.

EYE DROPS
 Sterile, aqueous/oily solutions or suspensions intended for
instillation in eye sac.
 Eye drops may contain buffers, stabilizing agents, dispersing agents,
solubilising agents, anti-oxidants & agents required for tonicity/
viscosity adjustment
 Single dose container should not contain anti-microbial preservative.
 In case of multi dose container a dropper should be supplied with it
for administration. Maximum size of such containers is 10 ml.

EYE LOTIONS
 These are the aqueous solutions used for washing the eyes.
 These are supplied in concentrated forms & are required to diluted with
warm water immediately before use.
 They should be free from foreign particles to avoids irritation to the eye.
 They are required to prepared fresh & should not be stored for more than
two days to avoid microbial contaminations.

EAR DROPS
 These are the solutions of drugs that are instilled into ear cavity with the
help of dropper.
 These are generally used for cleaning the ear, softening the wax & for
treating the mild infections.
 The solutions is generally prepared in water, glycerin, propylene glycol &
dilute alcohol.

BIPHASIC LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS
 The liquid which consist of two phases are known as a biphasic
liquid dosage forms.
 They are sub categorized into two different forms namely as –
I) Emulsion
II) Suspension
 In emulsion both phases are available in liquid where as in
suspension, finely divided solid particles are suspended in liquid
medium.

EMULSION
 Emulsion is a biphasic liquid preparations containing two immiscible
liquid (Continuous Phase & dispersed phase) made miscible.
 The liquid which is converted into minute globules is called as
dispersed phase & the liquid in which the globules are dispersed is
called the continuous phase
dispersed phase
continuous phase
Two Immiscible Liquids
Dispersed Phase
(Internal phase)
Continuous Phase
(External phase)
 An emulsion is a thermodynamically unstable system consisting of at least
two immiscible liquid phases one of which is dispersed as globules in the
other liquid phase stabilized by a third substance called emulsifying agent.
The globule size in emulsion varies from 0.25 to 25 µm.


Examples for emulsions:- milk, rubber latex, crude oil etc.
A.: Two immiscible liquids not emulsified
B. An emulsion of phase B dispersed in Phase A
C. Unstable emulsion slowly separates.
D. The emulsifying agent ( black film) places it self on the interface
between phase A and phase B and stabilizes the emulsion.

TYPES OF EMULSIONS
Simple type
 Water in oil (w/o)
 Oil in water (o/w)
Depending on globule size
 Micro emulsion
 Fine emulsion
Special type
 Multiple emulsion (w/o/w, o/w/o)
Classification based on their use:-

WATER IN OIL (W/O)
 In this types of emulsion water is dispersed phase & oil is continuous
phase
 w/o types of emulsion generally meant for External use.
 Examples are butter, lotions, creams etc.
 In rare case they are used internally.
Water is dispersed phase
Oil is continuous phase

OIL IN WATER (O/W)
 In this types of emulsion oil is dispersed phase & water is continuous
phase
 o/w types of emulsion meant for both Internal use & External use.
 Examples for internal use are Vitamin A in corn oil, liquid paraffin in
water etc.
 Examples for External use are Benzyl benzonate emulsion.
Oil is dispersed phase
water is continuous phase

MICRO EMULSION
 These are clear dispersions of o/w or w/o in which the globules have small
size like as a 10nm or 0.01 µm..
 Being cleared products micro emulsion are more popular now a days.
 Micro emulsions are thermodynamically stable optically transparent ,
mixtures of a biphasic oil –water system stabilized with surfactants.

FINE EMULSION
 Normally these have a milky appearance.
 The globule size ranges from 0.25 to 25 µm.

MULTIPLE EMULSION
 These are emulsion with in emulsion & designated as w/o/w or
o/w/o.
 The drugs that is incorporated in the innermost phase must cross
two phase boundaries before getting absorbed.
 It is generally used in oral sustained release or intramuscular
therapy.

