The document discusses various aspects of pregnancy including fertilization, maternal physiological changes during pregnancy, labor and delivery, and pregnancy testing. It describes the transport of gametes during fertilization, the process of capacitation and formation of the zygote. It outlines various hematological, cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine and other changes in the body to accommodate the growing fetus. Key events of labor and delivery and how pregnancy tests work are also summarized.

1. PREGNANCY AND
PARTURITION

2.  Transport of gametes
1. Transport of Egg
 Facilitated by the ciliary and peristaltic movement of the fimbriae
2. Transport of Sperm
 Transport of sperm in Cervix
 Transport of Sperm in the Uterus
 Transport of Sperm in the Fallopian Tube

4. CAPACITATION
Insights Into Male Fertility: Understanding
Capacitation - Bing video

5.  Process of fusion of male and female gamete. If the ovum becomes fertilized, a new
sequence of events called gestation or pregnancy takes place, and the fertilized ovum
eventually develops into a full-term foetus.
 It takes place in four stages:
1. Fusion of Sperm with egg
2. Acrosome reaction and penetration
3. Polyspermy block
4. Formation of zygote
 Fertilization - Bing video

10. Pregnancy - How a Wonder is Born! (Animation) -
YouTube

11. The Placenta: Its Development and Function - YouTube

18.  Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy are the adaptations during pregnancy that
the pregnant woman's body undergoes to accommodate the growing embryo or fetus. These
physiologic changes are entirely normal, and include behavioral (brain), cardiovascular
(heart and blood vessel), hematologic (blood), metabolic, renal (kidney), posture, and
respiratory (breathing) changes. Increases in blood sugar, breathing, and cardiac output
are all expected changes that allow a pregnant woman's body to facilitate the proper
growth and development of the embryo or fetus during the pregnancy. The pregnant
woman and the placenta also produce many other hormones that have a broad range of
effects during the pregnancy.

21. Change in
blood volume
Hematological
change
Change in
cardiovascular
System
Changes in
respiratory
system
Changes in
kidney
function
Changes in GI
function
Changes in
hepatobiliary
system
Changes in
endocrine
function

22. HAEMATOLOGICAL CHANGES IN
PREGNANCY

27. CARDIAC CHANGES IN PREGNANCY INCLUDE:
 The cardiac output of the mother increases by 40% because the heart must supply
additional blood to the placenta. Cardiac output, however, falls to a little above the
normal value during the last eight weeks of pregnancy, with the maximum effect at
20-28 weeks of pregnancy.
 Vasodilatation also necessitates increased cardiac output. There is an increase in
stroke volume by about 90% that leads to an increase in left ventricular muscle
mass and the end-diastolic volume but not the end-diastolic pressure.
 There is a 10-20% increase in the maternal heart rate.
 Blood pressure decreases during the first and second trimester and returns to
normal levels during the third trimester.

31.  There is a 20% increase in oxygen demand during pregnancy that occurs due to a
15% increase in BMR.
 Due to increased BMR during pregnancy, minute ventilation also increases. Some
of it is attributed to an increased level of progesterone, which is a direct
respiratory stimulant.
 The PCO2 level in the blood decreases. As the growing uterus presses upon the
abdominal structures, the change in the shape of the diaphragm is limited. So, to
maintain adequate ventilation, the respiratory rate increases.

32.  There is an increased level of all thyroid hormones; thus, pregnancy is considered
a hyperthyroid state. Reduced vascular resistance activates the RAAS system,
causing a three-fold increase in aldosterone in the first trimester and a 10-fold
increase in the third trimester.
 The pituitary gland enlarges during pregnancy due to the proliferation of
prolactin producing cells in the anterior lobe.
 Pregnancy is a diabetogenic state associated with an increase in maternal glucose
to supply the fetus and accompanying insulin resistance.

33. Not.

34. BONE
CHANGES
 Pregnancy is associated with reversible bone
loss because of increased bone turnover to
supply the fetus with calcium.

37.  First, the hemoglobin of the fetus is mainly fetal hemoglobin, which is a type of hemoglobin
synthesized in the fetus before birth. This means that at the low PO2 levels in fetal blood,
the fetal hemoglobin can carry 20 to 50 percent more oxygen than can maternal
hemoglobin.
 Second, the hemoglobin concentration of fetal blood is about 50 percent greater than that of
the mother.
 Third, the Bohr effect, which is explained in relation to the exchange of carbon dioxide and
oxygen in the lung in, provides another mechanism to enhance the transport of oxygen by
fetal blood.

38.  The duration of pregnancy in humans averages 270 days from fertilization (284 days from the first day of the
menstrual period preceding conception).
 The difference between the body of the uterus and the cervix becomes evident at the time of delivery. The
cervix, which is firm in the nonpregnant state and throughout pregnancy until near the time of delivery, softens
and dilates, while the body of the uterus contracts and expels the foetus.
 Estrogen makes the uterus more excitable, increases the number of gap junctions between myometrial cells,
and causes production of more prostaglandins, which in turn cause uterine contractions.
 In humans, CRH secretion by the fetal hypothalamus increases.
 The number of oxytocin receptors in the myometrium and the decidua (the endometrium of pregnancy)
increases more than 100-fold during pregnancy and reaches a peak during early labour.

43. Labor and Delivery | Childbirth - YouTube

51. How do pregnancy tests work? - Tien Nguyen - YouTube

59. PREGNANCY
TEST BY
MIDSTREAM
DEVICE

60. Advantages

62. Amenorrhea
Primary
Pathological
Congenital
Malformation
Genetic disorder
e.g. Turners
syndrome
Physiological
Constitutional
Before puberty
Secondary
Physiological
Peripubertal
Pregnancy
Lactational
Environmental
factors
Emotional
disturbance
Menopause
Pathological
Hypothalamic
disorder
Pituitary
disorder
Ovarian
disorder
Uterine
pathology
Systemic illness
Drugs