NOTES.pdf

Pioneer Bank with Customer Service Excellence
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s] ;fFRRf} ;d:ofd'Qm 5 t g]kfnsf] a}ls+u / cfly{s If]q <
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;dfhsf] Ps sf]0faf6 JoQm ul/Fb}5 . b]zn] 8'O{ª lahg]; OG8]S;df cfzfk|b k|ult xfl;n ubf{ klg
lahg]; 8'c;{ OG8]S;df u'0ffTds k|ult xfl;n ug{ g;lsPsf], nufgLstf{x¿ c1ft dgf]qfzaf6 cfqmfGt
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ljQLo If]qdf dh{/McfjZostf Pjd r'gf}ltx? — ;'/h l3ld/] *@
Developing Infrastructure in Nepal — Pradip Kumar Pathak 87
Importance and Challenges of Non- Fund Based Business in
Nepalese Banking — Arjun Bahadur Kandel 91
Conflict Management: As an Emerging Concept — Raju Thapa 95
A Federal Banking Perspective of Nepal Bank Limited — Ravi Dhungel 101
Technological Disruption in Banking — Shilpi Joshi 106
Brand Positioning of Financial Products — Amit Tiwari 110
HYDROPOWER“An Opportunity and Risk for Investment”— Prashuram Bogati 113
Poverty Alleviation: Importance of Financial Inclusion and SME financing — BishalTripathi 117
E-banking: Present Problems and Prospects — Dharmendra Kumar Karna 121
An Overview of Islamic Banking and Finance — Jabed Mansuri 127

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;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] Joj:yfnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg]5f}+ . d'Vo s'/f xfd|f] lg0f{o k|s[ofnfO{
;dfj]zL / lg0f{o sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ a}+ssf]
ljj]s;DDft, g}ltstfk"0f{,
pQ/bfoLk'0f{, u|fxsd'vL
Joj;flos a}ls+u
cEof;af6 g]kfn a}snfO{
g]kfnsf] a}ls+u ahf/sf]
dfgs a}ssf] ?kdf ljsf;
ug]{ lbzfdf xfd|f] ;Dk"0f{
k|oTg s]lGb|t x'g]5 .

g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8, *# cf}+ jflif{sf]T;j ljz]iff+s, @)&^ 3
;]jf k|jfxnfO{ lbuf] ljsf; clg /fli6«o ;d[l4df cfj4
u/fpg] ;femf k|oTg xfd|f] /xg]5 .
g]kfnsf] a}lsË If]q ;]jf kx'Fr tyf ;dfj]lztf a9fpg
cln pbf;Lg 5 eGg] ljutdf ;'lg+b} cfPsf] cfd
cleJolQmk|lt s] k|ltlqmof 5 < g]kfn a}+ssf] rfn'
cf=j=df zfvf lj:tf/sf] s] sfo{s|d 5 <
b]z ;+3Lotfdf uPkl5 ljlQo kx'Frsf] cfwf/df ;a}eGbf
a9L ;kmn b]lvPsf] If]q g} ljlQo If]q xf] . :yfgLo txdf
clwsf+Zf :yfgdf a}+s k'lu;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . hxfF;Dd
rfn' cf=j=df g]kfn a}]ªssf] zfvf lj:tf/sf] sfo{qmd
5, xfn ;ftj6} k|b]zdf k|fb]lzs sfof{no, !^% j6f
zfvf, @# j6f PS;6]G;g sfpG6/dfkm{t g]kfnsf ^#
lhNNffdf xfd|f] kx'Fr /x]sf]df rfn' cfjdf #) :yfgdf
zfvf lj:tf/sf] nIo /x]sf] 5 . ;fy}, k|ljlwhGo
a}lsËdf hf]8 lbO{ df]jfOn a}ls+u, a|fGrn]; a}lsË tyf
Pl6Pd cfp6n]6 lj:tf/df a}+sn] hf]8 lbb} cfPsf] 5 .
xf] ;a} ju{ / tKsfdf ljlQo If]q k'Ug g;s]sf] cf/f]kdf
w]/yf]/ ;Totf 5}g eGg ldNb}g, jf:tjdf ;dfhsf] tNnf]
tx;DDf ljlQo If]qnfO{ k'¥ofpg' cfhsf] cfjZostf
xf], To;k|lt g]kfnsf] cu'jf tyf ;/sf/L g]kfn a}+s
uDeL/ 5 . ljlQo ;dfj]lztfsf] cfjZostfnfO{
;Daf]wg ug{ g]kfn a}+sn] x/]s g]kfnLsf] a}+s vftf
cleofgnfO{ cfkmgf] Ps dxTjk'0f{ sfo{sf] ?kdf cufl8
a9fO/x]sf] 5 . ;dfhsf lgDg tyf lgDg dWodju{nfO{
k"0f{?k]0f a}lsË ;~hfndf cfj4 u/fO{ pgLx¿sf]
pTkfbgzLntf, /f]huf/L tyf cfo clej[l4sf lglDt
pBdzLntf a9fpg] r'gf}tL ;Daf]wg ug]{ lbzfdf w]/}
sfd ug{ afFsL /x]sf] ;Gbe{df o;df g]kfnsf] a}lsË
If]q clg nlIft ju{af6 ;femf k|oTgsf] vfFrf] 5 / o;
lglDt cfjZos cWoog tyf k|fKt lgisif{ sfof{Gjogdf
g]kfn a}+s tTk/tf k|s6 ub{5 .
g]kfn a}+sn] pTs[i6 u|fxs ;]jf ;lxtsf] cu'jf
a}+s eGg] cfkmgf] gf/f agfPsf] 5 . a}+sn] sl/j @
jif{cl3af6 :df6{ a|fGrsf] cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjogdf klg
NofPsf] xf] . t/ cem} klg a}+ssf] u|fxs ;]jf sdhf]/
5, sd{rf/Lx¿ u|fxsnfO{ sfpG6/df kvf{P/ vfhf vfg
hfG5g, af]nL Jojxf/ ;]jssf]eGbf klg dflnssf] h:t}
ub{5g, ;d:of ;dfwfg lglDt u|fxsn] s'g} ljefu
l8lehg jf zfvfdf kmf]g ubf{ ;DjlGwt JolQm l;6df
gePsf] hfgsf/L cfpF5 h:tf u'gf;fx¿ u|fxsaf6
;'lgG5g . a}+ssf] k|ltj4tf / ;]jf k|jfxaLrsf]
of] b'/L 36fpg oxfFsf s] s:tf sfo{of]hgf /x]sf 5g <
cemklg s]xL u|fxsx¿af6 ljutsf] ;]jfsf] cfwf/df
o:tf cf/f]kx¿ obfsbf ;'lgg] u/]sf] oyfy{ xf] . af:tjdf
clxn]sf] k|lt:kwf{df dfly pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf] Jojxf/
sfod} /x]sf] eP a}+s cfhsf] of] cj:yfdf cfOk'Ug]
lyPg . cfd ;/sf/L lgsfon] lbFb} cfPsf] ;]jfk|lt
;a{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] cg'e"lt o; k|sf/sf] ePsf]n]
g]kfn a}+sk|lt klg To; k|sf/sf] ;f]rfO{ /xg uPsf] x'g
;Sb5 . g]kfn a}+s ljzfn u|fxssf] w/ftndf plePsf]
a}+s xf] . xfdL k'0f{?kdf ;r]t 5f} ls of] Ps Jofj;flos
;+:yf xf], ;Gt'i6 u|fxsx¿ g} xfd|f] p2]Zo xf] . xfdL ;do
;fk]lIft?kdf xfd|f] ;]jfnfO{ cem kl/is[t ub}{ hfg]5f}+ .
of] s'g} ljefu ljz]ifsf] dfq lhDd]jf/L geO{ xfdL ;d:t
sd{rf/L ju{ o;df ;dlk{t eO/x]sf5f}+ . ljleGg tflnd
tyf bIftf clej[l4sf sfo{qmdx¿dfkm{t sd{rf/Lx¿sf]
cfr/0fdf, Jofj;flos 1fgdf cem Jofks ;'wf/ ug]{5f} .
olb s'g} zfvf jf sd{rf/Laf6 u|fxs ;]jfdf nfkf/jfxL
u/]sf] cj:yf ;[hgf ePsf] cj:yfdf u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{
O{sfO{sf] ;d]t Joj:yf ePsf]n] pQm O{sfO{df hfgsf/L
u/fpg ;d]t cg'/f]w 5 .
oxfFn] a}+sdf dxTjk'0f{ lhDd]jf/L jxg u/]otf
ljj]s;DDft / g}ltstfk"0f{ a}lsË cEof;sf] (Rational
and Ethical Banking Practice) jf/Daf/ k}/jL ub}{
cfpg'ePsf] 5 . xfd|f lgIf]k u|fxsx¿ a}+sn] sd Jofh
lbg] / shf{ u|fxsx¿ a}+sn] rsf]{ Aofh lng] u'gf;f]
ub{5g . a}+ssf k'/fgf art lgIf]k u|fxsn] t gofF

4
lgIf]k u|fxssf] eGbf sd Jofhb/ lbPsf] eGg] u'gf;f]
klg ub{5g . lgIf]k tyf shf{ u|fxssf] of] u'gf;f]af/]
s]xL atfOlbg'x'G5 ls < jflif{sf]T;jdf u|fxsnfO{ cGo
s]xL ;Gb]z 5 ls <
g]kfndf a}lsË ;]jfsf] k|f/De g]kfn a}+ssf] :yfkgfaf6
ePsf] xf] . o;sf/0f g}lts / ljj]szLn a}lsËdf
g]kfn a}+s k'0f{?kdf ;r]t 5 . hxfF;Dd lgIf]kdf sd
Aofh shf{df a9L Jofh eGGf] k|Zg 5 clxn] g]kfnsf]
a}lsË kl/j]zdf lgIf]kdf pRr Aofhb/ lbg] / shf{df
Go"g Aofhb/ lng] a}+s g]kfn a}+s xf] . oxfFn] k|Zgdf
;f]w]h:tf] k'/fgf lgIf]k u|fxsnfO{ sd Aofhb/ / gofF
lgIf]kstf{nfO{ a9L Aofhb/ eGg] ljifodf ;Totf 5}g,
lgIf]ksf] Aofhb/df leGgtf gofF / k'/fgf u|fxssf]
cfwf/df geO{ lgIf]k vftfsf] ljz]iftfsf] cfwf/df /xG5,
h:t} dlxnf, Ho]i7 gful/s, sd{rf/L art vftfdf eg]
;fwf/0f art vftfeGbf s]xL yk Aofh k|bfg ul/G5 .
o; a}+sn] lng]lbg] Aofh cToGt ljj]s;Ddt Gofok"0f{
/ clg ljleGGf ;]jfjfktsf z'Nsx¿ Go"gtd /x]sf]
;Dk"0f{ u|fxsau{x¿df hfgsf/L u/fpFb} o;sf] ;]jfsf]
pkef]usf] nflu cg'/f]w ub{5' .
;/sf/L a}+ssf] gftfn] ;+/Ifssf] x}l;otdf, ;/sf/L
gLlt sfof{Gjogsf l;nl;nfdf a}+ssf] gLltut txdf
;/sf/L e"ldsf :jfefljs dfq xf]O{g cfjZos klg
x'G5 . a}+sdf $ j6f o'lgogx¿ sfo{/t /x]sf 5g .
ahf/df ;/sf/L a}+sdf a9L /fhgLlt x'G5, /fhgLlts
x:tIf]k x'G5 eGg] ufO{u'O{ obfsbf ;'lgg] ub{5 . a}+ssf]
Jofj;flostfdf cf3ft k'Ug] u/L a}+sn] /fhgLlts
x:tIf]k em]n]sf] 5 5}g < o;af/] ;+lIfKtdf k|sfz
kfl/lbg'x'G5 ls <
of] a}+s g]kfn ;/sf/ / ;a{;fwf/0faLrsf] ;+o'Qm
nufgL (Joint Venture) xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] %!
k|ltzt / ;j{{;fwf/0fsf] $( k|ltzt nufgL /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] lgod sfg'gcg';f/ :yfkgf eO ;~rfngdf
/x]sf a}+sx¿n] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf]
sfof{Gjogdf ;a} a}+sx¿sf] g}lts bfloTj /xG5 .
;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogdf,
;j{{;fwf/0fdf ;'ne a}lsË ;]jf pknAw u/fO{ b]zsf]
cfly{s ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg o; a}+ssf] ;b}a cu|0fL
e"dLsf /x]sf] 5 / eljiodf klg /xg]5 . clwsf+z
;/sf/L :jfldTj ePtfklg o;sf] ;~rfngsf]
lhDd]jf/L ;~rfns ;ldltdf /xg] ePsf]n] k'0f{tof
Jofj;flos?kdf sfo{ ug{ a}+s :jtGq /x]sf] /
;f]lx adf]lhd e'ldsf lgaf{x ub}{ cfO/x]sf] klg 5 .
hxfF;Dd o'lgogx¿sf] ljifo 5, lgZro klg $ j6f
6«]8 o'lgogx¿ /x]sf] / pxfFx¿sf] ;/f]sf/ klg a}+ssf]
;af]{kl/ lxtdf /x]sf]n] ;xof]uL e'ldsf /x]sf] ;d]t
hfgsf/L u/fpFb5' .
* z]o/xf]N8/nfO{ ;Gb]z
xfdL a}+ssf] jflif{sf]T;jsf] cj;/df o; a}+ssf ;Dk'0f{
z]o/wlg dxfg'efjx¿df cfef/;lxt z'esfdgf ;f6g
rfxG5f} . z]o/wgL dxfg'efjn] o; a}+ssf] ljsf;df
b]vfpg'ePsf] rf;f] / lrGtfn] g} a}+s cfh of] :yfgdf
cfOk'u]sf] xf] / cfufdL lbgdf ;d]t o:t} ;befjk"0f{
dfu{lgb]{zgsf] ck]Iff k|s6 ub{5f} . xfdLn] oxfFx¿sf]
:jefljs ck]IffnfO{ /fd|/L a'em]sf 5f}+ . a}+ssf jf:tljs
:jfdLsf] ?kdf /x]sf oxfFx¿nfO{ nfef+z lbg olt
xtfl/Psf 5f} h;/L s'g} vf]nf ;d'Gb|df ldl;g xtfl/P/
aU5 t/ j}wflgs dfkb08 k|s[of kfngfdf klg xfdL
uDeL/ x'g} kb{5, oL dfkb08 k|s[of k'/f x'gf;fy xfdLn]
z]o/wgL dxfg'efjx¿nfO{ nfef+z ljt/0f ug]{5f}+ .
o; a}+ssf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;Gb]z
xfdL ;Dk'0f{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] eljio g]kfn a}+ssf]
;kmntfdf 5 / g]kfn a}+ssf] eljio xfd|f] xftdf 5 .
xfdL olta]nf @ j6f ljifosf] sl7g k/LIffdf 5f}+,
klxnf] g]kfn a}+sleq g} ;Ifd g]t[Tj 5 eGg] k|dfl0ft
u/]/ b]vfpg], bf]>f] g]kfn a}+sn] ljutdf xfl;n u/]sf
pknlJwdf sdL cfpg glbO{ a}+ssf] bLuf] ljsf;
;'lglZrt ug]{, oL k/LIffdf xfdL v/f] pqg' 5 . o;sf
lglDt a}+ssf ;a} txsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfkmgf] sfFwdf
cfPsf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L a}+s ljsf;sf]
lglDt h'6g xflb{s cfu|x ub{5' .
;d:t g]kfnL bfh'efOnfO{ ;Gb]z
cfheGbf *@ jif{ cl3 cfd g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ a}lsË
;]jf pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zon] :yflkt of] a}+s oxfFx¿s}
:g]x ;befj / k|ToIf ;xfof]uaf6 oxfF;Dd cfOk'u]sf]
5 . xfdL o; cj;/df cfd g]kfnL bfh'efOsf] ;'v
b'vsf] ofqfdf ;bf ;fy /xg] k|ltj4tf;lxt oxfFx¿
;a}af6 ;befj :g]xsf] ck]Iff bf]xf]¥ofpFb5f} .
wGojfb

s'g} klg ;+:yfsf] nfdf] sfo{sfndf dfG5]sf] hLjgdf
h:tf] slxn]sfxLF laz]if 36gfx? 36b5g . To:tf
36gfx? k|Lo jf clk|o, /dfOnf] jf g/dfOnf],
;+:yfsf] hLjgdf bL3{sfnLg c;/ kfg]{ x'g ;S5g .
k|Lo, /dfOnf] / bL3{sfnLg c;/ kfg]{ Pp6f 36gf
lyof] – g]kfn a}+sn] @)&%.&^ df lgisfifg u/]sf]
kmb{/ klAns ckml/ª (Further Public Offering –
FPO Pkmlkcf]_ . Ps k6s cfOlkcf] -Initial Public
Offering_ ul/;s]sf] ;+:yfn] k'gM z]o/sf] ;fj{hlgs
lgisf;g u/]df To;nfO{ Pkmlkcf] elgG5 . @)&!
r}qb]lv @)&% r}qsf] $ aifL{o calwdf cGo laz]if
36gfx? klg 36]sf 5g . o; afx]s Tolt nfdf] g]kfn
a}+ssf] OltxfF;df klxn] slt laz]if 36gfx? 36]
xf]nfg . tL ;a}sf] rrf{ t oxfF ;Dej x'g] s'/f ePg .
cfh d h] n]Vg nfUb}5', of] k|f]km];gn n]v x'g]
5}g . Pkmlkcf] lgisf;gdf Aoxf]l/Psf k|zf;lgs
ca/f]wx?sf] k|:t'lt o;sf] p2]io 5 . em§ b]Vbf /
;'Gbf ;fdfGo nfUg] ;–;fgf 36gfx?sf] k|:t'lt, t/
tL ;fdfGo 36gfsf] pko'Qm XofG8lnª gePsf] eP
Pkmlkcf] lgisf;g clglZrt x'g] lyof] . g]kfn a}+ssf]
ljlQo :jf:Yo xfn r'it x'g'sf] Pp6f sf/0f Pkmlkcf]
klg xf] . To;}n] dnfO{ nfU5, eljiodf g]kfn a}+s
h:tf ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] Aoa:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/L lng]
AolQmTjsf] nflu o:tf uGyg ;fGble{s x'g]5g .
g]kfn a}+s b]zs} ;a}eGbf h]7f] dfq x}g, s'g} a]nf ;a}
eGbf 7'nf] a}+s klg lyof] . ck/];g, lgIf]k, shf{, zfvf
/ sd{rf/L ;+Vof x/]s b[li6n] of] cGo eGbf 7'nf] a}+s
lyof] . uf}/jk"0f{ Oltxf; af]s]sf] o; a}+ssf] cj:yf
Aoa:yfksLo u}/lhDd]jf/L / pko'Qm lgodgsf]
cefjdf s'g} sfndf v:s]/ kftfn k'u]sf] lyof] .
cfhsf] ;do–ljGb'df o; a}+ssf] OltxfF;sf] :d/0f
ubf{ ldl>t efjgfx? dgdf v]N5g . z]o/ k'FhL dfq
x}g hgtfsf] lgIf]k ;d]t gf]S;fg Aoxf]g{df pkof]u
ug{ k/]sf] lyof] . Tof] eg]sf] sl/a sl/a d[To"sf] l:ylt
xf] – 6]lSgsNnL OG;Ne]G6 . ;/sf/L :jfldTj /x]s}
sf/0fn] zfob of] a}+s lalu|of], t/ ;/sf/L :jfldTjs}
sf/0fn] of] a}+sn] l/se/L klg u{of] . o;}n] ;/sf/n]
a}+lsª Aoa;fo rnfpg g;Sg] laZjf; ul/GYof] . t/
cfh ;a} ;/sf/L a}+sx?n] lglh If]qsf a}+sx?nfO{
r'gf}lt lbO/x]sf 5g . nfdf] ;do;Dd ;/sf/L x:tIf]k
gx'g'sf] pkh xf] of] . t/ o; n]vsf] p2]io ;Gbe{n]
dfu]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s a}+ssf] xfn / ljutsf] ljlQo
cj:yfsf] tYof+sut t'ngf / laZn]if0f ug{' x}g .
@)&! ;fn r}qdf l;Ocf]sf] ?kdf k|a]z ubf{ g]kfn
a}+ssf] ljlQo cj:yf Pp6f la/fdL a}+ssf] h:t} lyof] .
/fi6« a}+ssf] k|ToIf Aoa:yfkg / j}b]lzs Aoa:yfkgn]
!@ aif{;Dd rnfpFbf klg g]kfn a}+ssf] k"0f{ ;'wf/
geO;s]sf] ;To lyof] . ;+lrt gf]S;fg sl/a ? ^
ca{ lyof] eg] v'b l/he{ sl/a ? # ca{n] C0ffTds
lyof] . o;sf] cy{ x'G5, a}sn] cfˆgf] z]o/ k'FhL dWo]
sl/a ? # ca{ vfO;s]sf] lyof] . k'FhL kof{Kttfsf]
cg'kft -Capital Adequacy Ratio -CAR_ /fi6« a}+ssf]
kl/kq cg';f/ Go'gtd !) k|lt;t x'g kg]{df nfhdbf]{
?kdf $=%* k|lt;t dfq lyof] . ;+ejt g]kfnsf ;a}
jfl0fHo a}+sx?df sd CAR o; a}+ss} lyof] . cfˆgf]
Aoa:yfkg /x'~h]n df}g ;fFw}sf] /fi6« a}+s 5f8]/ hfgf
;fy CAR gk'u]sf]df tf/Gtf/ kq n]Vb} lyof] . aflif{s
gfkmfsf] c+s Go'gtd lyof], a}+sn] k'FhL k'¥ofpgsf
nflu ;Dklt a]Rg z'? ul/;s]sf] lyof] . ;/sf/ / /fi6«
a}+s :jo+ ;Dklt lalqm ug{ g]kfn a}+snfO{ pT;flxt
agfpFb} lyP .
o:tf] cj:yfsf] a}+snfO{ ptfg]{ sfd s;/L x'g ;S5,
o;df ;f]rfO hfg' :jfefljs lyof] . ;lKnd]G6/L
cyf{t 6fo/ @ Soflk6n a9fpgsf nflu l8a]~r/
-C0fkq_ hfl/ ug{ ;lsGYof] . t/ ;+lrt gf]S;fg
/x]sf] a}+sn] l8a]~r/ hf/L ug{ gkfpg] /fi6« a}+ssf]
g]kfn a}+ssf]
Pkmlkcf]sf] syf b]j]G›k|tfk zfx