IDENTIFICATION TESTS
 Dilution test
 Conductivity test
 Dye test
 Fluorescence test
 Cobalt chloride test
 Filter paper test

DILUTION TEST
 The emulsion is diluted with water, after dilution emulsion remain
stable then it is said to be o/w type of emulsion because water is in
continuous phase. If emulsion is break after dilution with water then it
is said to be w/o type of emulsion.
Add drops of water
Water distribute
Uniformly
Add drops of water
O/W Emulsion W/O Emulsion

CONDUCTIVITY TEST
 Conductivity test can be performed by dipping a pair of electrode
connecting with low voltage bulb & pass the current.
 If bulb glows then it is said to be o/w type of emulsion because water is in
continuous phase & it is good conductor of electricity.
 If bulb doesn't glow then it is said to be w/o type of emulsion because oil is
bad conductor f electricity.
Bulb glows with O/W
Emulsion
Emulsion
Bulb doesn’t glow with W/O

DYE TEST
 Oil soluble Scarlet red dye is mixed with emulsion.
 Place a drop of emulsion on microscopic slide cover it with cover
slip & examine under microscope.
 If disperse globules appears red & ground is colourless then it said
to be o/w type of emulsion because water is present in continuous
phase.
 If reserve condition occurs (If disperse globules appears colourless
& ground is red colour then it said to be w/o type of emulsion
because oil is present in continuous phase.)
Oil is dispersed
phase
Water is
continuous phase
Water is disperse phase
Oil is continuous
phase

FLUORESCENCE TEST
 Certain fixed oil posses the physical properties of fluorescing in the
presence of ultraviolet radiations.
 If examine under microscope ground is fluorescence then it said to be
w/o type of emulsion because oil is present in continuous phase.
 If examine under microscope droplet is fluorescence then it said to be
o/w type of emulsion because oil is present in disperse phase.

CREAMING TEST
 The direction of creaming identifies the emulsion type, if the
densities of aqueous and oil phases are known.
 Water-in-oil emulsions normally cream downward as oil is usually
less dense than water.
 Oil-in-water emulsions normally cream upwards.

COBALT CHLORIDE TEST
 Pour the emulsion on filter paper then it is soaked in cobalt chloride
solutions & allowed to dry turns from blue to pink.
 Then this emulsion is said to be o/w type of emulsion.
 This test may fail if emulsion unstable or breaks in presence of
electrolyte.

FILTER PAPER TEST
 This test is based on the fact that an o/w emulsion will spread out
rapidly when dropped onto filter paper.
 In contrast, a w/o emulsion will migrate only slowly. This method
should not be used for highly viscous creams.

SUSPENSION
 Suspensions are the biphasic liquid dosage
forms of medicament in which finely divided
solid particles ranging from 0.5 to 5 micron are
dispersed in a liquid or semisolid vehicle, with
aid of single or combination of suspending
agent.
 In which solid particles acts as disperse phase
where as liquid vehicle acts as continuous
phase
 The external phase (suspending medium) is
generally aqueous in some instance, may be an
organic or oily liquid for non oral use.
 The particle size for non oral suspension is so
important to avoid grittiness to skin.

ADVANTAGE OF SUSPENSION
 Suspension can improve chemical stability of certain drug. E.g.
Procaine penicillin
 Drug in suspension exhibits higher rate of bioavailability than
other dosage forms.
Solution > Suspension > Capsule > Compressed Tablet > Coated
tablet
 Duration and onset of action can be controlled. E.g. Protamine
Zinc-Insulin suspension.
 Suspension can mask the unpleasant/ bitter taste of drug. E.g.
Chloramphenicol

DISADVANTAGE OF SUSPENSION
 Physical stability , sedimentation and compaction can causes
problems.
 It is difficult to formulate.
 Uniform and accurate dose can not be achieved unless suspension
are packed in unit dosage form.
 All suspensions are required to be shaken before measuring of
dose.
 The storage of suspension may lead to changes in disperse system
especially, when there is fluctuations in temperatures.

IDEAL QUALITIES OF GOOD SUSPENSION
 It should settle slowly & easily re – dispersed on shaking
 It should readily & evenly pour from container.
 It should be chemically inert.
 It should not forms hard cake.
 It should prevent degradation of drug or to improve stability of drug.
 It should mask the taste of bitter of unpleasant drug.

