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3z Bm¤l dhp¡ −l¡N g¡C−V¡f−b¡l¡ Rœ¡L g¡e¢Sp¡CX
4z −mh¤ /Ljm¡l LÉ¡L¡l hÉ¡¢ƒ¢lu¡ a¡jËO¢Va l¡o¡u¢eL âhe
5z −Ys−ol qm¤¢nl¡ −j¡−SCL i¡Cl¡p ¢ge¡Cm, −f¢l„¢é−Sp
−l¡N
S£h¡e¤ pwœ²j−el g−m M¡−cÉl l¡p¡u¢eL f¢lhaÑe
O−V M¡cÉ ¢ho¡š² q−u f−sz ¢ho¡š² M¡cÉ NËq−eO−V M¡cÉ ¢ho¡š² q−u f−sz ¢ho¡š² M¡cÉ NËq−e
f¢lf¡La−¿»l j¡l¡aÈL ¢ho¢œ²u¡S¢ea Ap¤¤ÙÛ
AhÙÛ¡−L g¥XfuS¢ew h−mz
l¡æ¡ Ll¡ M¡cÉ eø qu S£h¡e¤l ¢œ²u¡l g−m S£h¡e¤ pwœ²je
−l¡d Ll−mC M¡cÉ A−eL ¢ce pwl¢ra b¡−Lz
1z mhe J −i¡SÉ −am Ae¤S£−hl hª¢Ü −l¡d L−lz
2z −p¡¢Xu¡j −h−¾S¡−uV J −p¡¢Xu¡j −jV¡h¡Ck¡m−gV à¡l¡
BQ¡l, Q¡V¢e, SÉ¡j J −ú¡u¡n pwlre Ll¡ quzBQ¡l, Q¡V¢e, SÉ¡j J −ú¡u¡n pwlre Ll¡ quz
3z ¢Q¢e à¡l¡ SÉ¡j J −ú¡u¡n pwlre quz
4z −am J ¢i¢eN¡l phS£, gm, j¡R, j¡w−p S£h¡e¤l hª¢Ü
−l¡d L−lz
5z j¡R, j¡wp, Ly¡Q¡ Bj, Bjm¢L, −aa¥m, CaÉ¡¢cz
6z mhe à¡l¡ pwlre HL¢V p¡d¡le J fË¡Q£e fÜ¢a
¢i¢eN¡l
BQ¡l,Q¡V¢e,SÉ¡j
f¡Ù¹¥l£ Lle
c¤d−L a¡fj¡œ¡u −p−Lä −l−M qWÉ¡v W¡ä¡ L−l
pwlre Ll¡ quz ¢h‘¡e£ m¤Cf¡Ù¹¥l B¢hú«a HC
fÜ¢a−L f¡Ù¹¥l£Lle h¡ f¡Ù¹¥l¡C−Sne h−mz
f¡Ù¹¥l£ Lle
fÉ¡−LVS¡aLle J pwlre
öL−e¡ gm J phS£−L h¡u¤öeÉ fÉ¡−L−V pwlre
L−l h¡S¡lS¡a Ll¡ quz h¡u¤öeÉ ÙÛ¡−e S£h¡e¤l hª¢Ü
qu e¡z
Microbes-friends & foes-Sanjib Roy for class 8

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Microbes-friends & foes-Sanjib Roy for class 8

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  • 11. °h¢nø 1z C−mƒÊe Ae¤h£re k−¿» cªnÉj¡e 2z phÑœ b¡−L 3z S£h −c−ql h¡C−l Ss h¡ ¢eÑS£h 4z −L¡oq£e HLfËL¡l ¢eE¢LÓCL AÉ¡¢pX Le¡ DNA h¡ RNA 5z −Lhm −f¡oL −L¡−o hwnhª¢Ü L−l (h¡dÉa¡jmL flS£¢h) 6z p¢cÑ-L¡¢n, CegÓ¥−u”¡, hp¿¹, −f¡¢mJ CaÉ¡¢c ¢h¢iæ −l¡N Rs¡u Hhw LÉ¡¾p¡−ll j−a¡ j¡l¡aÈL −l¡N pª¢ø L−lz 3z S£h −c−ql h¡C−l Ss h¡ ¢eÑS£h