6
k"j{lgb]{zg lyof] . To;}n] s]xL ;Dkltx? a]lrP, k'FhL
k'u]kl5 laqmLdf /x]sf ;Dkltx? klg lalqmaf6 /f]lsP .
Plkml;oG;Ldf ;'wf/ u/]/ gfkmfsf c+sx? a9fOP . ?
Ps ca{ klg aflif{s gfkmf gx'g] a}+ssf] gfkmf ca ? #
ca{ gf£g yfNof] .
oxL lardf cs:dft /fi6« a}+sn] jfl0fHo a}+sx?sf]
z]o/ k'FhL Go'gtd ? * ca{ x'g kg]{ lgb]{zg hf/L
u{of] . ? ^ ca{ $& s/f]8 r'Qmf k'FhL ePsf] o; a}+sn]
cu|flwsf/ z]o/ hf/L u/]/ z]o/ k'FhL k'{ofof] . oL ;a}
sfd ubf{ a}+ssf] CAR /fi6« a}+sn] tf]s]sf] Go'gtd !)
k|lt;t eGbf gf3] klg k'/} a}+lsª pBf]udf k|ltiklw{
aGgsf nflu cem} k'FhL yKg' kg]{ cj:yf lyof] .
o;}sf] nflu a}+sn] Pkmlkcf] hf/L ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf]
lyof] . csf]{ s'/f, a}+s alnof] agfpgsf nflu k'FhL
yKb} hfg' cGt/fl{i6«o k|rng klg xf], l:jh/Nof08sf]
af;]n l:yt Bank for International Settlements sf]
klg o:t} lgb]{zg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . k'FhL ylkbf a}+ssf]
hf]lvd lng] Ifdtf a95, a9L lgIf]k ;+sng ug]{ af6f]
v'N5, h;n] l/:s j]6]8 P;]6 -Risk Weighted Asset_
a9fpg cyf{t ;fdfGo efiffdf shf{ k|afx a9fpg
dbt u5{ cflb .
g]kfn a}+ssf] z]o/ k'FhL kl5Nnf] cu|flwsf/ z]o/
lgisf;gkl5 ? * ca{ $ s/f]8 k'u]sf] lyof] . o;df
;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ^@=@! k|lt;t cyf{t ? % ca{
lyof] . /fi6« a}+ssf] lgb]{zg cg';f/ k|df]6/x?sf] z]o/
sddf klg %! k|lt;t x'g kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfn a}+ssf]
Ps dfq k|df]6/ ;/sf/ lyof] / clxn] klg 5 . cGo
;a} ;fwf/0f z]o/xf]N8/ lyP . k'gM cu|flwsf/ z]o/
lgisf;g ug{ g;lsg] x}g, Go'gtd k'FhL k'lu;s]sf]
cj:yfdf of] Aoy{sf] cEof; dx;'; x'g ;SYof] . oxL
ca:yfsf] cWoog u/]/ AolQmut ?kdf d}n] g]kfn
;/sf/sf] z]o/ k'FhL /sddf oyfjt cyf{t ? % ca{
sfod} /flv :jfldTjsf] cg'kft %! k|lt;tdf emfg]{
k|:tfj u/]sf] lyPF . o;f] ubf{ ? ! ca{ &^ s/f]8 z]o/
k'FhL ylkGYof] eg] To; a]nfsf] :6s dfs]{6df eO/x]sf]
g]kfn a}+ssf] z]o/ sf/f]af/ cg';f/ o;sf] b'O{ tLg
u'gf /sd z]o/ lk|ldodsf] ?kdf g]kfn a}+ssf] Aofn]G;
l;6df lelqg] cf+sng lyof] .
dgdg} cfkm'n] lg0f{o u/] kl5 tTsfnLg n]vf laefusf
k|d'v lza/fd ld>nfO{ Pkmlkcf] lgisf;gsf] nflu
kfngf ug{' kg]{ sDkgL P]g, lwtf]kq af]8{ tyf cGo
;DalGwt lgsfosf lgod sfg'g / lgb]{zgx? x]/]/
k]z ug{ cg'/f]w u/]F . rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6 ePsfn] ld>
o; ;DalGw k|fawfgx? l56f] a'‰g ;Sy] . o;df /fi6«
a}+ssf] klg s'g} lgb]{zg eP ;f] ;d]t x]/L k]z ug{ eg]F .
pgn] cGo k|fawfgsf cltl/Qm # aif{;Dd nuftf/
gfkmf u/]sf] ;+:yfn] lk|ldoddf Pkmlkcf] lgisf;g ug{
;Sg] lgisif{ lgsfn] . o; cl3 Pkmlkcf] lgisf;g ug{
rfxg] a}+sn] gub nfef+; ;d]t lat/0f u/]sf] x'g kg]{
k|fawfg lyof], t/ sDkgL P]gsf] Tof] k|fawfg kl5Nnf]
;+;f]wgn] x6fPsf] /x]5 . of] xfd|f] nflu cg's'n eof] .
cGo k|fawfgx? klg cg's'n g} b]v]kl5 o;nfO{ cufl8
a9fpg] lg0f{o ul/of] .
Aoa:yfkgn] dfq lg0f{o u/]/ k'Ug] lyPg, ;+rfns
;ldlt, g]kfn ;/sf/, lwtf]kq af]8{, sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf]
sfof{no, g]kfn /fi6« a}+s cflb lgsfox?sf] :jLs[lt
rflxGYof] h'g ;lhnf] sfd lyPg . t/ o;kl5
cgf}krfl/s ?kdf ax; z'? u/]F . ;+rfns ;ldltsf
;b:ox?;Fu k/fdz{ ug{ yfn]F cgf}krfl/s ?kdf,
;/sf/sf] cflwsfl/s wf/0ff s] x'g ;Snf eGg] af/]df
dGqfnosf ;x;lrj / ;lrjx?;Fu cgf}krfl/s s'/f
u/]F . dGqfnon] o; laifodf s'g} gLlt g} agfPsf] 5
ls eg]/ klg d a'‰g rfxGy], To:tf] gLlt agfPsf]
eP pm cfˆgf] gLltaf6 6;d; x'g] lyPg . af]8{df
cy{ dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;b:on] o;
k|:tfjnfO{ t'?Gt} …l8l:d;Ú ug{ ;Sy] . k|of; ug{'sf]
s'g} cf}lrTo x'g] lyPg .
;/sf/;Fu l;w} ;DalGwt Ph]08fx?df cGo ;+rfnsx?
df}g /xg' zfob l7s} x'GYof], t/ cGo Ph]08fdf klg
;x;lrjn] af]n] kl5 ;fdfGotM cGo r'k nfUg] k/Dk/f
g} ag]sf] lyof], h'g d]/f] ljrf/df afl~5t x}g . h'g;'s}
;|f]taf6 lgo'Qm ePsf] eP klg af]8{ ldl6ªdf ;a}
;b:ox? a/fa/ x}l;otsf x'G5g, s;}sf] laz]ifflws/,
s;}sf] sd clwsf/ eGg] x'Fb}g . t/ cy{ dGqfnosf]
k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf d}n] tLg ;x;lrj a]xf]/]F, pgLx?sf]
/afkm} cs}{ x'GYof], slt;Dd eg] l;6 P/]~hd]G6df
;d]t ljjfb l;h{gf u/]sf] d ofb u5{', ckl/kSjtfsf]
xb gf3]sf] l:ylt . To;}n] pgLx?k|lt d]/f] a]Un} ODk|];g
eof] . t/ tLgdWo] ;x;lrj /fdz/0f k'8f;}gL enfßL
dfq x}g, c?sf] s'/f klg ;'Gy], lh2L ub}{gy] . Pkmlkcf]
lgisf;g d'2fdf klg pgL z'?b]lv g} ;sf/fTds /x],

zfob dGqfnosf] wf/0ff pgnfO{ yfxf lyof] .
cgf}krfl/s s'/fsfgLdf Pkmlkmcf] af/]df cWoIf
df}g lyP . ;x;lrj ;sf/fTds b]lvPsf] ca:yfdf
;+rfns ;'/]G›axfb'/ l;+xaf6 klg o:t} wf/0ff cfP
cWoIf ;sf/fTds x'g ;Sg] d]/f] a'emfO eof] .
;'/]G›hLsf] AolQmut :jfefjsf sf/0f cWoIf
sDk|f]dfOh uy]{ . oxL sf/0fn] d}n] ;'/]G›hLnfO{ 5'§}
e]6]/ eg]F, …Pkmlkcf]sf] k|:tfj NofpFb}5', lghL If]qsf]
nflu /fd|f] k|:tfj x'g]5 . lk|ldodsf] /sdn] kl5
af]g; z]o/ lbg ;lsG5, af]8{df vf; u/]/ cWoIfnfO{
;sf/fTds agfpg] e"ldsf ug{ k¥of]Ú . !( aif{;Dd
z]o/xf]N8/nfO{ s]xL lbg g;s]sf] eGb} af/Daf/ u'gf;f]
ul//fVg] pgsf] cfZro{hgs hafkm cfof], …lbg' /
glbg';Fu dnfO{ vf;} dtna 5}g, d]/f] cfˆg} ef]6 a}+s
5, d k'gM lhT5' . l7s} 5 g/fd|f] s'/f x}gÚ . logn]
Pkmlkcf] lgisf;gsf] d'2fdf Go'6«n e"ldsf lgaf{x /x] .
of] t eof] af]8{df Ph]08f nfg' cl3sf] s'/f . ;fwf/0f
s'/fsfgL kl5 af]8{df nfg] k|:tfj tof/ ug{ nufOof] .
of] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L o'lgogx?nfO{ eP5 . of] pgLx?sf]
rf;f]sf] laifo gePsf] eGg] d]/f] ;f]r lyof], t/ $
j6} o'lgogsf sl/a @) hgf hlt k|ltlglwx? d]/f]
RofDa/ leq Psf;L k;]/ o;sf] la/f]w u/] . ca z'?
eof] ca/f]w . pgLx?nfO{ d}n] To;f] gug{ / u/]df
a}+snfO{ x'g} nfu]sf] oqf] kmfObf u'Dg] hfgsf/L u/fPF .
pgLx? dWo] s]xLn] kmfObfsf] s'g} dtnj gePsf] t/
a}+snfO{ lglhs/0f ug{ glbOg] ts{ /fv] . Aoa:yfkgn]
ug{ nfu]sf] Pkmlkcf]sf] k|:tfj :jLs[t ePdf Tof] s'g}
xfntdf klg lglhs/0f gx'g] AofVof d}n] u/]F . o;sf]
;dy{gdf d}n] s[lif ljsf; a}+ssf] pbfx/0f lbPF . pQm
a}+sdf !) aif{b]lv ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj %!Ü dfq /xFb}
cfPsf] 5 . t/ TonfO{ ;/sf/L a}+s g} eGg] ul/Psf]
/ o'lgogx? klg ;s[o /x]sf] s'/f :d/0f u/fPF .
pgLx? 6;d; ePgg . To;kl5 pgLx?nfO{ s'g} lbg
cfkm'n] kfj/ KjfOG6 lk|h]G6];g ug]{, To;af6 klg
lrQ ga'em] Pkmlkcf]sf] k|:tfj lkmtf{ lng]tkm{ ;f]lrg]
hfgsf/L lbPF .
dnfO{ cem} pgLx?nfO{ la:jf;df lng ;lsG5 eGg]
lyof] . gq o'lgog lalRsP eg] ;fa{hlgs ;+:yfdf
Aoa:yfkgsf] lgb x/fd ul/lbG5g . km]l/ pgLx?sf]
p2]io klg ToxL x'G5 . Aoa:yfkgsf] lgb x/fd u/]/
cfˆgf] b'gf] ;f]‰ofpg], of] g]kfn a}+sdf dfq x}g, ;a}
;fa{hlgs ;+:yfdf k|hftGq kl5 cfPsf] /f]u} xf] .
To;}n] o'lgognfO{ lrQ ga'emfO cufl8 a9bf s'g}
clk|o 36gf x'g] ;+efjgf x'GYof] . clk|o 36gfnfO{
cfkm}n] lgDtf u/]/ af]nfpg t ePg .
lk|h]G6];g cl3 o'lgogsf g]tfx?nfO{ Ps Ps u/L
af]nfP/ Pkmlkcf]sf] af/]df AofVof u/]F . a}+sdf sl/a ?
% ca{ ?k}of lagf nfut cfpg] atfPF, o;af6 sddf
klg aflif{s ? $) s/f]8;Dd gfkmf a9g] hfgsf/L
klg lbPF . To;/L AolQmut ?kdf e]6]/ hfgsf/L
u/fpFbf pgLx? lrQ a'emfpFy], t/ ;d'xdf cfpFbf
cs}{ lgx'F vf]Hg] s'/f uy]{ . Ps lbg af]8{sf] xndf ;a}
o'lgogsf k|ltlglwx?nfO{ af]nfP/ Pkmlkcf]sf] af/]df
lk|h]G6];g u/]F . d]/f] ;Demgfdf o'lgognfO{ nlIft
ul/Psf] of] g} klxnf] lk|h]G6];g lyof] . ToxfF klg s]xLn]
cfklQ hgfP, t/ w]/}h;f] s'n 8fpg eP . o;kl5
Pkmlkcf]sf] k|:tfj af]8{df nluPsf] xf] . klxnf] ca/f]w
o;/L 6¥of] . t}klg pgLx?sf] csf]{ Pp6f dfu afFsL
g} lyof], …Pkmlkcf]sf] s]xL k|lt;t z]o/ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{
lbg] u/L 5'6ofOof];, / sd{rf/LnfO{ ahf/df cGoaf6
lnOg] efp eGbf sddf lbOof];Ú . of] dfusf] af/]df
pko'Qm ;dodf ;+rfns ;ldltdf /flvg] s'/f u/]/
6f/]F . t/ dnfO{ yfxf lyof] lwtf]kq af]8{sf] lgb]l{zsf
cg';f/ o;f] ug{ kfOb}g .
s'g} ;fFemsf] ldl6ªdf af]8{df k|:tfj nluof] .
af]8{n] cfZro{hgs 9+un] k|:tfj c:jLs[t u{of],
dGqfnosf] ;x;lrjsf] ;sf/fTds wf/0ff x'Fbfx'Fb}
cWoIfsf] sf/0faf6 k|:tfj 7f8} c:jLs[t eof], ;a}
x]/]sf] x]o}{ eP . ;x;lrj ;sf/fTds lyP, t/ pgn]
k|:tfj kfl/t ug]{ sfddf eg] lh2L u/]gg . cGo r'k
eP . cGTolt/ d ts{ ug{ vf]Hb} lyPF, cWoIfn] ;'Gb}
;'g]gg, RofK6/ Snf]h ul/lbP . cGo k|:tfjdf 5nkmn
x'g yfNof], d aflx/ lgl:sPF Ps l5gnfO{ . a}+ssf]
l;Ocf]sf] kf]lh;gdf /xFbf lbSs nfUg] kl/l:ylt w]/}
k6s cfof], To;dWo] lgZro g} of] Pp6f lyof] . dgdf
czflGt lnb} 3/ lt/ nfu]F . vfgf vfP/ cf]5ofgdf
klN6P/ …s] ug]{<Ú eGg] ;f]Rg yfn]F .
s]xL dfG5]x? o:tf x'G5g hf] ghfgLsg} s'g} k|:tfjsf]
ljkIfdf lh2L u5{g, ga'lemsg} sf]xL k|:tfjsf] kIfdf
lh2L u5{g . zfob d}n] klg s'g} a]nf sxLF To;f] u/]sf]