FLOCCULATED SUSPENSION
 In this type, solid particles are loosely aggregates themselves, means
individual particles are come in contact with each other to forms
network like structure called as a floccules.
 These flocs are light, fluffy in nature, which are held together by weak
van der waals force of attraction.
 Aggregation is achieved by adding flocculating agent.
 This suspension will readily sediments.
 This suspension posses better physical stability but less bioavailability
as compared to deflocculated suspension due to dissolution of
floccules.

DEFLOCCULATED SUSPENSION
 In this type of suspension, individual particle exits as a separate entity,
means particles carry a finite charges on their surface . Hence
particles approaches each other, they experience repulsive forces. This
force create a high potential barrier, which prevents a aggregation of
particles.
 During storage, these suspension shows a sedimentation at slow rate,
due to that particles forms a close packing arrangement.
 So that it is difficult to re dispersed on agitation & forms a cake or
claying which is hard in nature.
 This type of suspension have shorter shelf life but high bioavailability
as compared to flocculated suspension.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FLOCCULATED &
DEFLOCCULATED SUSPENSION
Flocculated Suspension Deflocculated suspension
Particles form loose aggregates & forms
network like structure.
Particle exist as separate entities.
Particles experience attractive forces. Particles experience repulsive forces.
Supernatant liquid is clear. Supernatant liquid is cloudy.
The rate of sediment is high. The rate of sediment is slow.
Sediment is rapidly formed. Sediment is slowly formed.
sediment are loosely packed, hence hard
cake is not formed.
Sediments are closely packed, hence
hard cake is formed.
The sediment is easy to redisperse on
shaking.
Sediment is difficult to redisperse on
shaking. (due to formation of hard cake)
Bioavailability is comparatively less. Bioavailability is relatively high.
The suspension is not pleasing in
appearance.
The suspension is pleasing in
appearance.

SEMISOLID DOSAGE FORMS
 Semisolid dosage forms meant for external application
 Semisolid dosage forms subcategorized are as-
I) ointment
II) creams
III) paste
IV) Jellies
V) Suppositories
 The suppositories are also included in this category but it is a
unit dosage forms.

OINTMENT
 Ointment are semisolid preparation meant for application to skin or
mucous membrane.
 The ointments are mainly used for their protective or emollient
properties
 It may be defined as a medicament or medicaments dissolved,
suspended or emulsified in ointment base.
 There is no single ointment base which possesses all the qualities
of ideal ointment base, so it become necessary to use more than
one ointment base in the preparation of ointment.

QUALITIES OF IDEAL OINTMENT BASE
 It should be inert, odourless & colourless & smooth.
 It should be physically & chemically stable.
 It should be compatible with the skin & with incorporated
medicaments.
 It should be of such consistency that it spread & soften when applied
to skin with stress.
 It should not retard healing of wound.
 It should produce irritation or sensitization of the skin.

CLASSIFICATION OF OINTMENT BASE
 Oleaginous bases
 Absorption bases
 Emulsion bases
 Water soluble bases

OLEAGINOUS BASE
 These bases consist of water soluble hydrocarbons, vegetable
oils, animal fats & wax.
 The constituents of hydrocarbon bases are soft paraffin, hard
paraffin & liquid paraffin.
 The vegetable oils are mainly used in ointment to lower the
melting point or to soften the bases.
 These bases serve to keep the medicaments in prolonged
contact with the skin & also act as occlusive dressings. They
have a low capacity to absorb water & are used chiefly for their
emollient effect.
 These bases losing their importance now a days for the many
reason.

DISADVANTAGES OF
OLEAGINOUS BASES
 They are greasy.
 They are sticky & are difficult to remove both from skin & clothing.
 They retain body heat which may produce an uncomfortable feeling of
warmth.
 They do not help in the absorption of medicaments.