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  • 39. °°°°h¢nøh¢nøh¢nøh¢nø 1z −LÓ¡−l¡¢gm¢hq£e E¢ácz S£h h−SÑÉl Efl SeÈ¡u, jªaS£¢hz 2z HL−L¡n£ J hý−L¡n£, cmhÜ i¡−h L−m¡¢e NWe L−lz 3z AfL¡l£a¡ J EfL¡l£a¡ c¤CC B−Rz 4z ¢LR¥ Rœ¡−Ll h¡¢e¢SÉL …l¦aÆ B−Rz 5z ¢LR¥ Rœ¡L −b−L AÉ¡¢¾Vh¡−u¡¢VL Kod fËÙ¹¥a quz
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  • 44. 1z M¡cÉhÙ¹¥, −f¡n¡L, Q¡js¡, Ly¡Q ¢c−u fËÙ¹¥a c¡j£ k¿» eø L−lzeø L−lz 2z d¡e, Nj, CaÉ¡¢c noÉ ¢heø L−lz 3z j¡e¤−ol −c−q QjÑ−l¡N, AÉ¡pf¡l¢S−m¡¢pp pq ¢h¢iæ −l¡N pª¢ø L−lz
  • 46. 1z Cø, AÉ¡N¢lL¡p, CaÉ¡¢c j¡e¤o M¡cÉ ¢qp¡−h NËqe L−lz 2z Cø −hL¡l£ ¢n−Òf hÉhq©a quz 3z −f−e¢p¢me f¡Ju¡ k¡u −f¢e¢p¢mu¡j −b−Lz 4z A−eL AÉ¡¢¾Vh¡−u¡¢V−Ll Evp Rœ¡L4z A−eL AÉ¡¢¾Vh¡−u¡¢V−Ll Evp Rœ¡L 5z A−eL Rœ¡L j¡¢Vl EhÑla¡ hª¢Ü L−l Cø
  • 48. °°°°h¢nøh¢nøh¢nøh¢nø 1z SmS, plm−cq£ E¢ác 2z HL−L¡n£ h¡ hý−L¡n£ 3z −LÓ¡−l¡¢gmk¤š², a¡C ü−i¡S£
  • 51. 1z A−eL °nh¡m M¡cÉ l©−f Nª¢qa quz 2z AÉ¡¢¾Vh¡−u¡¢VL pq ¢h¢iæ Kod °al£−a hÉhq©a quz 3z p¡l, BhSÑe¡ −n¡de, jq¡L¡n N−hoe¡u hÉhq©a quz 4z A−eL °nh¡m ¢iV¡¢j−el Evpz4z A−eL °nh¡m ¢iV¡¢j−el Evpz −LÓ¡−lm¡-jq¡L¡n N−hoZ¡u EfL¡l£
  • 52. 1z h¡s£l −cu¡m h¡ ¢i−S S¡uN¡u SeÈ¡u J r¢a L−lz 2z f¤L¥l, −mL h¡ ec£l −pË¡aq£e A’−m hÉ¡fL L−m¡e£ ¢hÙ¹¡l L−lz 3z ¢LR¥ °nh¡m E¢ác, fË¡¢Z J j¡e¤−ol ¢h¢iæ −l¡−Nl L¡lez 4z −L¡e −L¡e °nh¡m j¡−Rl js−Ll L¡lZz
  • 53. −L¡e −L¡e −nJm¡ j¡−Rl js−Ll L¡lZ
  • 54.