8
5' ls < oxfF cWoIfn] To;} u/] . pgsf] lh2Lsf b'O{j6f
cfwf/ x'g ;Sy] . Ps, dGqfno o;df gsf/fTds x'G5
/ cgfjZos ufln vfOg] ;+efjgf x'G5, o;af6 pgL
aRg rfxGy] . t/ o;df ;x;lrj g} ;sf/fTds x'Fbf
pgnfO{ km/s kg]{ lyPg . pgsf] :jfefj g} lyof] ;t
k|lt;t ;'/lIft v]n v]Ng] . pgL uj{sf ;fy eGg] uy]{,
…d}n] d]/f] $) aif{ eGbf a9Lsf] hflu/] hLjgdf Pp6f
klg :kli6s/0f vfg k/]sf] 5}gÚ . c? cfkm'n] ;+:yfsf]
nflu u/]sf] ;sf/fTds sfdnfO{ xfOnfO6 u/]/ cfgGb
dfG5g . cf–cfˆgf] AolQmut :jfefjsf] s'/f xf] .
cWoIfn] k|:tfj c:jLs[t ug{'sf] csf]{ sf/0f x'g ;SYof],
sd{rf/L o'lgogx?sf] rsf]{ la/f]wsf] ;+efjgf . pgL
/fli6«o afl0fHo a}+ssf] l;Ocf] eO;s]sf AolQm lyP .
o'lgogn] lbg ;Sg] ;d:ofsf] af/]df pgnfO{ elnefFlt
hfgsf/L lyof] . o'lgogsf g]tfx?n] pgnfO{ o; af/]df
elg;s]sf x'g ;Sy] . a}+snfO{ kmfOb} eP klg a]sf/df
em~em6df lsg km:g] eGg] pgsf] ljrf/ xf]nf . t/
dnfO{ eof] lrGtf . cflv/ pgL cWoIf lyP, pgsf]
:jLs[lt lagf k|:tfj cl3 a9g] cjZy} lyPg . k|:tfj
c:jLs[t ePsf] Tof] ;fFemsf] ef]lnkN6 laxfg klg af]8{
ldl6ª lyof] . ToxL laxfg km]l/ Ps k6s cWoIf;Fu
s'/f ug]{ ljrf/ u/]F lsgls dfOGo'6 eO;s]sf] lyPg,
;+rfnsx?n] ;xL ul/;s]sf lyPgg . g]kfn a}+sdf
o;/L 6'+lu;s]sf] Ph]08fdf k'gM 5nkmn u/fpg] cfF6
u/]sf] dnfO{ ofb 5}g .
;fdfGotM ldl6ª ;do eGbf cufj} cWoIf clkm;
cfOk'Uy] . ef]lnkN6 laxfg * ah] ldl6ª lyof], kf}g] cf7
k'Ubf pgL cfO;s]sf] ;'rgf kfPF . pgsf] sfo{sIfdf
k'u]/ ldl6ª z'? x'g' cufj} …s]xL laz]if s'/f ug{ k¥of]Ú
eg]/ pgnfO{ af]8{ xndf NofPF hxfF sf]xL klg lyPg,
Ps l5gdf ldl6ª z'? x'g] jfnf lyof] . b'O{ hgf dfq
a;]/ Pkmlkcf]sf] af/]df la:t[t ?kdf ;DemfPF pgnfO{
/ s'g} xfntdf klg of] k|:tfj c:jLs[t x'g gx'g],
o'lgogx?n] la/f]w u/] To;sf] lhDdf cfkm'n] lng]
atfPF . o;kl5 klg ;/sf/n] :jLs[t gu/] of] sfd
gx'g] hfgsf/L klg lbPF, of] t pgnfO{ yfxf lyof] .
;/sf/sf] k|ltlglw klg ;sf/fTds ePsf] of] ;'a0f{
cj;/nfO{ v]/ hfg lbg gx'g] klg d}n] eg]F . ;a}
a'em]kl5 pgn] dfg] . AolQmut ?kdf AofVof u/]kl5
pgdf o;/L o' 6g{ x'g ;Sg] v'aL lyof] . o;nfO{
/fd|} u'0f dfGg' k5{ . o;/L cl3Nnf] lbg c:jLs[t
eO;s]sf] Pkmlkcf]sf] k|:tfj dfOGo'6 geO;s]sf]
sf/0fn] ef]lnkN6 :jLs[t ePsf] dfOGo'6 ul/of],
s;}n] o;df c;lhnf] u/]g, ;a}sf] ;xof]u
/Xof] . of] Ps ;'vb If0f lyof], t/ Pkmlkcf]sf] k'/}
k|f];]; ;lsPsf] eg] x}g, a? z'? ePsf] lyof] . bf]>f]
ca/f]w o;/L 6¥of] .
ca ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt lng' clgafo{ lyof] h'g of]
;Dk'0f{ cEof;s} ;a} eGbf 7"nf] sfd lyof] . d}n] cfˆgf]
;Dk"0f{ k|f]km];gn hLjg ;/sf/L ;+:yfdf sfd u/]/
latfPF, t/ ;/sf/s} …sf]/Ú sd{rf/L slxn] klg eOg .
k|f]km];gn hLjgsf] Pp6f lttf] cg'ej s] 5 eg] g]kfn
b]zdf …;/sf/Ú nfO{ d}n] slxn] klg laZj;gLo ;+:yf
dfGg ;lsg . olt ;'Gb}df ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx?nfO{
l/; p7g ;S5 . of] unt xf] . lsgls Ps cy{df
;/sf/ eg]sf] ;a} hgtfsf] xf] . ;/sf/sf af/]df
ul/Psf o:tf sd]G6nfO{ s;}n] AolQmut cfqmd0f
dfGg x'Gg . d cfkm} ;/sf/af6 w]/} k6s lgo'Qm ePF,
d h:tfn] klg ;/sf/ k|ltsf] cfˆgf] a]Un} wf/0ff
agfpg kfpF5 . ;/sf/ eg]s} p;sf] g/fd|f] sfdsf]
nflu ;a}n] cfnf]rgf ug]{ j:t' xf] . cleefjs ;/x
ePsf]n] ;/sf/nfO{ ufnL ub}{ …dnfO{ of] ;d:of k¥of],
ldnfOlbg k¥of]Ú eg]/ ToxL ;/sf/sf]df hfg klg
kfOG5 . o;sf] nflu sltko pbfx/0fx? d]/f] lbdfudf
5g, t/ tL ;a} atfpg] 7fpF of] x}g .
;fgf] sfdsf] nflu klg nfdf] ;do nfUg], …x'G5Ú
elgPsf sfd klg cGTolt/ k'Ubf pN6f] x'g], af]ln
t'?Gt} km]g]{ cflb ;/sf/L clkm;/x?sf] lbgrof{ leq}
k5{ . To;}n] ;/sf/sf] kq g} ga'lemsg s'g} sfd
…lglZrt ?kn] x'G5Ú eGg ;lsb}g . kq cfP kl5
klg s'g} sf/0fj; lkmtf{ x'g ;S5 . To;}n] ha 8f=
o'j/fh vltj8f cy{dGqL eP/ ;/sf/df k;], k"j{dGqL
1fg]G›axfb'/ sfsL{n] u/]sf] lg0f{o pgn] kl/jt{g
ug{ ;Sg] 7fg]sf] lyPF . sfsL{ sf+u|]; lyP, vltj8f
sDo'lgi6, h] klg x'g ;SYof] . sfsL{n] kmfOn t
:jLs[t u/], t/ sfd z'? gx'Fb} vltj8f cfOk'u] .
sDo'lgi6 ;/sf/ xf], em§ x]bf{ lglhs/0f h:tf] nfUg]
Pkmlkcf]sf] k|:tfjnfO{ pN6fpg ;Sy] . pN6fPsf eP
lard} Pkmlkcf] t'lxGYof] . ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ ;DkGg
cy{dGqLsf] cufl8 s'g} klg sd{rf/L af l;Ocf] d';f
h:t} x'G5g . e]6g rfx] klg dGqLhLsf] ;do ldNb}g
jf ldnfOb}g . b'a}hgf dGqL gePsf] ca:yfsf] s'/f

ug]{ xf] eg] k"j{ dGqL sfsL{hL;Fu eGbf jt{dfg dGqL
vltj8fhL;Fu d]/f] w]/} k6s e]6 ePsf] 5 . k|f]km];gNnL
s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] d]/f] s'/f :jfefjtM vltj8fhLn] rf8}
a'‰y] . t}klg dnfO{ d]/f] Pkmlkcf]sf] k|:tfj /2 kf]
x'G5 ls h:tf] nflu/Xof] . t/ a'‰g] cy{ dGqL ePsfn]
To:tf] x'g kfPg .
;+rfns ;ldltn] :jLs[t u/]kl5 d]/f] lrGtf ca
o;nfO{ s;/L ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t u/fpg] eGg]df
s]lG›t x'g yfNof] . ;fdfGo tl/sfn] of] k|:tfj ;/sf/n]
:jLs[t gug]{ jf ;dodf :jLs[t gx'g] d]/f] cf+sng
lyof] . o;} a]nf cy{ dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 g]kfn a}+s
af]8{df k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;+rfns k'8f;}gLhL;Fu ;Nnfx
dfu]F . pgn] Odfgbf/Lk'0f{ ;Nnfx lbP . pgn] eg], …b'a}
;lrj / ;a} ;x;lrax? Pp6} sf]7fdf e]nf u/fpg]
sfd d]/f] eof], tkfO{n] ToxfF cfP/ Pkmlkcf] ;DaGwL
lk|h]G6];g ug{';Ú . s'/f dnfO{ dgfl;a nfUof], t/ tL
Ao'/f]qm¥of6x?sf] le8df a;]/ lk|h]G6];g ug{ dnfO{
;+sf]r cg'ej eof] . Ao'/f]qm¥of6 eg]sf] clwsf+;tM
hxfF klg, h'g b]zdf klg ;fdfGotM yf]/} 1fgdf w]/}
hfg]sf] /afkm lbg] ;d'x xf], pgLx?nfO{ To;} u/]/
k'U5, To;} u/]/ dfly dfly k'Ub} hfG5g . cfkm'n] rflxF
ljgok"a{s hafkm lbO/xg' kg]{ x'G5 . To;}n] pgnfO{
eg], …dGqLhLnfO{ d eG5', tkfO{n] ;lrjHo"x?nfO{
slGeG; ug{' eof] eg] t eOxfNnf lg, lsg rflxof]
lk|h]G6];g<Ú
pgn] dfg]gg, eg], …x]gf]{;, d klg oL ;a} s'/f /fd|f];Fu
atfpg ;lSbg, ;lrjx?n] t dnfO{ g} ;f]W5G, clg
k|:tfj t'lxg ;S5, To;}n] lk|h]G6];g ug]{ Pp6f df}sf
xf], To;af6 gr'Sgf];Ú . o;df cWoIfn] klg dnfO{
…lk|h]G6];g ug{' /fd|f] xf], hfg';Ú eg] . d}n] cWoIfnfO{
…To;f] eP tkfO{ klg lx8g';Ú eg]F, pgn] cfkm' hfg
rflxF dfg]gg .
ca dnfO{ s'/f] l7s nfUof] . …x;Ú eg]/ d kfj/ KjfOG6
lk|h]G6];gsf] tof/Ldf nfu]F . lk|h]G6];g tof/ eof] .
;/sf/af6 ;do tf]lsPkl5 clkm;sf b'O{ hgf l;go/
clws[tx?nfO{ lnP/ uPF dGqfno / u/]F lk|h]G6];g .
l;lgo/ sd{rf/Lx? lyP xfnsf l;Ocf] s[i0faxfb'/
clwsf/L / rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6 tyf n]vf k|d'v lzj/fd
ld> . Tof] Pp6f /fd|f] df}sf lyof], ;a}nfO{ Ps} k6s
cfˆgf] s'/f eGg kfOg], ;Gtf]if nfUof] . d]/f] ;f]rfO
ljkl/t Ao'/f]Sof{6x? ;a} ;sf/fTds lyP, eP . o;kl5
d]/f] sfd eg]sf] dGqL 1fg]G›axfb'/ sfsL{nfO{ e]6]/
cfˆgf] s'/f /fVg' lyof] . cToGt enfßL sfsL{hL;Fu
d]/f] k'/fg} lrghfg lyof] . pgL s'g} a]nf xflQuf}8fdf
a:bf slxn]sfxL dlg{ª jfsdf xfd|f] a'9fgLns07sf]
d'xfgkf]v/Ldf e]6 x'GYof] . pgL d]/f] ;;'/fnL vnsnfO{
klg lrGy], d]/f] ;;'/fnLsf] af/]df slt t dnfO{ g} yfxf
gePsf] lrh pgL atfpFy] . pgL ef]hk'/sf lyP, d]/f]
;;'/fnL xfn afg]Zj/df eP klg kxf8 3/ ;f]n'v'Da"
lyof] . kl5Nnf] r'gfj rflxF pgn] ;'g;/Laf6 lht]sf
lyP . d}n] pgnfO{ eg]F, …g]kfn a}+snfO{ xh'/sf] Pp6}
lg0f{on] alnof] agfpg ;lsG5, of] df}sf dGqLhLnfO{
k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu ;/sf/n] k};f xfNg kg]{
x}g, xfd|f] Pkmlkcf]sf] k|:tfj :jLs[t u/]/ ;/sf/sf]
xf]lN8ªnfO{ ^@ k|lt;taf6 %! k|lt;tdf emfg{ k¥of] .
c? s'/f ;lrjhLx? / ;+rfns /fdz/0f k'8f;}gL;Fu
a'em] x'G5 xh'/n]Ú . o:t} Aoxf]/fsf] s'/f d}n] pgL;Fu
b'O{ k6s u/]kl5 :jLs[ltsf] kq cfof] . dGqL kbaf6
x6]kl5 Ps k6ssf] kmf]g jftf{df dnfO{ pgn] …g]kfn
a}+s alnof] eof] x}g tÚ eg]/ cfkm'n] u/]sf] sfdsf]
;Demgf u/fPsf lyP . t]>f] ca/f]w klg o;/L 6¥of] .
dGqfnoaf6 kq k|fKt eP kl5 t'?Gt af]8{df cfaZos
;a} sfdsf nlu Ps pk;ldlt u7g ug]{ k|:tfj
nluof] / Tof] t'?Gt kfl/t klg eof] . pk;ldltdf
dGqfnosf k'8f;}gLhL / ;x;lrj tyf sfg'gsf
k|d'v pbo ;fksf]6f ;d]t b'O{ k|ltlglw /x], lwtf]kq
af]8{sf l;lgo/ clws[t lg/h lu/L / d cfkm} klg
pk;ldltdf lyPF .
of] pk;ldlt u7g x'Fbf a}+sdf x8tfn rln/x]sf] lyof],
af]8{ ldl6ª a:g glbg] o'lgogx?sf] lg0f{o lyof], pgLx?
l8:6a{ ul//xGy] . ;do e]6lsg nfu]sf] lyof], t/
o'lgogx?nfO{ o;sf] s'g} dtnj lyPg . clg xfdLn]
dGqfnosf] ;x;lrjs} sfo{sIfdf ldl6ª ug{ yfNof}F .
ldl6ªdf Pkmlkcf] ;DaGwL Ph]08fx? x'Gy], tL dWo]
z]o/ s'g d"Nodf lgisf;g ug{' / O:o' d}g]h/ 5gf}6
ug{' r'gf}ltk'0f{ lyof] . ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx? pk;ldltdf
lyP, pgLx? cgfjZos s'/fdf klg 8/fpFy] .
emg d"No tf]Sg] sfd t c;lhnf] g} lyof], s;/L
tf]Sg] < Ps dr}{06 a}+s/n] g]kfn a}+ssf] z]o/sf]
d"Nof+sg u/]sf lyP, t/ To;sf] k|lta]bg cfp~h]n;Dd
ahf/df z]o/sf] d"No 3l6;s]sf] lyof] . lbglbg} 36]sf]

10
dfs]{6df Go'gtd d"No s;/L tf]Sg] lrGt} eof] . w]/}
tf]Sbf cG8//fO6 gxf]nf eGg] 8/ lyof], yf]/} tf]Sg
;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx? 8/fpg] ca:yf eof] . s] ug]{ eGg]
eof], 8]8ns h:t} x'g nfUof] . ;t k|lt;t cG8//fO6
geP;Dd z]o/ lgisf;g ug{ gkfOg] lwtf]kq af]8{sf]
lgb]{zg lyof] . o;df ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg] Pp6} AolQm d]/f]
gh/df k/], tL lyP, lg/h lu/L . pgL lwtf]kq af]8{sf
cWoIf d'lgsf clwsf/L lyP . z]o/ dfs]{6 a'em]sf
dfq x}g, cflwsfl/s /fo lbg ;Sg], xfd|f] pk;ldltsf]
klg ;b:o ePsfn] cfˆgf] ts{ ;x;lrjx?sf] cufl8
/fVg ;Sg] kf]lh;gdf lyP . cGTodf, d"No :jLs[t ug]{
sfd klg lwtf]kq af]8{s} lyof] . lg/h lu/LhLnfO{ a]Un}
e]63f6 u/]F / ;xof]usf] nflu cg'/f]w u/]F, ldl6ªdf
cln b/f] ?kdf k|:t't x'g eg]F . pgn] ;xof]u gu/]
d"No tf]Sg ufx|f] x'g] atfPF . pgsf] ljrf/ ? @*).–
;Dd tf]Sg' l7s eg]/ cfkm}n] eg] . To;f] eP ToxL s'/f
ldl6ªdf eGg / o;d} cl8u /xg d}n] pgnfO{ cg'/f]w
u/]F . pgn] ldl6ªdf To;} u/], To;f] u/]kl5 pbohLn]
;dy{g u/] . pbohLdf xfF;L xfF;L cfˆgf] s'/f eGg
;Sg] uhasf] u'0f lyof] . clg sfd eof] .
w]/} ldl6ª eof], o;df dGqfnosf ;x;lrj pbohL /
lwtf]kq af]8{s} lg/h lu/Ln] ;xof]u u/]sfn] ? @*)
d"No tf]Sg ;Dej eof] . …gq dfs]{6 Eofn" eGbf sd
sxfF tf]Sg ;lsG5 <Ú eGg] c8fg lnP/ k'/} k|:tfj
t'xfpg] k|of; x'GYof] . ? @*) eGbf dfly b/ /flvPdf
cG8//fO6 gx'g] eGg] dr}{06 a}+s/ / O:o' d}g]h/sf]
egfO lyof] . d}n] pgLx?;Fu cfˆgf] egfO{ lnlvtdf
lbg cg'/f]w u/]sf] lyPF . lglh If]qsf pgLx?nfO{ s]
lyof] / < n]v]/} lbP, t/ n]vfOdf Ps?ktf ePg,
s;}n] a9L klg n]v]/ lbP . ;x;lrj k'8f;}gLhL cln
a9L g} Ao:t lyP . pgs} sf]7fdf ldl6ª x'GYof], t/
pgL slxn] dGqLn] af]nfP/ slxn] ;lrjn] af]nfP/
sf]7faf6 aflx/ lgl:s/xGy] . pgsf] cg'kl:yltdf
lg0f{o x'GYof], pgn] kl5 ;xL uy]{ pbohL;Fu ;Nnfx
u/]/ . rf}yf] ca/f]w o;/L xn ul/of] .
d"No tf]lsPkl5 klxnf] sfd eg]sf] cG8//fOl6ª lyof] .
cG8//fOl6ª eg]sf] ahf/df laqmL gePsf] z]o/
cfkm'n] lsG5' eg]/ ul/g] s/f/ xf] . Pkmlkcf]sf] ;f]rfO
cfpFbf gful/s nufgL sf]ifaf6 cG8//fOl6ª x'g]df
d 9'Ss lyPF lsgls ToxfFsf l;Ocf] /fds[i0f kf]v/]n
lyP hf] clkml;on ldq eGbf a9L lyP . pgn] cGo
sDkgLnfO{ o:tf] cG8//fOl6ª ul//x]s} lyP . t/ s'/f
ubf{ pgn] cEjfO8 ug{ vf]h] . o:tf dfG5] t lyPgg
pgL . s] eP5 eGg] nfUof], lh2L ul/g . pgn] sf/0f
atfPgg . cy{ dGqfnodf u'xf/ dfUbf …xfdL To;
dfG5]nfO{ eGb}gf}FÚ elgof], ToxfF gful/s nufgL sf]if
Aoa:yfkg, af]8{ / dGqfnosf lar t o'2 rln/x]sf]
/x]5 . ;a} eGbf 7'nf] cG8//fOl6ª Ifdtf ePsf] ;+:yf
g} aflx/ kg]{ eP kl5 ;t k|lt;t cG8//fOl6ª gk'Ug]
csf]{ lrGtf eof] .
of] ca:yf d}n] O:o' d}g]h/ l;2fy{ Soflk6nsf k|d"v
„'a ltldlN;gf;Fu z]o/ u/]F . pgn] !).!@ j6f dr}{06
a}+s/x?sf] ldl6ª u/fOlbP . pgLx?sf] ;fOh ;fgf],
g]kfn a}+ssf] Pkmlkcf]sf] ;fOh rflxF 7'nf] lyof] .
w]/} h;f] dr}{06 a}+s/x?sf] k'FhL g} ? @) s/f]8sf]
lyof], sltsf] t ? !) s/f]8 dfq klg lyof] Sof/ .
pgLx?sf] ;fOhsf sf/0fn] Pp6}n] w]/} cG8//fO6
ug{ gldNg] lyof] . gful/s nufgL sf]if gx'g] ePkl5
w]/} cG8//fO6/ rflxg] eof] . s'g} klg l8ndf kmfObf
gb]v];Dd dr}{06 a}+s/x?n] sfd cufl8 a9fpg] s'/f
ePg . g]kfndf c08//fOl6ª lalhg]; cGoq h:tf]
5}g, dr}{06 a}+s/x?sf] nflu of] Ps lglZrt cfDbfgLsf]
;|f]t x'Fb} cfPsf] 5, l/:s k|mL . ahf/df z]o/ lalqm
eOxfN5, sld;g dfq vfg kfOg], s'g} z]o/ vl/b
ug{ gkg]{ . oxL nf]edf * dr}{06 a}+s/ tof/ eP,
O:o' d}g]h/ ePsfn] l;2fy{ Soflk6nn] cG8//fOl6ª
ug{ kfpg] lyPg . pgLx?n] lhDdf lng tof/ ePsf]
s'n /sd hf]8bf xfdLnfO{ rflxg] c+s;Fu ldNof] . k'/f
/sdsf] cG8//fOl6ª eof], Plu|d]G6 ul/of] . clg 9'Ss
eOof] . kfFrf} ca/f]w o;/L x6of] .
xfd|f] cf7 dr}{06 a}+s/x?;Fu lnlvt Plu|d]G6 ePsf]
s]xL ;dod} z]o/ dfs]{6 km]l/ cf]/fnf] nfUg yfNof],
dr}{06 a}+s/x? cfFltg yfn] . ahf/df g]kfn a}+ssf]
z]o/ ? @*) jf sddf cfOb]nf / Pkmlkcf] lalqm
gxf]nf eGg] lrGtf pgLx?nfO{ eof] . ePsf] Plu|d]G6
tf]8g] dfu lnP/ pgLx? g]kfn a}+s / O:o' d}g]h/sf]df
wfpg yfn] . xfdL ;Demf}tf tf]8g] jfnf t lyPgf}F, t/
lrGtf s]df eof] eg] ahf/df laqmL geP/ lsGg k/]sf]
cjZyfdf dr}{06 a}+s/x?sf] x}l;otn] gEofpg] 8/
eof] . t/ Ps b'O{ dr}{06 a}+s/n] sld;gsf] nf]+edf ?
! ca{ ;Ddsf] c08//fOl6ª u/]sf lyP . pgLx?;Fu
oqf] /sd x'g] s'/f klg ePg . ahf/df z]o/ laqmL