ABSORPTION BASES
 These bases are generally anhydrous substance which have the
property of absorbing considerable quantities of water but still
retaining their ointment like consistency.
 The absorption bases are of two type namely as
I) Non emulsified bases
II) Water in oil emulsion
 Non emulsified bases absorb water & aqueous solutions
producing w/o emulsion. E.g. Wool fat, wool alcohol, beeswax &
cholesterol.
 Water in oil emulsions are capable of absorbing more water &
have the properties of non- emulsified bases. E.g. hydrous wool
fat ( lanoline)

EMULSION BASES
 These bases are semisolid or have cream like consistency.
 Both o/w or w/o emulsions are used as a ointment base.
 The o/w emulsion base is more popular now days because ease of
application will easily achieved.
 The w/o type of emulsion bases are greasy & sticky.
 The emulsifying ointment is prepared from emulsifying wax, white soft
paraffin & liquid paraffin.

WATER SOLUBLE BASES
 These are commonly known as greaseless ointment bases.
 The water soluble bases consist of water soluble ingredients such as
carbowaxes ( polyethylene glycol polymer)
 The carbowaxes are water soluble, non – volatile & inert substance.
 Selection of appropriate carbowaxes is depend on their molecular
weight.

CREAMS
 These are viscous semisolid emulsions which are meant for external
use.
 Cream is divided in to two types namely as
I) Aqueous creams
II) Oily creams
 In case of aqueous creams the emulsions are o/w type & it is
relatively non greasy. The emulsifying waxes are anionic, cationic &
non –ionic used. Generally polysorbate, triethanolamine soap are
used as emulsifying agent.
 In case of oily creams w/o type & it is relatively greasy. The
emulsifying agent such as wool fat, wool alcohols, beeswax &
calcium soap is used.
 The cream should be store in collapsible tube & supplied in well
closed container to prevent evaporation & contamination.

PASTES
 Pastes are semisolid preparations intended for
external application to skin.
 The pastes are generally very thick & stiff.
 They do not melt at ordinary temperature & thus
forms a protective coating over the area where
they are applied.
 Pastes are differ from ointment as they contain
a high proportion of finely powdered
medicaments.
 They are mainly used as a antiseptic,
protective, soothing dressings.
 Pastes should be stored & supplied in
containers made of materials which do not allow
absorption or diffusion of content.

JELLIES
 Jellies are transparent or translucent, non greasy, semi solid
preparations mainly used for external application to skin.
 These are also used for lubricating catheters, surgical gloves & rectal
thermometer.
 The substance like gelatin, starch, tragacanth, sodium alginate &
cellulose derivatives are used for the formulation of jellies.
 Jellies are of three types namely as
 Medicated jellies
 Lubricating jellies
 Miscellaneous jellies

INTRODUCTION
With the advancement of pharmaceutical sciences, a new concept
have evolved various modern dosage forms & methods of their
administration. Some of the modern dosage forms are
 Implants
 Films & strips
 Liposome drug carriers
 Controlled drug delivery modules
 Erythrocytes
 Nanoparticles
 Prodrugs

IMPLANTS
 These are hypodermic tablets are placed under the skin by a minor
surgery in order to release drugs over prolonged periods of time.
 Now the magnetically controlled implants have been developed which
can be opened or closed at will in order to release or stop the drug.
 These implants are placed at upper thigh at a depth of 5mm.
 These implants are useful in hormone therapy.

FILMS & STRIPS
These are meant for topical application for slow release of drug over
predetermined period of time. Films & strips are more popular these
days. They are sub categorized in to following types namely as
 Zero order release films
 Buccal strips
 Spray bandages

ZERO ORDER RELEASE FILMS
 These are called as laminates & meant for topical application. E.g.
Nitroglycerine laminates are prepared by mixing propylene glycol with
about 1% carbopol resin. The mixture is neutralized with NaoH solution &
then 0.1% of nitroglycerin is added. It is then placed in polythene sheet
5*5 cm & its edges are sealed by heat. It is then placed on pressure
sensitive adhesive sheet of 5.5 * 5.5 cm so that it can be properly
adhesive to skin. Such laminates release the drug slowly into circulation
for about 12 hours.

BUCCAL STRIPS
 The buccal & sublingual tablets are now replaced with buccal
strips.
 These strips consist of a thin absorbent base of fabrics, filter
paper & cotton etc.
 The buccal strips are prepared by immersing a long piece of
fabric made from polyamide fibers into a molten mixture of
carbowaxes & dissolved or dispersed the drug.
 The fabric is then cooled & cut into small pieces.
 It should be contact with buccal mucosa for about 15 min. &
then removed & discarded.