  • 55. Ae¤h£r¢ZL S£h¡e¤l¡ S−m, j¡¢V−a, h¡u¤, M¡−cÉ, Eo· fËpËh−e, hlgn£am Smh¡u¤, jl¦i¨¢j ph S¡uN¡u f¡Ju¡ k¡uzk¡uz ¢LR¥ S£h¡e¤ E¢ác J fË¡¢e−c−q flS£¢hl©−f Hhw ¢LR¥ ü¡d£e i¡−h h¡p L−lz −fË¡−V¡−S¡u¡ HLL i¡−h h¡p L−lz Rœ¡L J hÉ¡L¢V¢lu¡ HL¡ b¡−L Bh¡l L−m¡e£ NWe L−lz
  • 56. ¢h¢iæ Be¤h£r¢eL S£−hl EfL¡l£ i¨¢jL¡ Be¤h£r¢eL¢h¢iæ Be¤h£r¢eL S£−hl EfL¡l£ i¨¢jL¡ Be¤h£r¢eL S£h−cl −nËe£¢hi¡−N −cM¡−e¡ q−u−Rz
  • 57. mÉ¡L−V¡hÉ¡¢pm¡p hÉ¡L¢V¢lu¡ c¤d−L cC−u f¢lea L−lz AÒf Nlj c¤−d f§−hÑ p¢’a cC p¡j¡eÉ f¢lj¡−e ¢j¢nËa L−l Eo· f¢l−h−n −l−M ¢c−a quz hÉ¡L¢V¢lu¡ â¥a hwnhª¢Ü L−l Hhw c¤d cC−u−l−M ¢c−a quz hÉ¡L¢V¢lu¡ â¥a hwnhª¢Ü L−l Hhw c¤d cC−u f¢lea quz CX¢m h¡e¡−aJ cC ¢jnËa Ll−a quz −p−r−œ cC−ul hÉ¡L¢V¢lu¡ CX¢ml ¢jnËe¢V−L −Ny¢S−u −a¡−m (fermentation) ¢QS Hhw BQ¡l h¡e¡−aJ hÉ¡L¢V¢lu¡ hÉhq©a quz
  • 58. ¢Q¢e, g−ml lp, h¡¢mÑ, Nj, Q¡m, CaÉ¡¢c −b−L Cø h¡ AeÉ Be¤h£r¢eL S£h¡e¤ à¡l¡, på¡e (fermentation ) fÜ¢a à¡l¡ AÉ¡m−L¡qm Hhw ¢i¢eN¡l °al£ Ll¡ quz Be¤h£r¢eL S£h¡e¤ −k ¢h−no nÄpe fË¢œ²u¡u AÉ¡m−L¡qm °al£Be¤h£r¢eL S£h¡e¤ −k ¢h−no nÄpe fË¢œ²u¡u AÉ¡m−L¡qm °al£ L−l, a¡−L på¡e h−mz på¡e fÜ¢a B¢hú¡l L−le m¤C f¡Ù¹¥l (1857) Kod fËÙ¹¥¢a−a Be¤h£r¢eL S£−hl hÉhq¡l quz
  • 59. AÉ¡¢¾Vh¡−u¡¢VL- S£h−L¡n h¡ S£h¡e¤ −b−L Evfæ −k pLm l¡o¡u¢eL fc¡bÑ fË−u¡−N hÉ¡L¢V¢lu¡ J AeÉ¡eÉ S£h¡e¤l hª¢Ü hå qu h¡ dÆwp qu a¡−cl hm¡ quS£h¡e¤l hª¢Ü hå qu h¡ dÆwp qu a¡−cl hm¡ qu AÉ¡¢¾Vh¡−u¡¢VLz
  • 60. ¢h‘¡e£ B−mLS¡ä¡l −gÓ¢jw −f−e¢p¢mu¡j −e¡−VV¡j e¡jL Rœ¡L −b−L −f−e¢p¢me e¡jL S£hec¡u£ …l¦aÆf§ZÑ AÉ¡¢¾Vh¡−u¡¢VL B¢hú¡l L−lez