x'G5, cfkm'n] vf;} lsGg kb}{g eGg] pgLx?sf] cf+sng
lyof], sld;gsf] nf]edf km;]sf dr}{06 a}+s/x?df
7'n} ljkt kf] cfpg vf]Hof] . pgLx?n] lsGg g;s]sf]
cj:yfdf pgLx?sf] sDkgL g} lnlSj8];gdf hfg
;SYof] . csf{]lt/, pgLx?;Fu /sd gePsf] ca:yfdf
:jtM z]o/ lalqm gx'g] ePsf]n] xfd|f] klg lrGtfsf]
laifo eof] .
o:tf] l:yltdf ca s] ug{' knf{ eg]/ xfdLn] a}+sdf
;Nnfx u¥of}F, „'ahL;Fu klg ;Nnfx dfUof}F . pgn]
kqsf/ ;Dd]ng tyf /flqef]h ug]{ ;Nnfx lbP .
pgsf] egfO cg';f/ g]kfn a}+ssf] ljlQo l:ylt
/fd|f] 5, t/ o;sf] k|rf/ eO/x]sf] 5}g . o;nfO{
xfOnfO6 ug{ ;lsof] eg] ahf/df z]o/ lalqm x'G5,
cG8//fO6/x?sf] lrGtf klg x65, xfd|f] lrGtf t x6g}
g} eof] . pgsf] ;NnfxnfO{ d}n] cf+lzs dfg]F . /flq
ef]h gug]{, kqsf/x?nfO{ af]nfP/ clkm;d} s'/f ug]{ .
To;} u¥of}F, ;fgf] Oe]G6, lrofkfgsf] dfq vr{ . kqsf/
e]63f6 sfo{qmddf d}n} w]/} s'/fx? eg]F, tL dWo] Pp6f
lyof], …xfnsf] Pkmlkcf]df ? !*) lk|ldod hf]l8Psf]
5, k|lt z]o/ d"No ? @*) . o;af6 a}+snfO{ ? !
ca{ *! s/f]8 z]o/ k"FhL / ? # ca{ !^ s/f]8 ?k}of
lk|ldod k|fKt x'g]5 . of] lk|ldod /sdaf6 cfufdL aif{
#@ k|lt;t;Dd af]g; z]o/ lbg k'U5 lsgls lk|ldod
hDdf ePsf] /sdaf6 gub nfef+; lat/0f ug{
ldNb}g . t/ s'g aif{ slt af]g; z]o/ jf gub nfef+;
lbg] eGg] laifo g]kfn a}+s af]8{n] pko'Qm ;dodf
lg0f{o u5{Ú . lnlvt 6]S:6 afFl8Psf] lyof], o;df
nfef+; 3f]if0ff olt jf plt s]xL klg elgPsf] lyPg .
t/ o;} s];nfO{ lnP/ a}+ssf ;+rfns ;'/]G›axfb'/
l;+xn] xËfdf dRrfpg vf]h] . of] 5}7f} ca/f]w cfof] .
;'/]G›hLn] a}+ssf cWoIf nufot ;a} ;+rfnsnfO{
kmf]g u/]/ …Aoa:yfkg cfkm}n] nfef+; 3f]if0ff u¥of], u}/
sfg'gL sfd eof], l;Ocf]nfO{ sfjf{xL x'g k5{Ú eg]5g .
kqsf/ e]63f6sf] ;dodf nfef+; 3f]if0ffsf] t s],
s'g} gLltut ax; ;d]t ul/Psf] lyPg . Pkmlkcf]nfO{
k'; ug{sf] nflu /0fgLlts of]hgf lyof] Tof] h'g ;t
k|lt;t Aoa:yfkgsf] sfo{–bfo/f leq lyof] . Ps
;+rfnsn] dnfO{ va/ u/] …;'/]G›n] ;a}nfO{ kmf]g ub}{
pQ]lht kfl//x]sf] 5Ú . o;kl5 d}n] t'?Gt} ;'/]G›nfO{
kmf]g u/]F . b'O{ tLg k6s k'/f k'/f 306L hfFbf klg
pgn] kmf]g p7fPgg . c? a]nfdf o;f] ub}{gy], clg
z+sf eof] . To;kl5 cWoIfnfO{ kmf]g u/]F . kmf]gdf
cWoIfnfO{ eg]F …Aoa:yfkgn] ug{ ;Sg] bfo/f leq a;]/
olt;Dd af]g; z]o/ lbg k};f p7g], t/ slxn] / slt
lbg] eGg] s'/f ;+rfns ;ldtn] lg0f{o ug]{ eg]/ n]v]/}
lbPsf] 5', o;df ;'/]G›hLsf] s] cfklQ eP5 < ;a}lt/
df]lanfOh ub}{ x'gx'G5 eGg] ;'g]FÚ . olt eg]kl5 ck]Iff
lyof], cWoIfn] d]/f] ;fy b]nfg . t/ pgLaf6 ck]lIft
Aoaxf/ ePg . ;'/]G›n] s'/f nufO;s]sf lyP . /fd|f]
g/fd|f] h] eP klg s;}nfO{ klg ;t k|lt;t laZjf;
gug]{ cWoIfsf] :jfefj g} lyof] . of] :jfefj a]nf
a]nfsf] pgsf] Aoaxf/af6 k|s6 x'GYof] . o;df klg s]
s] g eO;s]sf] eGg] k¥of] jf uNtL xf] eg] 5f8g gx'g]
pgsf] lbdfudf cfof] . ;f}xf›tfljxLg 6f]gdf pgn]
eg] …ef]ln af]8{ ldl6ªd} 5nkmn eOxfN5 lg, clxn]
o;df s'/f gu/f}FÚ . :s]lK6sn Û t/ dnfO{ a'‰g ufx|f]
ePg ls pgnfO{ ;'/]G›n] g]u]l6e agfO;s]sf lyP .
ga'‰g' t pgsf] bf]if x}g, a'‰g gvf]Hg'nfO{ s] eGg] <
o;kl5 dnfO{ nfUof], lagl;lQdf ca af]8{ ldl6ªdf
rsf]{ 5nkmn x'G5 .
ef]lnkN6 dGqfnodf af]8{ ldl6ª eof] ;x;lrj
k'8f;}gLhLsf] sfo{sIfdf . c? Ph]08fx?df 5nkmn
;lsPkl5 cWoIfn] s'/f lgsfn], …;'/]G› ;/, s] xf]
tkfO{n] lxhf] eGg' ePsf] s'/f <Ú ;'/]G›n] ;fdfGo 6f]gdf
g} -;fdfGotof ;–;fgf] s'/fdf cfqmf]l;t eO/xg] ;6{
6]Dk/sf AolQm x'g ;'/]G›_ eg], …ToxL nfef+; 3f]if0ffsf]
s'/f xf]Ú . cfkm} a'‰g] k|of; gu/Lsg cWoIfn] af]8{sf]
clwsf/df Aoa:yfkgn] x:tIf]k u/]sf] 36gfsf] ?kdf
lnP5g .
uf]N8]g 6«¥ofs /]s8{ eO;Sbf klg af]8{ Aoa:yfkgnfO{
k'0f{ laZjf; ug]{ d'8df gePsf] d a'‰y]F . laZjf;sf]
;+s6 lyof] clncln . o;df d}n] s'g} u'gf;f] klg
u/]sf] lyOg . t/ sfd ub}{ hfFbf s'g} uNtL eOxfn]df
Aoa:yfkgsf] nflu ufx|f] ;do cfpg] sNkgf lyof]
d]/f] . clg cTolws af]8{ ldl6ª / Go'gtd laZjf;sf]
cfwf/df a}+s rNb} uof] . o;n] ;+:yfsf] u|f]y–kydf
s]xL afwf kSs} lbof] . o:tf] cjZyfdf af]8{sf]
If]qflwsf/df lsg k:g rfxGy]F / d < o;kl5
ldl6ªdf d}n] cfˆgf] s'/f /fv]F – z]o/ ahf/sf] xfnsf]
em'sfjsf sf/0fn] xfd|f] Pkmlkcf] laqmL gx'g] ca:yf
cfpg] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf] 5 . -cflv/ eof] klg To:t},
ahf/df k'/} lalqm gePsf]n] cG8//fO6/x?n] k};f

12
xfNg k¥of]_ . To;}n] O:o' d}g]h/sf] cg'/f]wdf ;fdfGo
kqsf/ e]63f6 u/]sf] xf], Tof] klg cfly{s kqsf/x?
dfq . To;df lnlvt 6]S:6 afFl8Psf] 5 h;df :ki6}
n]lvPsf] 5, nfef+; slt / slxn] lbg] eGg] s'/f
;+rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{odf e/ k5{, z]o/ lk|ldodsf]
k};fn] #@ k|lt;t;Dd af]g; z]o/ lbg k'Ug] k};f
hDdf x'G5 . o;df s] grflxg] s'/f eof] oxfFx?n] g}
eGg k¥of]Ú .
o;kl5 d]n} kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf afFl8Psf] lnlvt
6]S:6 b]vfPF . sf]xL s]xL af]n]gg, lgzAb . Ps} l5gdf
k'8f;}gLhLn] eg], …slxn]sfxL Aoa:yfkgn] kqsf/
e]63f6 t ug{' k5{, o;nfO{ cGoyf lng x'GgÚ . o;kl5
ldl6ª ;lsof] . b'Mv rflxF s]df nfUYof] eg] ;xL s'/f
;a} k|:t't eO;s]kl5 klg cGo ;+rfnsHo"x? r'k
nflu/xg' x'GYof] . pxfFx? ;a} SjflnkmfO8 x'g'x'GYof],
o:tf ;fdfGo s'/f ga'‰g] eGg] x'Fb}g . t/ pxfFx? g
cfkm'n] ga'em]sf] s'/f ;f]Wg'x'GYof], g ;sf/fTds ePsf]
cleAolQm lbg'x'GYof] . o:tf] df}gtfn] slxn]sfxLF unt
lgisif{ lgsfNg]x?nfO{ kmfObf k'Ug] x'G5 h'g dnfO{
yfxf lyof] pxfFx? rfxg'x'GgYof] .
;'/]G› To;nfO{ 7'n} 36gfsf] ?kdf prfNg rfxGy], t/
To:tf] x'g g;s]sf]df pgnfO{ l7s nflu/x]sf] lyPg .
yk af]Ng klg pgnfO{ cK7]/f] lyof], pgL;Fu nlhs s]xL
lyPg . cWoIfsf] ;fy pgnfO{ lyof] . s'/f rsf{pg]
ck]Iffn] xf] jf x}g eGg ;lSbg, ldl6ªd} cWoIfn] eg]
klg, …aflx/ kmf]gdf To:tl/ dlRrPsf] ;'/]G›hL oxfF t
s]xL klg af]Ng' x'Gg lg . s] xf] <Ú t}klg ;'/]G› df}g
/x] . cGonfO{ pQ]lht agfpgdf ;'/]G› l;kfn' lyP .
kl5 cfkm'n] u/]sf] uNtLsf] l/cfnfOh eof] ls< s'g}
laifodf z'?sf] Ps b'O{ ;+jfb af]Nbf slxn]sfxL hfGg]
dfG5] h:tf] u/L pgL k|:t't x'g ;Sy], pgsf] v'la
eg]sf] oxL+;Dd lyof] . o;/L 5}7f} ca/f]w 6¥of] .
t/ s]xL g s]xLsf] s'/fdf oqf] aafn lsg ug{ vf]h]
;'/]G›n] < dnfO{ pT;'stf eof] . d]/f] of] k|Zgsf]
hafkm Ps ;+rfnsn] dnfO{ ToxL a]nf lbP, …ldl6ª
w]/} x'g] x'gfn] l/:s sldl6af6 pgL cl86 sldl6lt/
hfg rfxGy], o;sf] nflu cWoIfsf] ;xof]u clgafo{
lyof] . tkfO{ l;Ocf]n] s] ug{ ;Sg'x'GYof] / < csf]{
s'/f, l;Ocf]sf] af/]df o:t} s'/f ul//x]sf] cWoIfnfO{
dg k5{ eGg] ;'/]G›n] 7fg]sf] 5 . rfsl8 u/]sf x'GÚ .
glhs} al;/x]sf csf{ ;+rfnsn] …xf]Ú eg]/ ;xL yfk] .
cf]xf] Û d 5fgfaf6 v;] em}F ePF, o;/L d}n] t slxn]
klg ;f]lrg . cfh d h] 5', ;a}sf] /fd|} ;f]r]sf] x'gfn]
5', s;}sf] g/fd|f] ;f]Rg ;lSbg .
o;kl5 klg Pkmlkcf] lgisf;gdf c? ;d:ofx? klg
cfP . lwtf]kq af]8{n] ;do nufpg], sd d"Nodf
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ z]o/ ;'/lIft ug{ o'lgogx?sf] dfu,
To;sf] nflu a}+sn] C0f lbg kg]{ s'/f cflb . t/ tL
;]6n eP . s'/f a'em]kl5 ;se/ rf8} u/]/ lwtf]kq
af]8{n] :jLs[lt lbof] . clGtd :jLs[lt lbg] sfd p;}sf]
lyof] .
clg g]kfn a}+ssf] Ps s/f]8 5xQ/ nfv lsQf ;fwf/0f
z]o/ ? @*) k|lt lsQfsf b/n] ahf/df laqmLsf] nflu
v'nf ul/of] . :6s PS;r]~hdf rln/x]sf] d"No g} sl/a
? @() df em/]sf] lyof] . oqf] 7'nf] ef]n'dsf] z]o/
ahf/df Ps} tfln cfPkl5 ahf/ cem} emg]{ eof] . ;a}
cfFlQg yfn], dr}{06 a}+s/sf k|d"vx? /ftf] /ftf] d'v
nufpFb} …s]xL ug{ k¥of], cGoyf xfdL t 8'A5f}Ú eg]/
s/fpg yfn] . klxn] ;lhn} laqmL x'g]df laZjf; ug]{
„'ahL ;d]t x8a8fP . oxL lardf sd{rf/L ;+rosf]if
Aoa:yfkg l6d;Fu xfdLn] s'/f u¥of}F . g]kfnsf] z]o/
dfs]{6 a'em]sf la1x? ToxfF lyP . pxFx?nfO{ yfxf
lyof], ca g]kfn a}+ssf] z]o/ 36g] 7fpF 5}g, a9g]
;+efjgf k|;:t 5 . g]kfn a}+ssf] kmfOgflG;oN; Tolt
a]nfsf] :6fG88{ rf6{8{ a}+ssf] eGbf alnof] lyof] . t/
g]kfn a}+sn] ljut b'O{ bzsb]lv z]o/xf]N8/x?nfO{
s]xL glbPsf] / ;/sf/L a}+s ePsf]n] nufgLstf{sf]
la:jf; lyPg . sd{rf/L ;+rosf]ifsf la1x?nfO{ of]
yfxf lyof] . ;+rosf]if Aoa:yfkg l6d k'/} z]o/sf]
nflu cfj]bg /fVg tof/ eof] . t/ ToxfFsf] …k|d'vÚ
ev{/ lgo'Qm ePsf lyP, v'Nnf k|ltikwf{af6 cfPsf
eP klg pgL ;/sf/sf] ;x;lrj lyP . dfG5] enfßL
/ ldng;f/, t/ Ao'/f]Sofl{6s Aofsu|fp08 . pgL ;f]Wg
uP ;/sf/nfO{ . k'/} Pkmlkcf] /sd ;+rosf]ifsf] s'n
sf]ifsf] b'O{ k|lt;t klg x'Fb}gYof] . To;/L ;f]Wg kg]{
lyPg, clg s'/f lalu|of] . ;/sf/n] dfg]g, s'/f vQd .
;a} lhNn kl/of], otf Pkmlkcf] k'/} lalqm gx'g] kSsf
eof] . csf]{ ;d:of cfOnfUof] .

sd{rf/L ;+ro sf]if / gful/s nufgL sf]if h:tf
;+:yfx?nfO{ xfn;Dd ;/sf/L ;+:yf elgG5 lsgls
ToxfFsf] af]8{ / Dofg]Hd]G6sf] lgo'QmL ;/sf/n] u5{ .
klxnf]df ;/sf/n] Ps k};f klg k'FhL xfn]sf] 5}g,
Tof] 6«i6 xf] . bf]>f]df !) b]lv !@ k|lt;t xf]nf .
ca lgs} 7'nf] eO;s]sf oL ;+:yfx?sf] Aoa:yfkg
;/sf/n] g} ul//xg' xfF:of:kb x'G5 . oqf] 7'nf] ;+:yf
rnfpg] zLk ;/sf/;Fu sxfFaf6 x'G5 < oL b'a}
cTolws :6]sxf]N8;{ tyf k|;:t lnlSj8 P;]6 ePsf
;+:yfx? x'g . ljb]zlt/ eP o:tf ;+:yfx?sf] ;Dklt
b]z ljb]zdf nufgL u/]/ x/]s $.% aif{df d'nwgnfO{
bf]a/ agfO;Sg] lyP, Tof] ug{' klg k5{ . t/ ;/sf/n]
Aoa:yfkg u/]/ of] ;Dej x'Fb}g . d'nwg oyfjt /fVg
;s]sf]d} ;/sf/ b+u x'G5, l/:s lnb}g . d'2lt vftfdf
vaf}{F ?k}of /flvPsf] 5 . csf]{ zAbdf eGg' kbf{ oL ;a}
/sd a}+sx?n] g} rnfPsf 5G, ;+rosf]if cfkm}n] s]xL
klg u/]sf] 5}g . slxn]sfxLF k|fyldstf cfof]hgfdf
;/sf/n] ;+rosf]ifnfO{ nufgL ug{ eG5, of] klg
unt xf] . ;+rosf]ifsf] /sd o;/L ;/sf/L lXjddf
rNg] xf]Og, lg/Gt/ a9fpFb} nfg] l:sdlt/ hfg' k5{
h'g k|f]km];gn DofgfHd]G6n] dfq ug{ ;S5 . o;sf]
nflu t ;/sf/n] rfx]/ klg x6fpg g;Sg], a]OdfgL
u/]sf] kfOP h]n} rnfg ug]{ …k|d'vÚ lgo'QmLsf] sfg'g
NofP/ ;f]xL sfg'g cGtu{t af]8{ u7g ug]{, ToxL af]8{n]
Aoa:yfkg lgo'Qm ug]{ Aoa:yf ul/g' k5{ . ljsl;t
d'n'sx?sf] Aoa:yf oxL xf] . clg dfq d'nwg s]xL
aif{df bf]a/ x'Fb} hfG5 . o:tf] ul/Psf] eP cfh sl/a
? # va{df /x]sf] ;+rosf]ifsf] d'nwg ? !) va{ eGbf
dfly k'lu;s]sf] x'GYof] .
csf]{ s'/f lgodgsf] klg 5, xfn /fi6« a}+sn] cfˆgf]
lgodg If]q leq oL b'O{ ;+:yfnfO{ NofPsf] 5 . o;nfO{
lgs} ;sf/fTds sbd eGg] h'g bfjL ul/G5 Tolt x}g .
x'g t /fi6« a}+s h] sfdsf] nflu klg ;Ifd x'g] laZjf;
lng] la1x? klg oxfF 5g . t/ of] unt xf], p;sf]
klg ;Ldf 5 . oL b'O{ ;+:yfsf] p2]io / k'FhLsf] ;|f]tsf
b[li6n] x]bf{ /fi6« a}+ssf] xfnsf] Ifdtfn] logLx?sf]
pko'Qm lgodg / cg'udg x'g ;Sb}g lsgls /fi6«
a}+s Ps …6fOK8Ú ;+:yf xf] . To;}n] pm To;sf] laof]08
hfg ;Sb}g . cfufdL lbgx? ;+rosf]if / gful/s
nufgL sf]ifsf nflu ;'ky b]lvb}g .
v}/, oL b'O{ ;+:yfsf] rrf{ a]Un} 7fpFdf u?nf, oxfF
5fl8lbpF . xfd|f] Pkmlkcf] sf] %) k|lt;t eGbf a9L
ahf/af6 uof], afFsL %) k|lt;t c08//fO6/x?n]
lnP . cfˆgf] x}l;ot gePsf c08//fO6/x?n] laleGg
sDkgLx?sf] dfWodaf6 Ifdtf k'¥ofP .
o;/L cg]sf} Aoawfg a]xf]/]/ Pkmlkcf] lgisf;g
;kmntf k"j{s ;DkGg ul/of], t/ klg ck]lIft ;dodf
sfd x'g g;s]sf]n] k};f ;a} hDdf x'g csf]{ cfly{s
aif{sf] >fj0f nfluxfNof] . ;+:yf leqsf ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/L
tyf aflx/sf lgsfox?af6 ;d]t ;xof]u k|fKt ePs}
xf] . t}klg cfa )&$.&% leq} sfd ;DkGg u/]/ &%.&^
df af]g; z]o/sf] 3f]if0ff ug]{ of]hgf k'/f ePg . cGo
gfkmfaf6 nfef+; lat/0f ug{ gofF axfgfdf /fi6« a}+sn]
dfg]g . nfef+; 3f]if0ff u/]/ dfq a}+saf6 labf x'g] d]/f]
;kgf k'/f ePg . t}klg Pp6f la/fdL xfntdf /x]sf]
a}+snfO{ k'0f{ ?kn] :j:y / k|ltikwL{ agfP/ 5f8]/ hfg
kfpFbfsf] ;'v eg] d}n] lnP/ lx8]F . ubub 5' .
z'?d} eg]sf] lyPF, of] k|f]km];gn n]v x'g] 5}g, AolQmut
uGyg x'g]5 . To:t} eof] . c:t' .
sflt{s @)&^, a'9fgLns07