SPRAY BANDAGE
 These bandage are prepared by spraying the solution of drug in
polylactide (polymer of lactic acid anhydride)
 A solution of purified lactide polymer is made in chloroform.
 It is then packed in aerosol container having suitable propellant.
 When these solution sprayed then it will be a comfortable bandage
which can simply washed of with warm water.

LIPOSOME DRUG CARRIERS
 These are several carriers in our body which transport both to an other
like as enzymes, proteins etc.
 These are phospholipids which can transport both hydrophilic &
hydrophobic drugs.
 The large multilamellar vesicles (LMV), small unilamellar vesicles
(SUV), large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) are some of the liposome's
known today.

APPLICATIONS
 Used in diseases caused by intracellular parasites. E.g. malaria,
tuberculosis & amoebiasis.
 It entrapped insulin is active orally & can be replaced by IM
administration of insulin.
 It can be used to transport functional DNA/RNA molecules into
cell.
 It can be used to transport radio pharmaceuticals &
immunological products.
 Liposomal daunomycin has longer duration of action than free
daunomycin which is used in the treatment of neoplasia.

CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY MODULES
 These are the device which are formed by embedding the drug
within a polymeric matrix so that it gets released slowly to the
body over a long period of time.
 It will formed drug – polymer complex & may be formulated in to
tablet, capsule or any other suitable formulation.
 These modules are punctured before administration with leaser
beam to make a small orifice for release of the drugs.
 The drugs is released from these modules by diffusion, osmosis
or chemical reactions.
 These are applied to skin, implanted subcutaneously or inserted
into various body cavities.

ERYTHROCYTES
 Erythrocytes are tried in order to achieve controlled release of
drugs.
 The life span of erythrocytes are 120 days.
 It can allow a drug to circulate in the body for long period of time
which help slow release of the drugs in to serum.
 Released erythrocytes are prepared by putting them in to a
hypotonic medium. So that they can easily swollen.
 The aqueous solutions of the drug is added to the medium so
that drugs gets in to erythrocytes through open pores.
 When isotonicity is adjusted the erythrocytes shrink, thus
encapsulating the drug with in them. These erythrocytes may be
suspended in normal saline solutions for preparing injections.

APPLICATIONS
 Released erythrocytes of urease have been used in kidney failure to
degrade serum urea.
 Released erythrocytes of asparaginase have shown good result in
asparaginase dependent leukemia.
 Released erythrocytes of methotrexate & adrianycin have been tried in
cancer therapy.
 Released erythrocytes of prednisolone have shown good result to
prolong the anti-inflammatory action.

NANOPARTICLES
 It is based on colloidal drug delivery system.
 The particles size of this system is in nanometer range (200 – 500
mm)
 The system consist of a drug & carriers to deposit the drug at target
site.
 The carriers used are naturally occurring macromolecules like human
serum albumin, bovine serum albumin, & other substances like gelatin,
casein & ethylcellulose.

APPLICATIONS
 Flourescein isothinocyanate (FITC) nanoparticles have been used to
incorporate cytotoxic agent into tumor cell in cancer chemotherapy.
 Nanoparticles along with biological maker like immunoglobulin can be
used to target the drugs to very specific site.

PRODRUGS
 The compound which undergo biotransformation before showing
desired pharmacological activity are called prodrugs or proagents.
 Prodrugs are generally the ester or amides of parent drugs.
 These are useful to improving the stability, solubility, bioavailability of
drugs, masking the unpleasant taste & odour of the parent drug &
reducing the toxicity

APPLICATIONS
 Choramphenicol palmitate, the prodrug of chloramphenicol is used in
the preparation of pediatrics suspension because it has no bitter taste.
 Procaine penicillin G & benzathine penicillin G are prodrugs of
penicillin G which shows resistance to hydrolysis as compared to the
parent drug.
 Cindamycin 2- phosphate the prodrug of cindamycin has no bitter taste
of parent drug.

Pharmaceutics i-dosage-form

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