  • 61. haÑj¡−e Rœ¡L J hÉ¡L¢V¢lu¡ −b−L ApwMÉ AÉ¡¢¾Vh¡¢u¢VL h¡e¡−e¡ q−µRz H…¢m j¡e¤o, J Nªqf¡¢ma fË¡¢e−cl −l¡N ¢el¡j−u p¡q¡kÉ L−lz a−h AÉ¡¢¾Vh¡−u¡¢V−Ll p£¢ja hÉhq¡l E¢Qvza−h AÉ¡¢¾Vh¡−u¡¢V−Ll p£¢ja hÉhq¡l E¢Qvz
  • 62. 1z ü£L«a ¢Q¢Lvp−Ll fl¡jnÑ R¡s¡ AÉ¡¢¾Vh¡−u¡¢VL NËqe ¢WL euz 2z AÉ¢¾Vh¡−u¡¢VL Bj¡−cl −c−q hph¡pL¡l£ EfL¡l£ hÉ¡L¢V¢lu¡ eø Ll−a f¡−lz 3z fË−u¡Se£u AÉ¢¾Vh¡−u¡¢VL NËq−el −r−œ X¡š²¡l fËcš −L¡pÑ¢V3z fË−u¡Se£u AÉ¢¾Vh¡−u¡¢VL NËq−el −r−œ X¡š²¡l fËcš −L¡pÑ¢V pÇf¨eÑ NËqe Ll¡ E¢Qvz ApÇf¨eÑ −X¡S −c−q AÉ¢¾Vh¡−u¡¢V−Ll ¢hl©−Ü fË¢a−l¡d N−s −a¡−mzg−m fË−u¡S−el pju AÉ¡¢¾Vh¡−u¡¢V−Ll L¡kÑÉL¡l£a¡ L−j k¡uz 4z L−uL¢V p¤¤f¢l¢Qa AÉ¡¢¾Vh¡−u¡¢V−Ll e¡j - −ØVÊf−V¡j¡C¢pe, −VVÊ¡p¡C¢LÓe, H¢l−bË¡j¡C¢pe,−f¢e¢p¢me, CaÉ¡¢cz
  • 63. −L¡e −l¡Npª¢øL¡l£ S£h¡e¤l jªa h¡ c§hÑm ej§e¡ −c−q fË−hn Ll¡−m AÉ¡¢¾Vh¢X pª¢øl j¡dÉ−j −c−q S£h¡e¤l ¢hl©−Ü fË¢a−l¡d hÉhÙÛ¡ N−s −a¡−mz HCi¡−hC V£L¡ L¡S L−lz −L¡e hÉ¢š²l HLh¡l hp¿¹ −l¡N q−u −N−m a¡l Bl hp¿¹ −l¡N qu e¡z L¡le I S£h¡e¤à¡l¡ pªø AÉ¡¢¾Vh¢X −c−q −b−L k¡u, Hhwqu e¡z L¡le I S£h¡e¤à¡l¡ pªø AÉ¡¢¾Vh¢X −c−q −b−L k¡u, Hhw ÙÛ¡u£ fË¢a−l¡d hÉhÙÛ¡ N−s −a¡−mz krÈ¡ …¢V hp¿¹, L−ml¡, −qf¡V¡C¢Vp, −f¡¢mJ pq hý −l¡N V£L¡Ll−el jdÉ−j fË¢a−l¡d Ll¡ k¡uz pÉ¡l HXJu¡XÑ −Se¡l 1798 …¢V hp−¿¹l V£L¡ B¢hú¡l L−lez
  • 64. ¢h−no A¢ik¡−el j¡dÉ−j p¡l¡ ¢hnÄS¥−s fËQ¡l J V£L¡Lle à¡l¡ …¢Vhp¿¹, −f¡¢mJ, −qf¡V¡C¢Vp, CaÉ¡¢c −l¡N fË¡u ¢e¢ÕQq² Ll¡ pñh q−u−Rz