14
x/]s bzs h;f] d'nwf/sf] ljsf;sf df]8ndf k'g{ljrf/
eOg} /xg] u/]sf] 5 . ljsf; cy{zf:qdf /fhgLlt,
wd{ jf bz{gzf:qdf h:tf] h8;'q x'Fb}g . tYo, k|df0f
/ a:t'ut cg'ejsf cfwf/df 8]enkd]G6 æl/lylGs+uæ
lg/Gt/ e}/xG5 . ljZjdf 7"nf 7"nf kl/jt{g cfPsf
5g . r'gf}tL, k|ljlw, ;fdYo{ / ;f]rdf . ;g @)#)
;Ddsf] lbuf] ljsf; nIo -P;8LhL_ sf] Ph]08f
cfPsf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{g k[YjLsf] cl:tTj;+u g}
ufFl;Psf] 5 . kfFr sf]0faf6 k'glj{rf/sf] k|lqmof yfNg
;lsG5 . klxnf], sG6]G6 ckm 8]enkd]G6 +-ljsf;sf]
;f/_ s] xf] < ;d'Ggt / ;dfj]zL cfly{s j[l4df s;/L
dfgj ljsf;, /f]huf/L / kof{j/0fnfO{ ;Gt'ngdf
/fVg] < bf];|f], ljlQo ;|f]t sxfFaf6 Nofpg] -kÞmfOgflG;Ë
ckm 8]enkd]G6_ < ax'klIfo ljb]zL cg'bfgsf]
lge{/tfaf6 qmdzM xfdL ca C0fdf cfwfl/t lghL
;|f]tx?df cfl>t x'Fb} hfg'kg]{ jfWotf 5 . Odlh{ª
rLg, ef/t h:tf b]z, 8fo;kf]/f nufgLsf gofF s'/f
5g . t];|f], Ph]G;L ckm 8]enkd]G6M ljsf;sf] ldof]
sf] x'g] < s]G›, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/aLr lhDd]jf/Lsf]
af+8kmf+8 k'/fgf bftf / gofF ;|f]tsf] ;Gt'ng lghL If]q,
;d'bfo / gful/ssf e"ldsf . ljsf;df ax'cfofd 5,
km/s km/s stf{x?aLr ;dGjo s:n] / s;/L ug]{ <
rf}yf], nf]s];g ckm 8]enkd]G6M ljsf; eg]sf] 7fpFsf]
ljsf; xf] ls JolQmsf] < of] bfzl{{gs k|Zg 5 . g]kfn
ufpFg} ufpFsf] b]z xf], !) hgfdf gf} hgf ufpFdf
a:5g eg]/ cl:t;Dd k9b} lyof} t/ cfh ^) k|ltzt
hgtf gu/kflnsfdf a;]sf 5g . zx/Ls/0f lta|
5 . s[lifdf b'O{ ltxfO{ hgtf cfj4 5g t/ /fli6«o
pTkfbgdf o;sf] c+z @& k|ltztdf eml/;Sof] .
;fdflhs d"No r'sfP/ ePklg cfk|jf;gn] ubf{
dfG5] t alg/x]sf 5g, t/ 7fpF ag]sf 5}gg . kfFrf},
ljsf;sf] j}wtf, ef}lts glthf t tfgfzfxn] klg
lbG5 t/ dfG5]sf] df}lns :jtGqtf, ;fd'lxs lg0f{o
k|lqmofn] Nofpg] ;befj;lxtsf] ;dtfd'ns ;dfh
lgdf{0f x'g] ljsf;] k|lqmof ckgfpg' kg]{5 .
g]kfnsf] cfufdL !@, !% aif{sf] ljsf;sf] vfsf sf]b}{
ubf{ s]xL s'/fdf :ki6tf cfjZos 5 . clxn] g]kfnL
cy{tGq / ;dfhdf uO{/x]sf e'O{rfnfx? s] s] x'g
< ;dfh / cy{tGqnfO{ s] rLhn] xNnfO{/x]sf 5g <
clxn]sf] xfd|f] Gof/]l6e s] xf] < klxnf] t 8]df]u|fkmL
-hg;f+lVos agf]6_ g} xf] . g]kfn / clk|msfsf s]xL
d'n'sdf t?0f hg;+Vof 5 . ljsl;t /fi6«x? k|f}9
;dfhdf kl/0ft e};s] . 8]df]u|fkmLsf] gofF kmf]x/fn]
4G4nfO{ dnhn uof]{ / xfdL æ/]ld6]G; Osf]gf]dLæ
aGof}+ . ldl8og pd]/ clxn] @$ aif{sf] 5 . xfdL
@)%$ kl5 dfq k|f}9 ;dfh aG5f}+ . 8fo;kf]/fsf] wg
klg a9L/x]sf] 5 . ufpFdf k'?if gx'Fbf dlxnfdf cy{tGq
s]lG›t ePsf] 5 . t/fO{df oflGqs/0f t ePsf] 5 t/
ckl/kSj . hg;+Vofsf] gofF :j?kn] a;fO{;/fO{nfO{
klg Jofks agfO{lbof] . @! lhNnfdf ›'t ultdf
lgh{gLs/0f eO{/x]sf] 5 . 8]df]u|fkmL / a;fO{;/fO{n]
s[lifsf] lx:;f cy{tGqdf 3l6/x]sf] 5 . l6lksn xf]Og
æPl6lksnæ ;+/rgfut ?kfGt/0fdf xfdL uPsf 5f}+,
h'g aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] ljZj cg'ejeGbf k[ys 5 .
s[lifaf6 dfG5] aflx/ cfpFy], pBf]un] To;nfO{ l6KYof] .
cy{tGq kl/kSs x'Fb} uPkl5 ;]jf If]q pGgt aGYof] .
clxn] s[lifaf6 dflg; aflx/ lg:sg yfn] t/ pBf]u
v'Dr]sf] 5 . ;f]em} lgDg :tl/o ;]jf If]qdf k|j]z
u/]sf 5g . pTkfbgd"ns pBf]usf] of]ubfg s'n
u|fx:y pTkfbg -hL8LkL_ df ^ k|ltzt dfq 5 . l;w}
;]jf If]qdf uOof] t/ cy{tGq kl/kSj e};s]sf] 5}g .
;/sf/sf] gLlt / nufgL clg /]ld6]G;n] sg]S6LeL6L
Jofks a9]sf] 5 . ax'bn cfpFbf d'n'sdf &! xhf/
% ;o ^) j6f dfq kmf]g lyof] . clxn] tLg s/f]8
;]nkmf]g 5g . ef}lts ljsf; x]g]{ xf] eg]kl5 *# xhf/
lsnf]ld6/ af6f] k'u]sf] 5 . ;a} xfdLn] vf]h]sf] h:tf]
u'0f:t/sf] 5}g . #% xhf/ lsnf]ld6/ ;8sdf sfnf]kq
jf u|fj]n 5 . 8f]h/] ljsf;n] ljgf; klg NofPsf] 5
t/ sg]lS6eL6Ln] ahf/;Ddsf] kx'Fr / nfut 36fpg
;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . clxn]sf] csf]{ 7'nf] km8sf]
;d'Ggt g]kfnsf]
Ps Gof/]6Le 8f= :jl0f{d jfUn]
-/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf k"j{ pkfWoIf_

zf;sLo z}nLdf cfPsf] 5M @%) jif{sf] PsfTdstf
af6 xfdL ;+3fTds /fHodf uPsf 5f}+ .
xjfO{hxfhdf xfjfn] ws]Nof] eg] 6]n–ljG8sf sf/0f
uGtJo l56f] k'Ug ;lsG5 . cfhsf] cy{tGqnfO{ cl3
a9fpgsf nflu s'g tTj 6]n–ljG8sf] ?kdf 5< Pp6f
l8lh6nfO{h]zg, o;n] Oue{/g]G; dfkm{t e|:6frf/d'Qm
;]jf k|jfxdf r':ttf NofpF5 . e"–kl/j]l:yt /fi6«df
;'rgf k|ljlwn] 7"nf] cj;/ NofPsf] 5 . Jofkf/sf
df]8nx? kl/jt{g ePsf 5g . l8lh6nfO{h]zgn]
Eofn' r]gsf] ;Defjgf cuf8L NofPsf] 5 . ljlQo
;dfj]zLtfdf klg l8lh6nfO{h]zg / cfO;L6Ln]
7"nf] of]ubfg lbg ;S5 . bf];|f], kfgL / :jR5 phf{
h;df yk JofVof cfjZos /x]g . t];|f], ko{6g;Fu
ufl;Psf] cfsif{s e'uf]n / Nof08:s]k ljljwtf .
rf}+yf], ljZj cfly{s u|fle6Lsf] s]G›laGb' g]kfnlt/
;f]lemg' . ln Sjfg o' :s'n ckm klAns kf]ln;Lsf
l8gn] b]vfPsf 5g ;g !(%) cyf{t %) aif{
cl3 pQm s]G›laGb' P6nflG6s dxf;fu/sf] dWolt/
lyof], ca ;g @)%) df ef/t / rLgsf] aLrdf xfd|}
lxdfnodf cfP/ a:b}5 . ahf/, ko{6g / nufgLsf
nflu of] cj;/ xf] . cGtdf, ljZjdf g]kfnsf]
a|f08 gfd cem} dfly 5 . xfdLk|lt ;xfg'e"lt 5 .
clxn] pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg] xf] eg], Ifdtf eO{lbPsf] eP,
cGt/f{li6«o ahf/ cg's"n 5 .
ljsf;sf] ;fWo ;d'Ggltsf] l;h{gf, ljt/0f / lbuf]kg
xf] eg] ;fwg jf cf}hf/ s] x'g t < of]hgf cfof]udf
k/Dk/fut b:tfj]h agfOG5 hxfF If]qut j0f{g a9L
x'G5M s[lif, vfg]kfgL, pBf]u cflbsf 5'§} cWofo . If]q
If]qsf] rrf{ eGbf ljifout 9f+rf a9L pkof]uL 5 eGg]
dnfO nfU5 . klxnf] d'2f xf]M pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 .
dfG5] s[lifd} a;] x'G5 t/ pTkfbsTj a9fpg'k¥of] .
Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf] lrn]n] u/]/ b]vfof] . klxnf df5f
a]RYof], clxn] To;nfO{ k|f];]; u/]/ ;fdg Koflsª u/]/
pRr d'Nodf a]Rg yfNof] . klxnf c+u'/ l6KYof], clxn]
c+u'/nfO{ jfOg agfP/ ljZj ahf/df a]R5 . s[lif
If]qaf6 pBf]u, pBf]uaf6 ;]jfdf hfg] eGg] k|j[ltdf
abnfj cfPsf] 5 . s[lif, pBf]u, ;]jf hxfF a;]klg pRr
pTkfbsTjdf hfg'kof]{ . bf];|f], cf}krfl/sLs/0flt/
hfg'kof]{ . o;n] s/sf] cfwf/ a95, /fHo bx|f]
x'G5 . t/ cem dxTjk'0f{, o;df ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]
;jfn hf]l8G5 . cf}krfl/s hflu/ 5 eg], p;n]
tna cg';f/ s/ ltnf{, k]G;g kfpnf, pkbfg kfpnf,
la/fdL k/] pkrf/ xf]nf . clxn] g]kfndf ;o s8f kfFr
k|ltzt dfq cf}krfl/s If]qdf 5g . o;nfO{ kfFraf6
%) k'of{pg'kof]{ . h] h] ubf{ cf}krfl/stf a95, Tof]
ug{'kof] . t];|f], u|Lg/ cj{gfO{h]zgsf] s'/f 5 . ca
xl/t zx/Ls/0flt/ hfg'kof]{ . ljB'tLo ;jf/L ;fwg
a9fpg'kof]{, kmf]l;n ˆo"nk|lt k/lge{/tf 36g'kof]{ .
klxnf af6f]g} ;'wf/f} . eG;f/ ljlwdf k'g/fjnf]sg
u/f} . /ftL rfh{ u/] lk|m eg]/ elGbpm . ;x/nfO{ klg
Jojl:yt ub}{, l8lh6n g]6js{sf] PsLs[t of]hgf
agfpg] s'/f cl3 a9fpg'kof]{ .
rf}+yf], ;fdflhs df]laln6Lsf] ;xhLs/0f . ;f]l;on
df]laln6L ;dtfd'ns ;dfhsf] rl/q xf] . d
uf]vf{sf] Pp6f eL/df hGd]sf] dfG5] t/ dnfO{
oxfF;Dd u'0f:t/Lo lzIffn] Nofof] . lzIff, :jf:Yon]
s;sf] ;Gtfg jf s'g hft jf lnË jf If]qsf
cfwf/df cj;/ kfpg] cj:yfnfO{ uf}0f agfO{lbg
k5{ . cj;/df ;dfgtf vf]Hg] xf], glthfdf
xf]Og . pRr u'0f:t/sf] lzIffn] h'g cj;/ k|bfg
u5{, o;n] c;dfj]zL ;dfhnfO{ lj:tf/} Gofof]lrt
;fdflhs dfu{df 8f]of{pg] sfd u5{ . kfFrf} xf],
;dfj]zL / k|efjsf/L ;'zf;g . km]/L egf}+, ;d[l4sf
v'l8snfx? oL x'g . pTkfbTsj / cf}krfl/stfnfO{
a9fpg'kof]{ . ;x/Ls/0fnfO{ u|Lg agfpFb} n}hfg'kof]{ .
;f]l;on df]laln6LnfO{ Gofof]lrt agfpFb} nfg'kof]{ .
;'zf;g r':t x'g kof]{ .
g]kfnsf] ;d'Ggltsf] ofqfdf kfFr hf]lvd 5g . klxnf]
xf]–ljkbM :nf] / /oflk8 l8hf:6/ . xfd|f] d'n'sn]
e'sDk ef]Uof], af9Lklx/f] ef]lu/x]sf 5f} . sfa{g
pT;h{gn] hnjfo' kl/jt{g ul//x]sf] 5 . Anfs sfa{g
u|Lg xfp; hltSs} ljgfzs x'G5 . o;df If]qLo
;dfwfg vf]Hg'k5{ . bf];|f] hf]lvd dfgj z+;fwgsf]
IfoLs/0f xf] . t];|f], l8;/K6Le 6]Sgf]nf]hLsf] s'/f 5 .
lah'nL a]r]/ wgL x'G5f} eGb} uof}{ . ;f]nf/ olt ;:tf]
eO;Sof]ls xfd|f] lah'nL a]r]/ wgL x'g] lbg gcfpg]
6]Sgf]nf]hLx? b]lvg yfn]sf 5g . hnljB't cfof]hgf
agfpg] ^÷* aif{ nfU5, Tof] cjlw kv{g ;Sg] cj:yf
/xG5ls /xGg eGg] xf] . ;f]nf/ Aof6«L 6]Sgf]nf]hLdf 7"nf]
nufgL eO{/x]sf] 5 . Aof6«L 6]Sgf]nf]hL ;:tf] x'gf;fy
;f]nf/ hnljB'tsf] ljsNk aGnf . rf}yf], l5d]sL
k|efjsf] s'/f 5 . e'k/Lj]li7t d'n'sdf 5]psf] b]zn]

16
cy{tGqdf w]/} s'/fdf lg0ff{os e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 .
åGåsf afl56f 5l/G5g . ef/t;Fu xfd|f] d'›fsf] k]u
5 . o;n] xfd|f] k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtfdf c;/ k'u]sf] 5
k"jf{wf/df klg ;dGjo ug{ k¥of] . la/u+h;Dd ljZj
:tl/o ;8s aGof] eg] klg ToxfFaf6 sf]nsftfsf]
;8s t ef/tn] agfpg' k5{ . cfly{s s'6gLltdfkm{t
o:tf s'/fsf] hl6n Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . kfFrf}
hf]lvd eg]sf] ;'zf;g g} xf] . ;+3Lotfsf s'/f 5g,
gLltut ;dGjosf s'/f 5g . /fhgLlts l:y/tf
eP/ dfq k'Ubf] /x]g5, gLlt / sd{rf/Lsf] l:y/tf
klg rflxg] /x]5 . xfn}sf] ;/sf/sf] cg'ejaf6 of]
b]lvG5 .
ljsf; / /fhgLltsf] s'/f ubf{ xfdL clxn];Dd o;sf]
ulx/fO{df k'u]s} 5}gf} . a9L /fhgLlt s]lG›t eof} .
Joj:yf NofPkl5 :jrflnt lsl;dn] ljsf; e}xfN5
eGg] k|If]k0f xfd|f] /Xof] . of] e|d /x]5 . ljZjel/ ljljw
/fhgLlts Joj:yfx? 5g . s'g} b]zdf lg/+s'ztf
5 t/ ef}lts ljsf; u/]sf pbfx/0f 5g . rLg /
ef/tdf km/s km/s df]8]n 5g . /fhtGq ePsf
o'/f]lkog d'n'sx?n] klg k|ult u/]sf 5g . cd]l/sf
l/klAns xf] . cfw'lgs /fHo k|0ffnLsf] s'/f ug]{ xf]
eg] g]kfn / cd]l/sfsf] Ps}k6s ;'? eP @ ;o %)
aif{ cl3 . Joj:yfn] dfq :jrflnt ?kdf cfp6k'6
cfpg] eGg] xf]Og /x]5 . g]kfnsf] Oltxf; x]bf{ #) jif{
led;]g yfkfn] zf;g u/]sf lyP . h+uaxfb'/n] csf]{
#) aif{ zf;g u/] . rG›zd;]/n] !()! b]lv !(@(
;Dd @* aif{ zf;g u/]sf 5g . h'4 zd;]/n] !#÷!$
aif{ zf;g u/]sf 5g . k~rfotL Joj:yfn] #) aif{
zf;g u/]sf] 5 . l:y/tf gePsf] xf]Og . /fhgLlts
l:y/tfn] ;d[4Lsf] Uof/]G6L ug]{ /x]g5 . of] ;Fu;Fu}
c? kf6k'hf{ klg ;Fu} cfpg' kg]{ /x]5 . sd{rf/LtGqsf]
Ifdtf, lghL nufgL, gful/sdf pT;fx oL s'/fx?df
klg k|ult rflxG5 .
;+3Lotfn] rfdTsfl/s ljsf; unf{ eg]/ xfdL Totf
uPsf xf]Ogf}+ . of] /fhgLlts ;Demf}tfsf] sf]0faf6
cfPsf] s'/f xf] . @%) aif{b]lv s]G›Ls[t d'n's xf] xfd|f],
zf;s ju{df ljljwtf ePg . of] g} lj›f]xsf]
Pp6f cfwf/ aGof] . To;}n] pRr ljs]G›Ls/0fsf]
cjwf/0ffdf uPsf xf} . o;sf ;jn / b'j{n kIf 5g .
;]jf k|jfxdf ;xhtf cfpF5 / hgpQ/bfoL ;/sf/sf]
cg'e"tL u/fpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . t/, Tof] ug{ ljlQo
Joj:yfkg / Ifdtfsf r'gf}tL 5g . ;fgf] sfuhL
k|lqmofsf nflu klg l;+xb/jf/ wfpg' gkbf{ :yfgLo
ljsf; rnfodfg x'g] ;Defjgf /x]sf]df ljut s]xL
cjlw otfsf] cEof; eg] lg/fzfhgs g} 5 . of]
emg af]lemnf], emGeml6nf] x'g] lbzfdf uof] . t'?Gt}
x:tIf]k u/]/ ;'wf/ ug{'kg]{ cj:yf 5 .
nfdf] ;do g]kfnsf] lrGtf cfˆgf] ;fj{ef}ldstf
hf]ufpg] ljifodf g} c8Sof] . !(%% df ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3sf] ;b:o ePkl5 s]lx /fxt eof] oBlk
!(@# df g} g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf a]nfotn] :jLsf/]sf]
xf] . !(@% df lnu ckm g]zgdf xfdL uof}+, h'g
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] cl3Nnf] k|f¿k xf] . To;kl5 emG8}
&) jif{ xfdL Joj:yfsf] n8fO{+df e'Nof}+ M /f0ff,
/fhf, k|hftGq, ;+3Lo nf]stGq . ca aNn ljsf;d}
s]G›Lt x'g k5{ eGg] ef]s hfu]sf] 5 . nufgL s;/L
leqofpg], s;/L pBdd}qL jftfj/0f agfpg] 5nkmn
x'g yfn]sf 5g . :j:y /fhgLltn] e/kbf]{ 6]sf] lbof]
eg] xfdL csf]{ !)÷!@ jif{df cfhsf] >Ln+sf hlQsf]
dWodcfo ePsf] ljsf;zLn /fi6« aGg ;S5f}+ .
;fef/M ;]hg :dfl/sf, @)&%

g]kfn abNg]
k|:tfj s[i0fxl/ af:sf]6f
k|d'v ;"rgf cfo'Qm, /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]u
g]kfnnfO{ abNg o; d'n'snfO{ dlb/fd'Qm 3f]if0ff
ug'{k5{ . oyf{ydf /S;Ldf 8'a]/ ;d[l4 leqofpg
;lsGg . o;y{, klxnf] r/0fdf dlb/fsf] k}7f/L tTsfn}
lgif]w ug'{ k5{ . bf];|f] r/0fdf g]kfnleq /x]sf dlb/f
pBf]ux?nfO{ plrt Ifltk"lt{ lbP/ tL hUuf / pks/0f
;/sf/n] vl/b ug'{k5{ . tL hldg / ejgdf :s"n
jf c:ktfn ;~rfngdf Nofpg' k5{ . pks/0f las|L
x'g] eP ljb]zdf k7fpg] / las|L gx'g] eP …sjf8LÚ
nfO{ las|L ul/lbg' k5{ . t];|f] r/0fdf ;a} …3/kfn'jfÚ
/S;L pTkfbg lgif]w ug'{k5{ . wd{, k/Dk/f rnfpg
clwstd Ps ln6/;Ddsf] /S;L aGg] efF8fx? cg'dlt
lnP/ vl/b ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . o;/L g]kfndf …8«fO{
nÚ nfu" u/L dlb/fd'Qm g]kfn 3f]if0ff ug'{k5{ .
g]kfnnfO{ abNg lzIff / :jf:Yo If]qsf] Jofkf/nfO{ k"0f{tM
lgif]w ug'{k5{ .;+ljwfgdf cfwf/e"t lzIff clgjfo{
/ lgMz'Ns elgPsf] 5 eg] dfWolds lzIff lgMz'Ns
elgPsf] 5 . o;y{ xfnsf] af]l8{Ë :s"nx? JolQmn]
gfkmf lng gkfpg] u/L 6«i6df ?kfGtl/t ug'{k5{ .
;+ljwfgdf cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf ;d]tdf gful/ssf]
xs :yflkt ul/Psf] 5 . o;y{, xfnsf gl;{Ëxf]dx?
klg ;d'bfon] jf kflnsfn] ;~rfngug'{k5{ . o;af6
lrlsT;s / :jf:YosdL{ Pj+ lzIfs / sd{rf/Lsf]
/f]huf/L oyfjt /fvL xfnsf nufgLstf{nfO{ /fHon]
plrt Ifltk"lt{ lbg'k5{ .
gof+ g]kfn lgdf{0fsf nflu cfd o'jfn] lj= P= / Pd=
P= kf; ug'{ k"j{ slDtdf @ aif{ /fi6«sf] clgjfo{ ;]jf
ug'{k5{ . o:tf] :jo+ ;]jf ;+3Lo, k|b]z / :yfgLo
;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] lgsfodf ug'{kg]{ 5 . o; ;dodf
g]kfnL laBfyL{n] :jo+ ;]jssf] eQf kfpg] 5g .
o;af6 ;a} g]kfnLn] /fHo ;~rfng ljlw a'emg] df}sf
kfpg] 5g . gof+ g]kfn lgdf{0f ug{ xfdL % s'/fdf
cfTdlge{/ x'g} k5{ . ltgdf vfBfGg, xl/of] t/sf/L,
kmnkm"n, df5fdf;' / b'UwhGokbfy{ x'g . o:sf nflu
:yfgLo / k|b]z ;/sf/sf] ah]6sf] k|fyldstf log}
If]qdf x'g'k5{ . ;+3 ;/sf/n] oL % j:t'sf] cfoft
/f]Sg' k5{ .
o;}u/L gof+ g]kfn lgdf{0f ug{ /fHosf] dfq} xf]O{g
;fdflhs kmh'n vr{ klg /f]Sg} k5{ .o:sf nflu s'g}
klg JolQmn] a|taGw, ljjfx nufotsf ;fdflhs
sfo{ ubf{ ;+ej ePdf cfkmg} y/sf cfkmGtnfO{ dfq
/ ;f] ;+ej geP s]jn glhssf gft]bf/ afx]snfO{
cfdGq0f ug{ lgif]w ug'{k5{ . lgdGq0ff sf8{df clgjfo{
?kdf gftf n]Vg' kg]{ / gftf aflx/sf] JolQm ;df/f]xdf
pkl:yt ePdf ks|fp kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .
g]kfnsf ;a} &%# kflnsfnfO{ cfkmgf] pTkfbg, k|ljlw
/ ;LknfO{ hu]gf{ ug{ nufpg' k5{ . o; cGtu{t
;a} kflnsfn] :yfgLo pTkfbg las|L ug]{ sf]z]nL
3/ lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ . ;a} kflnsfn] s]xL ckjfbnfO{
5f8]/ s"n vl/bsf] slDtdf %) k|ltzt ;fdfg cfkmg}
sf]z]nL 3/af6 vl/b ug'{ kg]{5 .
;fRr} g]kfnnfO{ abNg] xf] eg] k}lqs ;DkQL :jtM
5f]/f5f]/Ldf hfg] xfnsf] Joj:yf vf/]h ug'{ k5{ .
h]i7 gful/s eQf /fHon] ljt/0f u/]sf] 5 . of] /sd
k'Ug] u/L lbg'k5{ / tL h]i7 gful/ssf] d[To" kl5
;a} ;DkQL …Ho"gLÚ :j?k ;/sf/df cfpg' k5{ .;fy}
cfdfafa'n] sl/a @) aif{;Dd 5f]/f5f]/Ldf nufgL
u/L pTkfbgof]Uo JolQm agfO{ lbG5g .;f]sf] k|ltkmn
:j?k k|To]s 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] cfDbfgLsf] !) b]lv @%
k|ltzt :jtM afa'cfdfsf] a}+s vftfdf cfpg] k|0ffnL
nfu" ug'{k5{ . d'n'sleqsf] hUuf hldgsf] nfnk"hf{
;/sf/sf] gfddf x'g'k5{ .;/sf/n] JolQmnfO{ lglZrt
p2]Zosf nflu hldg pkef]u ug{ lnhdf lbg'k5{ .
o;/L lnhdf lbPsf] hldgdf tf]lsPsf] zt{ k"/f
geP :jtM lkmtf{ x'g] k|aGw ug'{k5{ . csf]{ s'/f, Ps

18
lhNnf Ps jg pTkfbgdf hfg' k5{ . h; cg';f/
s'g} lhNnfsf] jg :ofp3f/Ldf ?kfGtl/t x'g]5 eg]s'g}
lhNnfsf] ag ;'Gtnf3f/L x'g]5 .
gofF g]kfn lgdf{0f ug{ ;u/dfyfsf] lxpFsf] s0fnfO{
gklUng] kf/blz{ ;L;fsf] lukm6 Kofs u/L slDtdf
Ps;o cd]l/sL 8n/df ljZj ahf/df a]Rg' k5{ .
n'lDagLsf] Ps s0f df6f] /fvL Ps tf]nfsf] ;'gsf]
ns]6 agfO{ ljZj ahf/df k|lt ns]6 Ps nfvdf a]Rg'
k5{ . g]kfndf kfO{g] of;f{u'Dafsf] ;+sng ug{ ;]gfnfO{
dfq} clwsf/ lbg' k5{ . o;nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df
;/sf/n] slDtdf k|lt lsnf] krf; xhf/ cd]l/sL
8n/;Dddf las|L ug'{ k5{ . o;/L k|fKt cfDbfgL tt
If]qsf] ljsf;df vlr{g' k5{ . lglZrt dfkb08 tf]s]/
cfd g]kfnLnfO{ 3/ 3/df /fli6«o em08f kmx/fpg]
cj;/ lbg' k5{ . o;af6 3/df em08f /fVg dGqL
g} x'g'kg]{ cj:yfaf6 d'Qm eO{g]5 . s'g} ts{ ljts{
gu/L a}zfv ! ut]b]lv r}t d;fGt;DdnfO{ cfly{s
aif{ tf]Sg'' k5{ .g]kfnnfO{ xnf]d'Qm b]z 3f]if0ff u/L
cfw'lgs s[lif pks/0fx? ldgL 6|ofS6/, hL/f] l6n/,
xfe]i6/, l/k/ cflbsf] k|of]u a9fpg' k5{ .o;af6 ;a}
ls;fgsf] xftdf xnf]sf] ;§f ldgL 6ofS6/ x'g'k5{ .
g]kfn abNg ;a} t'O{gsf] 7fpFdf emf]n'Ë] k'n agfO{
t'O{gsf] kmnfd / pks/0fnfO{ …sjf8LÚ n] vl/b u/]sf]
lg:;f kl5 dfq} emf]n'Ë] k'n ;~rfngdf Nofpg]cg'dlt
lbg' k5{ . d'n'sn] lgo'lQm ug]{ /fhb"t k|lt:kwf{Tds
k/LIffaf6 k"lt{ ul/O{g' k5{ . o;}u/L ;a} cfof]usf
kbflwsf/Lsf] kbk"lt{df klg oxL k|0ffnL canDag
ug'{k5{ . ax'd"No hl8a'6L pTkfbg x'g] hldgdf wfg,
ds}, sf]bf] nufpg lgif]w ug'{k5{ . hf]lgË / Ans
cg';f/ vfBfGg / s[lif pTkfbg ug'{k5{ . lzIff /
:jf:Yodf klg hf]lgË nfu" u/L Pp6f ufpF jf zx/sf]
dflg;n] csf]{ufpF / zx/df/x]sf] c:ktfndf uP/
;]jflng / k9glgif]w ug'{k5{ . g]kfndf % cf]6f
;xfl;s v]n ljZjd} gfd"b 5g . h; cg';f/ kbofqf,
a+hL hlDkË, ¥oflkm6Ë, Kof/fUnfO{l8Ë / kj{tf/f]x0fsf]
k|a4{gdf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/n] s"n ah]6sf]
% b]lv !) k|ltzt ah]6 5'6ofpg' kg]{ / g]kfnnfO{
ljZjs} ko{6sLo uGtJosf ?kdf lrgfpg] k|of;df
nfUg' k5{ .
g]kfnnfO{ abNg /;folgs dnnfO{ la:yflkt u/L
k|f+ufl/sdnnfO{hf]8lbg'k5{ .;fy}/;folgslaiffbLsf]
cfoft lgif]w u/L h}las laiffbLsf] k|of]unfO{ clgafo{
ug'{k5{ . o;af6 g]kfn cuf{lgs s[lif pTkfbg ug]{
d'n'ssf ?kdf ljZjdf kl/lrt x'g]5 . g]kfnsf tLg}
txsf ;/sf/n] ax"d"No hl8a'6Lsf] pTkfbg, ;+sng,
cS;g xfp;, k|f];]l;+u / lgsf;Ldf laz]if gLlt
lng'k5{ .tL ;/sf/x?n] k|fljlws lzIffaf6 /f]huf/Lsf]
hf]xf] ug]{ / a}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf k7fpbf ;Lk ljgf
hfg lgif]w ug]{ gLlt nfu" ug'{k5{ .g]kfn g} l/lQg] u/L
o'af ljb]z hfg yfn]sfn] k|To]s kflnsfn] slDtdf
Ps ;ob]lv Ps xhf/;DdnfO{ /f]huf/L lbg] k|aGw
ug'{k5{ .a'9L u08sL hn ljB'tdf g]kfn ;/sf/n]
nufgL ug'{k5{ . o;kl5 df]6fdf]6L xfdL laB't
zlQmdf cfTdlge{/ x'g]5f}+ . g]kfndf pknJw vfgLsf]
;~rfngu/L ;d[l4 xfl;nug{ cu|;/ x'g'k5{ . xfn
;+rflnt ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf / of]ubfgdf cfwfl/t
k]G;g nufotnfO{ Psåf/ ub}{ k|flws/0f u7g ug]{
sfdnfO{ l;3|tf lbg'k5{ . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu
;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ Jofkstf lbg'k5{ . o:sf nflu
v'Nnf ;/sf/ ;fem]bf/L / v'Nnf ;/sf/L tYof+ssf]
cawf/0ffnfO{ tTsfn} sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' k5{ .
gof+ g]kfn lgdf{0f ug{ ;a} /fli6«o uf}/asf cfof]hgfsf
nflu 5'6[f 5'6[} k|f]h]S6 clkm; v8f u/L pknlJw
xfl;n ug'{k5{ . ah]6 sfof{Gjogdf v/f] plqg ;+3
/ k|b]z dGqfno lkR5] cg'udg ug]{ u/L ;x;lrasf]
g]t[Tjdf …Sjfln6L ;s{nÚ u7g ug'{k5{ . o; sfddf
;kmn x'g]nfO{ dfq} ;lradf a9'jf ug'{k5{ .;/sf/L
7]Ssf lbg kf;a"s k|yf cf/De ug'{k5{ . ;fdfGotM
Pp6f sfd km/kmf/s geO{ csf]{ sfd lbg'x'b}g .
lbPdf ;f] 7]Ssf :jtM ab/ x'g'k5{ . s[lifdf cfwfl/t
pBf]u Pa+ k|f];]l;+u, u|]l8+u, Kofs]lh+u, e08f/0f, akm/
:6s ;DaGwL sfddf hf]8 lbg'k5{ . ;fa{hlgs uf]bfd
Joa:yfsf] sfg"g agfpg' k5{ . ;8s lgdf{0fsf] gfddf
jftfj/0f lgs} Wj:t e}/x]sf] 5, o;y{ /Hh' dfu{sf]
k|lalw k|of]u ug'{k5{ .s[lif e"ldnfO{ rSnfaGbL ug]{ ls,
;fd"lxs jf ;xsf/L v]tL ug]{ ls jf Jns k|0ffnLdf
hfg] tTsfn lg/Sof}+n ug'{k5{ .s[lif hldgnfO{ 38]/L
agfpg glbO{ tL :yfgdf s[lif O{gk'6 k'¥ofpk5{ .

g]kfn abNg ca l9nf gu/L a:tL lasf;df nufgL
ug'{k5{ . ;fx} eb|uf]n e};s]sfn] hyfefaL 3/ agfpg,
kvf{n nufpg / hldg afemf] /fVg]] sfo{ k"0f{tM lgif]w
ug'{k5{ . /fhZj 5'6 lbPsf] ljifosf] hfgsf/L ;a}sf]
kx"rdf Nofpg' k5{, o;af6 /fHobf]xgsf] s]xL xbdf
ePklg lgoGq0f x'g]5 . eG;f/gfsfd} Pdcf/kL 3f]if0ff
ug'{kg]{ a:t'sf] ;"rL /fd|};+u yk ug'{k5{ . ;/sf/
b]lvg] u/L pkef]Qmf lxtsf] kIfdf plEeO{g' k5{ .
vf;} 9's'6Ldf /sd gcfpg] /fhZjsf zLif{sdf dfkmL
lbg'k5{ . gful/sdf s/ ltg]{ afgL a;fNg' k5{ . k|f] kf]/
ah]6, h]08/ ah]6 / SnfO{d]6 r]Ghsf] ah]6 a9fpg'
k5{ . g]kfnL x:tfsnfsf ;fdfu|Lsf] Jofks pTkfbg
u/L ljZje/L lgsf;L a9fpg' k5{ .
dxfslj b]jsf]6fsf] egfO{ adf]lhd pWb]Zo s] lng'
p8L 5'g' rGb| Pssf] l;4fGtaf6 cl3 a9]/ gof+
g]kfn lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ . oL k|:tfjx?sf cfwf/df sfd
ug{ ;s] g]kfn ablng]5 . cfd g]kfnLn] cfw'lgs /
;Da[4 g]kfnsf] ck]Iff u/]sf 5g . ;/sf/n] klg ;'vL
g]kfnL ;Da[4 g]kfnsf] nIo lnPsf] 5 . o;y{ g]kfn
abNg ;a} g]kfnLn] cfcfkmgf] :yfgaf6 of]ubfg ug{
;fa{hlgs cfAxfg ub{5' .