  • 65. j¡¢V−a J E¢á−cl j§−m hph¡pL¡l£ ¢LR¥ hÉ¡L¢V¢lu¡ Hhw ¢LR¥ e£m¡i ph¤S °nh¡m h¡a¡−pl e¡C−VÊ¡−Se−L ¢eS−c−q BhÜ L−l S¢jl EhÑla¡ h¡s¡u, HC S£h¡e¤−cl e¡C−VÊ¡−Se ¢ÙÛ¢a L¡lL S£h¡e¤ h−mz X¡m S¡a£u npÉ- ¢nj, jVl, CaÉ¡¢cl j§−ml …¢V−a l¡C−S¡¢hu¡j hÉ¡L¢V¢lu¡ Hhw LÓp¢VÊ¢Xu¡j, AÉ¡−S¡−V¡hÉ¡LVl,l¡C−S¡¢hu¡j hÉ¡L¢V¢lu¡ Hhw LÓp¢VÊ¢Xu¡j, AÉ¡−S¡−V¡hÉ¡LVl, CaÉ¡¢c ü¡d£eS£¢h hÉ¡L¢V¢lu¡ Hhw e£m¡iph¤S °nh¡m −kje - AÉe¡¢he¡, eøL, CaÉ¡¢c e¡C−VÊ¡−Se ¢ÙÛ¢aLle L−lz
  • 66. h¡s£l EW¡e h¡ N−aÑ −l−M j¡¢V Q¡f¡ ¢c−m Be¤h£r¢eL S£h¡e¤ à¡l¡ ¢h−u¡S−el g−m hSÑÉfc¡bÑ …¢m p¡−l f¢leaS£h¡e¤ à¡l¡ ¢h−u¡S−el g−m hSÑÉfc¡bÑ …¢m p¡−l f¢lea quz E¢ác −p…¢m NËqe L−lz l¡Ù¹¡l f¡−n f−s b¡L¡ E¢ác J fË¡¢ZS hSÑÉ h¡ jªa−cq Hi¡−h S£h¡e¤ à¡l¡ ¢h−u¡¢Sa q−u f¢l−hn f¢lµRæ l¡−Mz
  • 67. f¢m¢be h¡ fÔ¡¢ØVL S£h¡e¤ à¡l¡ ¢h−u¡¢Sa q−a f¡−l e¡z g−m HC AfQen£m fc¡bÑ…¢m Bd¤¢eLf¡−l e¡z g−m HC AfQen£m fc¡bÑ…¢m Bd¤¢eL piÉa¡l SeÉ A¢in¡f q−u cy¡¢s−u−Rz
  • 68.
  • 69. r¢aLl S£h¡e¤ k¡l¡ E¢ác J fË¡¢el −l¡−Nl SeÉ c¡u£ a¡−cl h−m fÉ¡−b¡−Seza¡−cl h−m fÉ¡−b¡−Sez ¢h¢iæ fËL¡l fÉ¡−b¡−Se ¢h¢iæi¡−h Bj¡−cl r¢a L−lz M¡cÉ ¢ho¡š² Ll¡, gpm eø Ll¡, Q¡js¡ h¡ L¡f−sl r¢a Ll¡ j¡e¤opq ¢h¢iæ fË¡¢e J E¢á−cl −l¡N pª¢ø Ll¡, CaÉ¡¢cz
  • 70. pwœ²¡jL −l¡N : L−ml¡, p¢cÑ, L¡¢n, Smhp¿¹, kr¡, CaÉ¡¢c L−uL¢V −l¡−Nl fÉ¡−b¡−Se ¢h¢iæ h¡q−Ll j¡dÉ−j p¤¤ÙÛ hÉ¢š²l −c−q R¢s−u f−szhÉ¢š²l −c−q R¢s−u f−sz p¢cÑ-L¡¢n, CegÓ¥−u”¡ Bœ²¡¿¹ hÉ¢š²l qy¡¢Q h¡ L¡¢nl pju e¡−L-j¤−M l¦j¡m Q¡f¡ −cu¡ E¢Qvz L¡le, Bœ²¡¿¹ hÉ¢š²l qy¡¢Q h¡ L¡¢nl p−‰ ¢e:pªa Sm¢h¾c¥l p−‰ q¡S¡l q¡S¡l i¡Cl¡p h¡a¡−p R¢s−u f−s p¤¤ÙÛ hÉ¢š²l −c−q pwœ²¢ja quz
  • 71.
  • 72. j¡¢R jm, j§œ BhSÑe¡, CaÉ¡¢c −b−L S£h¡e¤ h−u H−e −M¡m¡ M¡h¡l J f¡e£−u R¢s−u −cuz HC SeÉCH−e −M¡m¡ M¡h¡l J f¡e£−u R¢s−u −cuz HC SeÉC −M¡m¡ M¡h¡l M¡Ju¡ E¢Qv euz
  • 73.