20
!= kl/ro
klxn] klxn] ef}lts kbfy{ eg]sf] cfwf a|Xdf08 xf] csf]{
cfwf eg]sf] ckbfyL{o xf] eGy] -ce]bfgGb, !())_.
t/ clxn] elgb}5 ls of] a|Xdf08 ;w} km}nb}5 t;y{
slt kbfyL{o / slt ckbfyL{o 5 To;sf] dfk ug{
s7Lg 5 . clxn] a|Xdf08df (% k|ltzt ckbfyL{o
/ % k|ltzt dfq kbfyL{o 5 elgG5 . olb xfdLn]
ef}lts cyjf kbfyL{o cy{zf:q dfq a'‰of} eg] yf]/}
a|Xdf08 dfq a'‰of}+ . ckbfyL{osf] ljifodf xfn;Dd
yf]/} s'/fdfq yfxf kfOOsf] 5 . hlt klg kQf nufpg
sf]lz; ul/of] Tof] cfheGbf @%)) jif{ klxn] g} u/]sf]
kfOG5 . k"0f{ a|Xdf08 a'‰g ef}lts / cfWoflTds j[l4
plQs} cfjZos 5g . logLx¿ b'j} ljsf;sf ;"rsf+s
x'g . cfly{s j[l4b/ ef}lts ljsf;sf] ;"rsf+s xf] eg]
cfWoflTds ljsf;sf] ;"rsf+s rfFlx cfWoflTds j[l4
xf] .
b'|t cfly{s ljsf;sf] sf/0f dflg;sf] ef}lts
:jf:Yodf pNn]vgLo ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 t/ dfgl;s
:jf:Yosf] l:ylt rfFlx ckljqtf / c1fgtfsf sf/0f
lbg k|ltlbg vl:sb} uO/x]sf] 5 . s'g} JolQmsf]
cfWoflTds / dfgl;s cj:yfdf u8a8L cfof] eg]
ef}lts :jf:Yosf] s'g} pkof]lutf 5}g . cfWoflTds
/ dfgl;s :jf:Yodf ulDe/ ;d:of cfof] eg]
JolStsf] wg ;DklQsf] s] sfd < b'|t cfly{s ljsf;n]
sDkgLx¿ cyjf kmd{x¿df lx+;fTds Jojxf/ cfpF5,
g}lts ljrng NofpF5 / cfWoflTds :jf:YonfO{
sdhf]/ agfO{ lbG5 . o;n] cfWoflTds j[l4nfO{
;Lldt agfOlbG5 . ljZjd} dflg;sf] cfo'df j[l4 eof]
t/ p;sf] hLjgsf] u'0f:t/df eg] x|f; cfof] . ha
JolQmdf l8k|];g cfpF5, lrGtfdf 8'A5 ta ef}lts
ljsfz h:tf] sL s[lqd ¿kdf lr;f] / tftf] agfpg]
;'ljwf ;lxtsf 7'N7"nf dxn, ljnf;L sf/, ljnf;L
lj5of}gf} / ;'ljwf ;DkGg sDKo'6/, :df6{ kmf]g ;a}
a]sf/ x'G5g . vfgkfgdf u8a8 / nfu' cf}iflwdf
nt a:5 eg] oL ;a} a]sf/ x'G5g . yf]/} cfWoflTds
/ w]/} cfly{s ljsf; x'g' eg]sf] s/f}8f}+ JolQmnfO{
l8k|];glt/ ws]Ng' xf] . b'|t cfly{s j[l4n] dflg;nfO{
d]l;gdf kl/jt{g ul/lbPsf] 5 . a9L gfkmf sdfpgs}
nflu dflg;n] k|]d, dfof,d}qL / k/f]ksf/nfO{ ;d]t
ahf/df a]R5g . o:tf] jftfj/0fdf zflGt eg]sf] t
6f9fsf] cfzf dfq xf] . lxhf]cfh h'g b'|t cfly{s j[l4
xfFl;n ePsf] 5, Tof] cfWoflTds vr{df eO/x]sf] 5 .
w]/} c/jkltx¿sf] dg dl:tisdf Hjf/ef6f ;lxtsf]
k};fsf] cflwj]x/L cfpF5 / zflGtsf] l:yltnfO{ g/fd|/L
vnaNofp5 . To;}n] w]/} c/jkltx¿ dWo/ftdf lgGb|f
nufpg] cf}iflw vfP/ d'l:snn] dfq lgbfpF5g .
of] cfn]vsf] dS;b cfly{s ljsf; rfFlxFb}g eGg]
sbflk xf]Og . b'j} cfWoflTds / ef}lts ljsf; aLr
;Gt'ng ug'{k5{ eGg] dfq xf] . s;/L cfWoflTds /
ef}lts ljsf; aLr tfnd]n ldnfpg] jf ;Gt'ng
sfod ug]{ Tof] g} cfWoflTds cy{zf:qL / cfWoflTds
u'?x¿sf nflu 7"nf] r'gf}lt xf] . s;}sf] x[bo, dg /
cfTdfnfO{ ckljqtfn] 9fs]sf] 5 eg] p;sf] zf/Ll/s
j[l4sf] s'g} cy{ 5}g . To:t}, cfWoflTds ljsf;lagfsf]
ef}lts ljsf;sf] s'g} cy{ 5}g . a'‰g s] h?/L 5 eg]
z/L/lagf cfTdf /xg;St}g . To;}n] cfTdfnfO{ hfGg
/ a'‰g / d'Qm x'g klg :j:y z/L/ x'g cfjZos 5 .
z/L/lagf d'lQm k|fKt x'b}g . cWofTdljgfsf] ef}lts
ljsf; eg]sf] æckljq cfTdf ;lxtsf] ;'lGgPsf]
z/L/Æ xf] . To:t} ef}lts ljsf; lagfsf] cfWoflTds
j[l4 eg]sf] æz'4 cfTdf ;lxtsf] sdhf]/ z/L/Æ xf] .
ckljqtfn] e/Lk"0f{ cfTdf ;lxtsf] ;'lGgPsf] z/L/n]
;Gt'lnt ef}lts /
cfWoflTds ljsf; b]jL k|;fb k|;fO{
labofyL{– cfWoflTds cy{zf:q
æwd{ ljgfsf] lj1fg nªu8f] xf] eg] lj1fg ljgfsf wd{ -cfWofTd_ cGwf] xf] .Æ – cNj6{ cfOG;6fOg

xfdLnfO{ unt uGtJodf k'¥ofpF5 . dlb/f ;]jg u/]sf]
8«fOe/n] hlt g} /fd|f] uf8L eP klg ;xL uGtJodf
k'/fpg ;Sb}g . To:t} /fd|f] ;jf/L—rfns eP klg uf8L
rfFlx sdhf]/ /x]5 eg] Tof] uf8Ln] klg xfd|f] uGtJodf
k'¥ofpg ;Sb}g . hLljsfkfh{gsf nflu cfwf/e"t
j:t'sf] cefjdf JolQmn] cefj / bl/b|tf lj?4 nfdf]
;+3if{ ug'{k5{ . h;sf] sf/0f p;n] cfWoflTds ;fwgf
ug{ ;Sb}g . bfg lbg] s'/f t 7Ls 5 t/ bfg lbg klg
t wg rflxG5 lg, To;}n] cfly{s / cfWoflTds b'a}
ljsfz plts} cfjZos 5g . olb z/L/n] cfTdfnfO{
vfgf k'¥ofpg ;Sg] ePg eg] cfTdf clGtd uGtJodf
s;/L k'Ug ;S5 < z/L/ lagf cfTdfsf] d'lSt ;+Dej
5}g . To;}n] cGgdo sf]if eg]/ pklgifbdf elgPsf]
xf] . pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf eujfg j'4nfO{ g} lng ;lsG5,
jxfFn] vfgf gvfO{ nfdf] ;do Wofg ug'[{eof] . jxfFsf]
z/L/ sdhf]/ eof] t/ klg 1fg k|fKt ePg . ha
;'hftfn] vL/ / c¿ v;|f] vfgf lbg'eof] To;kl5
eujfg j'4sf] z/L/ bx|f] eof] / 1fg k|fKt ;Sg'eof] .
z/L/n] cfTdfnfO{ klg kf]if0f u/fof] / jxfF kl/lgjf{0f
k|fKt ug{ ;kmn x'g' eof] .
@= ljsf;sf] gof“ df]8n
b'j} ef}lts / cfWoflTds ljsf; dfgj ljsf;sf]
nflu plQs} dxTjk"0f{ s'/f 'xg . :j:Yo z/L/ / kljq
cfTdf k|1f k|flKtsf] nflu plQg} h?/L s'/f x'g . oL
b'O{ Ps csf{sf k|lt/f]wL xf]Ogg j? ;xof]uL x'g .
of] cyjf pm xf]Og . of] / pm b'j} rfFlxg] s'/f x'g .
oL b'O{n] cfjZostf cg';f/ Ps cfk;df ;xof]u
k|bfg ub{5g . cfWoflTds u'0fx¿ h:tf] OdfGbf/Ltf,
w}o{tf, ;xof]uL efjgf / ljZj;gLotfn] ef}lts
ljsf;df klg 7"nf] of]ubfg ug{ ;S5g . ef}lts
cy{zf:qsf] ljj]sL /f]hfO (rational choice theory)
cfkm}+df cljj]sL 5 lsgls o;n] xfd|f] hLjgsf /fd|f
s'/fx¿nfO{ gh/cGbfh u5{ . o;n] zflGt, k|]d, d}qL,
OdfGbf/Ltf, d]nldnfk, v'zL, Ifdf / bof h:tf k};fn]
lsGg g;Sg] tTjx¿nfO{ gh/cGbfh u5{ . o:tf]
lsl;dsf] ljj]ssf] l;4fGt agf]; h;n] ef}lts /
cfWoflTds tTjx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] n]vfhf]vfdf ;dfj]z
u/f]; .
afs; g+ ! df ljsf;sf] df]8n /f]Hg ;xof]u k'uf];
eGg] x]t'n] $ j6f /f]hfOx¿ k|:t't ul/Psf 5g .
klxnf] /f]hfOdf pRr ef}lts / lgDg cfWoflTds
ljsf;sf] df]8n 5 . clxn]sf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs
ljsf; k2ltn] oxL df]8nnfO{ cfTdf;fy u/]sf] 5
cyjf oxL df]8nnfO{ ckgfPsf] 5, h;nfO{ xfdL
zf:qLo jf gjpbf/jfbL df]8]n eg]/ a'‰b5f}+ . of]
df]8]n b'O{j6f 7"nf cg'dfg (Assumptions) sf
cfwf/df ag]sf] 5Ù -!_ j:t'x¿n] dflg;df v'zL /
cfgGb Nofp5g -@_ k};fn] v'zL / cfgGb Nofpg] ;a}
j:t'x¿ lsGg ;S5 . dflg; a:t' / k};f kfpFbf v'zL
x'G5 / s;}nfO{ lbg'kbf{ b'vL . of] df]8]nn] pRr cfly{s
ljsf; xfFl;n u¥of] t/ ufpFsf u/Lax¿ vf; ul/sg
;fgf ls;fgx¿ / ;fgf pBf]uLx¿nfO{ hdLgljlxg /
pBf]uljlxg agfof] . o;}nfO{ xfdL æ;[hgzLn ljgf;Æ
eg]/ a'‰b5f}+ . ef/tdf ePsf] xl/tqmflGt n] ux'Fsf]
pTkfbgdf pNn]vgLo ¿kdf j[l4 u¥of], wgL ls;fgn]
w]/}] kmfObfx¿ k|fKt u/] t/ ;fgf ls;fgx¿ hdLgljxLg
aGg k'u] . xl/tqmflGtn]] wgLnfO{ cem wgL / u/LanfO{
cem} u/La agfO lbof] . cefjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{ g}
ljsf;sf] /0fgLlt aGof] . cefj ePkl5 czflGt /
em} emu8f x'G5g t;y{ zflGt, cfgGb / ;d[l4 Nofpg
xl/tqmflGt ;'? ul/Psf] lyof] t/ o;n] s[ifsnfO{
eGbf zx/sf Jofkf/L / bnfnnfO{ a9L kmfObf lbof] .
o;n] wgL / u/LaaLrsf] vf8nnfO{ emg a9fof] / wgL
/ u/La aLr w'|'jLs/0f eof], ;fd'bflos Pstfdf x|f;
cfof] -lzj, !((!_ . d}qLefj x/fP/ uof] . To:t} w]/}
;–;fgf pBf]ux¿ cf}Bf]lus qmflGtsf ;dodf 8'a]/
uP . dgdf ckljqtfsf] kmf]x/sf sf/0f cfTdxTof
/ cfTdxTofsf] k|of;df j[l4 eof] -Go'd]g, @))&_ .
dfgl;s ;d:ofx? emg emg a9g yfNof] . k|b"if0f,
h+un s6fgL, k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] a9L bf]xg, jGohGt'x¿
afs; ! M ljsf;sf ldl>t df]8n
pRr ef}lts !_ pRr ef}lts tyf lgDg cfWoflTds ljsf; @_ pRr cfWoflTds tyf pRr ef}lts ljsf;
lgDg ef}lts #_ lgDg ef}lts tyf lgDg cfWoflTds ljsf; $_ pRr cfWoflTds tyf lgDg ef}lts ljsf;
lgDg cfWoflTds pRr cfWoflTds

22
pgLx¿sf] jf;sf] xflg—gf]S;fgL, ef}lts ljsf;
j[l4sf s]xL g/fd|f kIfx¿ x'g . jf:tjdf of] df]8]nn]
d}qL, zflGt, cfgGb, d]nldnfk / jftfj/0fsf] vr{df
pRr cfly{s j[l4 b/ xfFl;n u5{ .
O:nfdn] eG5 ls of] cfly{s j[l4 æx/fdsf sfdÆ
af6 ePsf] xf] . kljq s'/fgn] eG5 ls æh;n] cfTdf
a]R5g pgLx¿ b'i6÷kfkL x'gÆ -s'/fg @M()_ . ha;Dd
gfkmf k|fKt eO/xG5 ta;Dd ;a} k|sf/sf lx+;fTds
Jojxf/x¿ klg ef}lts ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/G5 . of]
g} ef}lts cy{zf:qsf] nflu c;'Gb/ kIf xf] . k|]d,
d}qL, dgsf] zflGt, OdfGbfl/tf, ;fdflhs / wfld{s
d]nldnfk cflb gfkmf sdfpgsf nflu ahf/df
a]lrG5g . jt{jGw, ljjfxdf klg gfkmf eof] lx;fj
u5{g . kfFr nfvsf] kf6L{ v'jfOof] cf7 nfvsf] pkxf/
k|fKt eof], ? tLg nfv gfkmf . gfkmf sdfpgsf
nflu g}lts r/Lq a]lrb} uof] . tLj| k|ltikwf{sf
sf/0f ;of}+ JolQmx¿ c/aklt aG5g, t/ s/f}8f}+
JolQmx¿ u/Lasf] /]vfdl'g emfl/G5g . of] df]8]ndf
pRr c;dfgtfnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/G5 . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg
cfWoflTds ;fwgfn] yf]/} Wofg s]lGb|t u5{ / o;nfO{
cfWoflTds pkrf/sf] ¿kdf ?kdf :jLsfl/G5 . To;}n]
o; df]8ndf cfWoflTds j[l4 Pp6f r'gf}ltsf] ¿kdf
lnOG5 .
bf];|f] df]8]nn] æpRr cfWoflTds j[l4 t/ lgDg ef}lts
j[l4Æ xfFl;n u5{ . o;n] k|1f / 1fgsf] pTkfbgnfO{
pRr k|yldstfdf /fV5 . k|1fn] dfgj dgnfO{ zfGt
agfO/fV5 / ;xL k|]d, d}qL / bofnfO{ dfgj x[bodf
lbuf] agfpF5 . t/ ef}lts j:t'sf] cefjsf sf/0f /
k|ljlwsf] lgDg ljsf;sf] sf/0f To:tf] cfWoflTds 1fg
/ k|1f c¿nfO{ l;sfpg / w]/} ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfdf
k'¥ofpg ;lsPg . pbfx/0fsf nflu k|frLg Clif
dxlif{x¿n] w]/} cfWoflTds k|1f / 1fgsf] pTkfbg
ug'{ePsf] lyof] t/ To:tf] 1fg / k|1faf6 d'¶Le/
JolQmn] dfq kmfObf lng;s] . slkn Clifn] ;f+Voaf6
1fg pTkfbg ug'{ePsf] lyof], ktGhnLn] of]uaf6 k|1f
k|fKt ug'{eof] t/ To:tf] k|1f / 1fgaf6 yf]/} JolQmx¿
dfq nfeflGjt x'g ;s] . ;Lldt k|ljlw ljsfz / lgDg
ef}lts a[¢Lsf sf/0f w]/} JolQmn] To:tf] 1fg / k|1faf6
nfe p7fpg ;s]gg . of] df]8]n b'O{ 7"nf cg'dfg
cyjf dfGotf (Assumption) sf cfwf/df lgdf{0f
ul/Psf] 5, -!_ j:t'n] b'Mv lgDTofpF5, j:t' / ;]jf
lbbf v'zL k|fKt x'G5 . -@_ ef}lts j[l4n] cfWoflTds
ljsf;nfO{ cj/f]w ub{5 . j:t'x¿n] b'Mv kL8f Nofpg]
ePsfn] ef}lts ljsf;lt/ Wofg k'Ug ;s]g . hlt
klg ef}lts j:t' 5g ltgLx¿n] cfWoflTds dfu{df
cj/f]w NofpF5 eg]/ tL j:t'sf] pTkfbg / pkef]unfO{
lg?T;flxt ul/of] . pTkfbgnfO{ ;Lldt ul/of] .
h;sf] kmn:j¿k cfWoflTds 1fgnfO{ a9LeGbf a9L
JolQmx¿df k'¥ofpg ;lsPg . ef}lts OR5fx¿nfO{
of t bdg ul/of] of ;Lldt agfOof] . JolQmx¿n]
hLljsf]kfh{g ug{sf] nflu 7"nf] ;+3if{ ug'{k¥of] .
t];|f] /f]hfO eg]sf] ælgDg ef}lts / lgDg cfWoflTds
ljsf;sf] df]8]nÆ xf] . s'g} klg ;dfhn] of] df]8nnfO{
/f]Hb}gg . of] df]8]nn] g t ef}lts ljsf; u/fpF5
g t cfWoflTds ljsf; g} . t/ klg ;dfh of]
df]8n /f]Hg afWo x'G5 lsgls ;dfhn] cfWoflTds
df]8]nnfO{ ltnfGhnL lbO{ ;s]sf] x'G5 eg] ef}lts
ljsf;sf] df]8]nnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf cfTdf;ft u/]sf] klg
x'Fb}g . Tof] a]nf ef}lts ljsf; x'g ;St}g lsgls
w]/} jif{sf] cfWoflTds ljsf;n] ef}lts j:t'sf]
pTkfbgnfO{ rfFlxg] k"FhL, d]l;g, sRrf kbfy{sf] cefj
e}/x]sf] x'G5 . of] cj:yf cfWoflTdsaf6 ef}lts
ljsf;df cfpFbfsf] ;+qmd0f cj:yf cyjf ef}ltsaf6
cfWoflTds ljsf;lt/ hfFbfsf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yf
xf] . o:tf] ;+qmd0fdf k'/fgf d"No / dfGotfnfO{
ltnfGhnL lbOPsf] x'G5 eg] gofF d"No / dfGotfnfO{
klg k"0f{ ¿kdf cfTdf;ft u/]sf] x'Fb}g . o;n] g t
pRr ef}lts g cfWoflTds ljsf; g} u5{ t/ klg
;+qmd0fsf] ;dodf ;dfh o:tf] df]8]n /f]Hg afWo
x'G5 . o;n] g zflGt / cfgGb NofpF5 g t ;dfhnfO{
;d[l4 g} agfpF5 . cfWoflTdsaf6 ef}lts ljsfzsf]
;+qmd0fdf g]kfn klg nfdf] ;do of] df]8]n ckgfpg
afWo eof] .
;a}nfO{ dg kg]{ rfFlxF rf}yf] /f]hfO xf], hxfF pRr
cfWoflTds / pRr ef}lts ljsf; ;Dej x'G5 . t/
w]/}n] of] df]8]nnfO{ ljZjf; ug'{ x'Gg lsgls b'j} ljsf;
Ps} k6s x'g k|foM c;Dej x'G5 . pgLx¿sf cg';f/
cfWoflTds / ef}lts ljsf; Ps csf{sf lgif]ws
(Mutually exclusive) x'g . ef}lts ljsf; eof] eg]
cfWoflTds ljsf; x'g;St}g . To:t} cfWoflTds
ljsf; eof] eg] ef}lts ljsf; x'Fb}g . kljq afOandf
o:tf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 æPs hgfn] b'O{ dflnsnfO{