  • 74. Ù»£ AÉ−e¡¢g¢mp J H¢Xp jn¡ jÉ¡−m¢lu¡ J −X‰¥l S£h¡e¤ hqe L−lz h¡s£l B−nf¡−n −L¡b¡J Sm Sj−a e¡ ¢c−m jn¡ hwn hª¢Ü Ll−a f−l e¡z Hi¡−hC HC c¤¢V −l¡N fË¢a−l¡d quz Sj¡ S−m jn¡l m¡iÑ¡
  • 75. j¡e¤o J Nh¡¢c föl f¡ J j§−Ml i¡Cl¡p O¢Va j¡l¡aÈL −l¡Nz
  • 76. E¢á−cl −l¡N pª¢øL¡l£ Be¤h£r¢eL S£h E¢á−cl −l¡NE¢á−cl −l¡NE¢á−cl −l¡NE¢á−cl −l¡N Be¤h£r¢eL S£hBe¤h£r¢eL S£hBe¤h£r¢eL S£hBe¤h£r¢eL S£h ¢eu¿»e hÉhÙÛ¡¢eu¿»e hÉhÙÛ¡¢eu¿»e hÉhÙÛ¡¢eu¿»e hÉhÙÛ¡ 1z N−jl l¡ø h¡ j¢lQ¡−ll f¡L¢p¢eu¡ Rœ¡L q¡C−XÊ¡L¡hÑe −k±N1z N−jl l¡ø h¡ j¢lQ¡−ll f¡L¢p¢eu¡ Rœ¡L q¡C−XÊ¡L¡hÑe −k±N 2z d¡−el hË¡Ee ØfV H−ú¡j¡C−p¢Vp Rœ¡L LÉ¡m¢pu¡j ¢p¢m−LV 3z Bm¤l dhp¡ −l¡N g¡C−V¡f−b¡l¡ Rœ¡L g¡e¢Sp¡CX 4z −mh¤ /Ljm¡l LÉ¡L¡l hÉ¡¢ƒ¢lu¡ a¡jËO¢Va l¡o¡u¢eL âhe 5z −Ys−ol qm¤¢nl¡ −j¡−SCL i¡Cl¡p ¢ge¡Cm, −f¢l„¢é−Sp −l¡N
  • 77. S£h¡e¤ pwœ²j−el g−m M¡−cÉl l¡p¡u¢eL f¢lhaÑe O−V M¡cÉ ¢ho¡š² q−u f−sz ¢ho¡š² M¡cÉ NËq−eO−V M¡cÉ ¢ho¡š² q−u f−sz ¢ho¡š² M¡cÉ NËq−e f¢lf¡La−¿»l j¡l¡aÈL ¢ho¢œ²u¡S¢ea Ap¤¤ÙÛ AhÙÛ¡−L g¥XfuS¢ew h−mz
  • 78. l¡æ¡ Ll¡ M¡cÉ eø qu S£h¡e¤l ¢œ²u¡l g−m S£h¡e¤ pwœ²je −l¡d Ll−mC M¡cÉ A−eL ¢ce pwl¢ra b¡−Lz 1z mhe J −i¡SÉ −am Ae¤S£−hl hª¢Ü −l¡d L−lz 2z −p¡¢Xu¡j −h−¾S¡−uV J −p¡¢Xu¡j −jV¡h¡Ck¡m−gV à¡l¡ BQ¡l, Q¡V¢e, SÉ¡j J −ú¡u¡n pwlre Ll¡ quzBQ¡l, Q¡V¢e, SÉ¡j J −ú¡u¡n pwlre Ll¡ quz 3z ¢Q¢e à¡l¡ SÉ¡j J −ú¡u¡n pwlre quz 4z −am J ¢i¢eN¡l phS£, gm, j¡R, j¡w−p S£h¡e¤l hª¢Ü −l¡d L−lz 5z j¡R, j¡wp, Ly¡Q¡ Bj, Bjm¢L, −aa¥m, CaÉ¡¢cz 6z mhe à¡l¡ pwlre HL¢V p¡d¡le J fË¡Q£e fÜ¢a
  • 80. f¡Ù¹¥l£ Lle c¤d−L a¡fj¡œ¡u −p−Lä −l−M qWÉ¡v W¡ä¡ L−l pwlre Ll¡ quz ¢h‘¡e£ m¤Cf¡Ù¹¥l B¢hú«a HC fÜ¢a−L f¡Ù¹¥l£Lle h¡ f¡Ù¹¥l¡C−Sne h−mz f¡Ù¹¥l£ Lle
  • 81. fÉ¡−LVS¡aLle J pwlre öL−e¡ gm J phS£−L h¡u¤öeÉ fÉ¡−L−V pwlre L−l h¡S¡lS¡a Ll¡ quz h¡u¤öeÉ ÙÛ¡−e S£h¡e¤l hª¢Ü qu e¡z