;]jf ug{ ;Sb}g, of t p;n] Pp6fnfO{ k|]d / csf]{nfO{
3[0ff ug'{k5{ cyjf tkfO{n] Pp6fnfO{ elQm / csf]{nfO{
x]nf ug'{k5{ .Æ tkfO{n] k};f / k/d]Zj/ b'j}nfO{ ;]jf ug{
;Sg'x'Gg -dfYo', ^M@$, afOan_ . t/ a'‰g s] h?/L 5
eg] logLx¿ Ps csf{sf k"0f{ lgif]ws xf]Ogg . ef}lts
/ cfWoflTds b'j}nfO{ 9+u k'¥ofO{ ;dGjo ubf{ cltl/Qm
pmhf{ (Synergy) k|fKt x'G5 . olb b'j}nfO{ c;n
;dGjo ul/of] eg] b'O{ aLr åGå x'Fb}g . To;}sf/0f b'j}
nIonfO{ xfdLn] xfFl;n ug{;S5f}+ .
k};fdf cfzlQm ePg eg] Tof] v/fa s'/f xf]Og . d]/f]
ljrf/df cfWoflTds / ef}lts ljsf; Ps csf{sf
lgw]ifs xf]Ogg a? ;xof]uL x'g . o;} ;Gbe{df >L
/ljz+s/n] eGg' ePsf] 5 ls k};fnfO{ vNtLdf /fVg'k5{,
dl:tis jf dgdf /fVg' x'Gg . vlNt el/Pkl5 k};f
k/d]Zj/sf] vftfdf hDdf ul/lbg'k5{ . pklgifb eG5
cGgdo cfTdf, dgdo cfTdf, lj1fgdo cfTdf, k|f0fdo
cfTdf / cfgGbdo cfTdf . logLx¿nfO{ ;d"xs[t ubf{
klxnf @ j6f ef}lts ljsf;df k5{g eGg] kl5Nnf @
j6f rfFlx cfWoflTds ljsf; cGtu{t kb{5g . b'a}
cfWoflTds / ef}lts lj1fg lj1fgdo sf]ifdf k5{g .
t;y{ cfWoflTds nIo xfl;n ug{ b'j} cfWoflTds /
ef}lts ljsf; plQs} dxTjk"0f{ 5g . cfWoflTdsn]
cTofjZos cyjf cfwf/e"t ef}lts j:t'x¿nfO{
lgif]w ub}{g lsgls tL ljgf hLjg afFRg ;lsb}g .
z/L/lagf cfTdfn] d'lQm k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g . cfWoflTds
ljsfz rfFxL ;fWo xf] eg] ef}lts ljsf; ;fwg xf] .
cfjZos eP/ k/d]Zj/n] ef}lts ;+;f/ / cfWoflTds
;+;f/ b'j} ;[li6 ug'{ePsf] xf] . j:t' klg cfjZos 5
/ af]w jf r]tgf klg cfjZos 5 . ef}lts ¿kdf
cd]/Lsf ;d[4zfnL d'n's xf] t/ ToxfFsf hgtfx¿
Tolt v'zL 5}gg lsgls ToxfF sddfq cfWoflTds
ljsf; ePsf] 5 . csf]{lt/ e'6fg clt sd ljslzt
d'n's xf] t/ ToxfFsf hgtf v'zL 5g lsgls ToxfF
cfWoflTds / ef}ltssf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf; ePsf] 5 .
ToxfF pRr cfly{s j[l4b/ ;Fu} pRr cfWoflTds ljsf;
klg eO/x]sf] 5 . ljZj v'zL / zflGtsf] ;"rsf+sn]
of] b]vfPsf] 5 ls e'6fgsf hgtfx¿ ;+;f/s} !* cf}+
:yfgdf 5g cyjf pgLx¿ c¿sf] t'ngfdf v'zL /
zfGt 5g t/ o'/f]ksf 5}gg .
xfdLx¿n] cfWoflTds / ef}lts ljsf;nfO{ ;+ld>0f u/L
/fd/fHo :yfkgf ug{;S5f}+ . hxfF pRr cfly{s j[l4sf]
;Fu;Fu} zflGt / cfgGb klg k|fKt ug{;lsG5 . :jfdL
ljj]sfgGbn] eGg'ePsf] lyof] ls oL b'j}nfO{ -ef}lts /
cfWoflTds_ ;dGjo u/L ;d[l4, zflGt / cfgGb k|fKt
ug{;S5f}+ . pbfx/0fsf nflu xfdLn] Wofg / of]usf]
;fwgf u¥of} eg], o;n] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4
u5{ / cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ of]ubfg lbg ;S5 . To:t}
Wofg / of]un] dg / x[boleqsf ckljqtfx¿nfO{
kvfnL cfWoflTds ljsf;sf] 9f]sf vf]nL lbG5 .
ef}lts pGgltn], cfWoflTds, ;+j]ufTds / dfgl;s
ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . dflg; ef}lts, dfgl;s
/ cfWoflTds lx;fjn] :j:Yo eof] eg] pTkfbsTjdf
;'wf/ cfpF5 . cfhsf] cy{zf:qdf s/sf] dfWodaf6
k'glj{t/0fsf] sfd x'G5 eg] cfWoflTds cy{zf:qdf
hsft÷bfg / rGbfaf6 k'glj{t/0fsf] sfd x'G5 . o;n]
x'g] JolQmx¿af6 lnO{ gx'g] JolQmx¿nfO{ k|bfg ug]{
sfo{ ub{5 . o;sf] ;fy} o:tf] bfg, bfgtJon] xfd|f]
x[bo / dgnfO{ kljq agfpg] sfo{ u5{ . hsft÷bfg
/ rGbfn] cfTdfnfO{ kljq agfpg of]ubfg lbG5 .
h;af6 ef}lts / cfWoflTds nIo k|fKt ug{ ;xof]u
k'U5 . h:tf] ls a'4wd{ ;lxt ;a} wd{n] ;"tL{ / dfbs
kbfy{df /f]s nufpg], nfu' cf}iflwdf aGb]h nufpg],
xft xltof/sf] Jofkf/df /f]s nufpg] / df;' df5fsf]
Jofkf/df /f]s nufpg] sfo{df Psdt hfx]/ u/]sf5g
-ci6fË dfu{ $Ù efujt k'/f0f !M!)M^, afOan plQm
!@M!)_ . logLx¿n] cfWoflTds ljsf;nfO{ k|lt/f]w
ub{5g . ljnf;L j:t'sf] k|of]un] klg cfWoflTds
af6f]df cj/f]w v8f u5{ . To;}n] ljnf;L j:t'df a9L
s/ nufOG5 .
cfWoflTds ;fwgfn] dfgj dgsf] dfq geO{ ;fdflhs
dgsf] ckljqtf klg z'4Ls/0f u5{ . olb JolQmut
/ ;fdflhs dg ;kmf 5 eg] o;n] dgdf zflGtnfO{
;+:yfut ug{;S5 . zflGt / d]nldnfk cfly{s ljsf;sf
nflu k"j{ tof/Lsf s'/fx¿ x'g . sltko b]zn] cfˆgf]
ah]6sf] !) k|ltzt zflGt / d]nldnfkdf vr{ u5{g .
sltko b]zn] ;'/Iffsf] gfddf 7"nf] wg/fzL vr{
u5{g . olb cfWoflTds ;fwgfåf/f zflGt / cfgGb
k|fKt eof] eg] / ;dfhdf d]nldnfksf] l:ylt k}bf
eof] eg] Tof] /sd cfly{s ljsf;df nufpg ;lsG5 .
Wofgaf6 k|fKt x'g] kmfObf ;f]r]eGbf a9L g} 5 . olb
wgf9o / /fhgLlts g]tfx¿n] Wofg u/] eg] w]/} ;|f]t
;fwgx¿ u/La, ckfË, lj/fdL, 6'x'/f aRrfx¿sf]

24
lxtdf k|of]u x'G5 . o;n] pgLx?sf lrQdf /x]sf]
ckljqtf gi6 u/LlbG5 . To;}n] cfWoflTds ljsf;n]
ef}lts ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 eg] ef}lts ljsf;n]
klg cfWoflTds ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .
;|f]t / ;fwgx¿ k/d]Zj/sf pkxf/ x'g . To;}n] ;a}
;|f]t ;fwgdf cfWoflTds pmhf{ /x]sf] x'G5 . xfjf,
cfuf], kfgL, sf]Onf, t]n, 9'Fuf, df6f] h] xf]; oL ;a}df
cfWoflTds pmhf{ x'G5 . s]xL kQf nfu]sf 5g eg]
s]xL rfFlxF cem} kQf nfUg] kvf{Odf /lx/x]sf 5g .
xfdLn] s;}nfO{ s]xL j:t' lbFbf Tof] j:t' cfWoflTds
pmhf{df ¿kfGt/0f x'G5 . cfb/k"j{s cGgbfg ug{'eof]
eg] bfg kl5 tkfO{df cfWoflTds phf{ k|fKt x'G5,
cg'xf/df t]haf]w x'G5 . To;}n] k|To]s j:t'df yf]/jx't
cfWoflTds zlQm x'G5, 9'ªuf df6f] g} lsg gxf]; .
oL ;a} k/d]Zj/n] ;[li6 ug'{ ePsf] xf] / jxfFsf s]xL
g s]xL zlQm tL j:t'df n's]/ a;]sf] x'G5 . ;a}
j:t'df cfWoflTds zlQm x'G5 g} . cNj6{ cfO:6fOgsf]
;fk]Ifjfbsf] l;4fGt E = mc2 xfdL ;+o'Qm ljsf;sf]
df]8ndf k|of]u ug{ ;S5f}+ . pgsf cg';f/ pmhf{ a/fa/
lk08 -lsnf] u|fd_ u'0fg k|sfzsf] ju{ -pmhf{_ . pmhf{sf]
pTkfbg ta a95 ha lk08 / k|sfzsf] ultdf j[l4
x'G5 . cfWoflTds / ef}lts ljsf; ta ;Dej x'G5
ha k|sfz rfx] xfdLn] b]Vg] aflx/L ;+;f/sf] xf]; jf
z/L/leqsf] ;"Id k|sfz xf]; To;sf] ;dGjo x'G5 .
z/L/leqsf] pmhf{ cfWoflTds xf] eg] z/L/eGbf k/sf]
jf ;+;f/sf] pmhf{ ef}lts pmhf{ xf] . 1fg jf k|1f klg
k|sfz g} xf], Tof] cfWoflTds pmhf{ xf] . hlt a9L
j:t' / k|sfzsf] ;+dGjo x'G5 Tolt g} ljsf; ;Dej
x'G5 . hlt ef}lts / cfWoflTds ljsf; x'G5 Tolt g}
;Gt'lnt ljsf; x'g;S5 .
j:t' / r]tgf b'j} xfd|f nflu cTofjZos s'/f x'g .
k|flrg ;dodf k"jL{ox¿n] pRr cfWoflTds ljsf;sf]
df]8]nnfO{ /f]h] To;}n] ef}lts ljsf; sd x'g uof] .
klZrdfx¿n] ef}lts ljsf;sf] df]8]n /f]h] To;}n]
cfWoflTds ljsf; sd x'g eof] . olb xfdLn] oL
b'j} df]8nnfO{ ld;fof}+ eg] o;n] cltl/Qm cfly{s
/ cfWoflTds ljsf;sf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ ;S5 . o;n]
cltl/Qm pmhf{ (Synergy) pT;u{ ug{ ;S5 . To;}n]
:jfdL ljj]sfgGbn] / cNj6{ cfOG;f6fOgn] oL b'j}nfO{
ldnfpg jf ;dfof]hg ug{ sf]lz; ug'{ ePsf] xf] .
t/ ;do / kl/l:yltn] jxfFx¿nfO{ ;dfof]hg ug{
lbPg . rfx] b'j} xft-sd{ / elSt_ x'g jf b'j} cfFvf
-leqL / aflx/L_ x'g, cfWoflTds / ef}lts ljsf;nfO{
;dfof]hg gu/L x'Fb}g . oxL s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L
klZrdL dg dl:tis / k"jL{o x[bonfO{ ;dfof]hg u/L
b'j} nIo xfFl;n ug{ sf]lz; ul/Psf] xf] -lrGdf]O{,
@))$_ . t/ o;n] cem klg kof{Kt Wofg tfGg ;s]sf]
b]lvFb}g . bflxg] v'§f ef}lts ljsf; xf] eg] b]j|] v'§f
rfFlx cfWoflTds, b'j} v'§f lagf lx8g ;Sb}gf} .
kfrf}+ ljsNk eg]sf] b'j} cfWoflTds / ef}ltssf] dWod
ultsf] ljsf; . of] df]8]n u[x:yL cj:yfdf pkof]uL
x'g ;S5 . u[x:yL cj:yfdf JolQmx¿ cfWoflTds /
ef}lts b'j}sf] ljsf;df nfu]sf x'G5g . of] ;Gt'li6sf]
df]8]n xf] t/ ljsf;sf] ult rfFlxF dGb x'g] ePsfn]
ult a9fpg cTofjZos 5 . of] lbuf] df]8]n klg
xf] . of] df]8]n a'em]/} s]xL b]zx¿n] cfˆgf] cfly{s
j[l4b/nfO{ hfgLhfgL sd ug]{ sf]lz; u/]sf 5g .
rLlgofx¿n] klg lbuf] cfly{s ljsf; xfFl;n ug{
cfˆgf] cfly{s j[l4b/nfO{ s]xL sd u/]sf 5g .
pgLx? eTsfPsf dlGb/ / u'Djfx? k'g lgdf{0f ub{}5g
/ of]u WofgnfO{ k|aw{g ub{]5g . t;y{ cfWoflTds /
ef}lts ljsf;sf nIo xflzn ug{ nfu]sf 5g . o;df
b'O{j6f 7"nf cg'dfg cyjf cfwf/x¿ 5g dflg;df
ldl>t rfxgf x'G5g -ef}lts / cfWoflTds_, g t
pRr cfly{s j[l4n] g t lgDg cfly{s j[l4n] JolQmsf
ldl>t rfxgfx¿nfO{ ;Gt'i6 agfpg ;S5 .
;a} df]8]nsf cf–cfˆg} kmfObf / j]kmfObfx¿ 5g .
/f]hfO ;dfh jf JolQmdf lge{/ /xG5 . /f]hfOnfO{
cf:yf jf wd{n] k|efljt kf5{ . k"jL{ox¿ w]/} cfWoflTds
/ sd ef}lts ljsf; rfxfGy] eg] klZrdfx¿ w]/}
ef}lts / sd cfWoflTds ljsf; . t/ cfhef]ln
rfxgfdf kl/jt{g eO{/x]sf] 5 . k"jL{ox¿ pRr cfly{s
j[l4b/sf k5fl8 lxl8/x]sf 5g eg] klZrdfx¿
cfWoflTds ljsf; lt/ . cfhef]ln klZrdfx¿ lgs}
cfWoflTds cWoog, cg';Gwfg / ;fwgfdf nfu]sf
5g eg] k"jL{ox¿ pRr cfly{s ljsf;lt/ . oL b'j}
Ps ;do Ps o:tf] laGb'df cfOk'U5g jf ;Gt'ngsf]
laGb'df cfpF5g h;n] pRr cfWoflTds / pRr ef}lts
ljsf; ;Dej agfpF5 . o:tf] ;Gt'ngn] ;+;f/df
zflGt, ;d[l4 / cfgGb NofpF5 .

#= pk;+xf/
dfly JofVof u/]cg';f/ cfWoflTds lqmofsnfkn]
ef}lts ljsf;df ;xof]u k'U5 . afs; @ df lbOPsf]
pbfx/0fn] of] b]vfpF5 ls Wofg ug'{eGbf klxnf
Ps hgf sfdbf/n] !) j6f sDKo'6/x¿ P;]Djn
ug{ ;SYof] . o; lx;fan] p;n] jif{ el/df @@))
sDKo'6/x¿ tof/ kfYof{] . Wofg / ;fwgf kl5 p;sf]
sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf pNn]Vo k|ult eof], / p;n] lbgdf
!@ j6f sDKo'6/x¿ P;]Dan -tof/_ u¥of] . jif{df @
k6s d]l86]zg sf]if{sf] nflu 5'§Ldf a:of] t}klg p;sf]
pTkfbg klxnfsf] t'ngfdf a9of] . of] t Pp6f k|ltlglw
pbfx/0f dfq xf] . Wofgn] JolQmsf] sfo{ pTk|]/0ff
a95, sfddf Psfu|tf a95, h;sf] sf/0f p;sf]
pTkfbsTjdf ;'wf/ cfpF5 . oxfF cltl/Qm pTkfbg
k|ltlbg @ j6f sDKo'6/ x'g cfof] t/ jif{ lbgdf
x]g]{ xf] eg] cltl/Qm pTkfbgdf pNn]vgLo kl/jt{g
ul/lbG5 . p;n] jif{ lbgdf @) lbg Wofg d} latfof]
t/ Wofgsf sf/0f klxnfeGbf p;n] a9L sDKo'6/
P;]Djn u¥of] . cfWoflTds lx;fan] Wofgn] JolQmsf]
dgdf ePsf ckljqtf / kmf]x/x¿nfO{ x6fpF5 /
p;sf] Jojxf/df ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g NofpF5 . o;n]
ef}lts / cfWoflTds b'j} ljsf;nfO{ d2t k'¥ofpF5 .
k|]d / d}qLsf] zlQmn] Ps cfk;df ;xof]usf] efjgf
a9fpF5 . ef}lts ljsf;df cfWoflTds lqmofsnfkn]
;xof]uLe"ldsflgjf{xub{5 .jf:tjdflgisfdsfo{of]u
eg]sf] klg ToxL xf] . cfWoflTds lqmofsnfkx¿ h:tf]
hsft÷bfg, bfGtJo, / k/f]ksf/L ;+:yfdf lbOPsf]
;xof]un] ef}lts ljsf;nfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf] x'G5 .
cn+sfl/s ¿kdf eGbf cy{tGq jf z/L/ eg]sf] ef}lts
j:t' xf] . t/ Tof] cy{tGqsf] O{lGhg eg]sf] cfWoflTds
jn xf] . z/L/ geO{ cfTdfnfO{ dfq clGtd uGtJodf
k'¥ofpg ;lsFb}g . clGtd uGtJodf k'¥ofpg z/L/ /
of] leqsf] O{lGhg b'j} plQs} alnof] x'g h?/L 5 .
d]/f] ljrf/df /fd|/L ;+dGjo ug{ ;lsof] eg] ef}lts /
cfWoflTds b'j} ljsf;sf nIox¿ xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 .
;dGjo ug{ ;lsof] eg] cltl/Qm nfe (Synergy)
cyjf pmhf{ k|fKt x'G5 . ;lsPg eg] Psn] csf{nfO{
lgif]w ug{ vf]H5g cGttM b'j} nIo k|fKt ug{ ;lsFb}g .
olb /fd|f sfo{af6 pRr cfly{s j[l4b/ xfFl;n eof]
eg] t b'j} nIox¿ xfl;n e}xfN5g clg t ;+;f/ g}
/fd /fHo x'G5 .
;a} dflg;df ef}lts / cfWoflTds rfxgfx¿
x'G5g . ltgLx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;tfgt wd{df
rfxgfx¿nfO{ $ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf 5g– cy{,
sfd, wd{ / df]If . oL $ j6} nIox¿ xfFl;n ug'{
g} dflg;sf] st{Jo xf] -bofgGb, !(*(_ . oL $
j6f nIodWo] klxnf @ nIox¿ ef}lts pGglt;Fu
;DalGwt 5g eg] kl5Nnf @ j6f rfFlx cfWoflTds
pGglt / ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt 5g . oxfF wd{ eg]sf]
k'0osd{ xf] s'g} lglZrt cf:yf xf]Og . b'j} nIox¿
xfFl;n ug{' cyjf b'j} rfxgfx¿nfO{ ;Gt'i6 ug'{
c;n hLjg cyjf cy{k"0f{ hLjgsf] nflu ckl/xfo{
5 . of] ljsf;sf] df]8]n b'O{j6f cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t
5Ù -!_ cfWoflTds / ef}lts ljsf;n] Ps csf{nfO{
;xof]u k'¥ofpF5g -@_ dflg;df ef}lts / cfWoflTds
rfxgfx¿ ldl>t eP/ /x]sf 5g .
clxn]sf] cfly{s k2ltn] cfWoflTds, jftfj/0fLo /
dfgjLo vr{df cfly{s j[l4b/ xfFl;n u/]sf] 5 . To;}
sf/0fn] w]/} ;d:ofx¿;Fu h'‰g' k/]sf] 5 . jt{dfg
afs; @ M Wofgsf] k|efjsf/Ltf
pTkfbg Wofg cl3 Wofg kl5
k|ltlbg pTkfbg !) j6f sDKo'6/ !@ sDKo'6/
jif{df s"n sfo{ lbg @@) lbg @)) lbg sfo{
@) lbg Wofg
s"n pTkfbg @@)) k|ltjif{ @$)) k|ltjif{

26
k2ltn] ;Rrf k|]d, d}qL,dgsf] zflGt / ;fdflhs
d]nldnfkx¿ ;a} ahf/df ljqmL u/]/ clws gfkmf
sdfO/x]sf] 5, yfxf 5}g of] gfkmfn] p;}nfO{ lj:tf/}
lrxfgdf k'/L/x]sf] t 5}g < c;Gt'lnt / cJojl:yt
cfly{s of]hgfsf] k|ltkmnsf] ¿kdf cfWoflTds
d"Nodf ckrng, jftfj/0fdf x«f; cfPsf] 5 . xfn
rLg / ef/tn] h'g &–!)Ü sf] cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n
ul//x]sf5g To;af6 pgLx?n] cfkmg} cfTdfnfO{
ckljq agfO/x]sf 5g .
j]b, pklgifb, afOan, s'/fg, lqlk6s, pRr cfWoflTds
ljsf;sf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g . slt t cem} klg ef}lts
ljsf;sf] 5fof k/]/ cyjf slt k|1f jf 1fgx¿ 5f]lkP/}
/x]sf 5g . t}klg cfWoflTdstfdf nfu]sf JolQmx¿
;w}+ ;Gt'i6L / cfgGbd} afFlr/x]sf x'G5g . lxhf] cfh
lj1fg / k|ljlwdf cfPsf] ljsf;sf sf/0f xfd|f] hLjg
w]/} cf/fdbfoL / ;lhnf] x'g k'u]sf] 5 . t/ klg
dflg;x¿ lsg v'zL / cfglGbt 5}gg < pQ/ ;lhnf]
5, cfWoflTds ljsf;nfO{ gh/cGbfh u/L NofPsf]
ef}lts ljsf;n] cfgGb NofpFb}g . jf:tjdf ef}lts /
cfWoflTds kIfx¿ eg]sf Pp6} l;Ssfsf b'O{kf6fx¿
cyjf Pp6} ;fOsnsf @ kf+u|fx¿ x'g . h:tf] ls
ljj]sfgGbn] eGg' ePsf] 5 æ;d[l4 / cfgGb kfpg oL
b'O{ ljsf;nfO{ ;dGjo ug'{ k5{ .Æ of] hdfgfdf xfdL
xfd|f k"vf{x¿n] xfFl;n u/]sf k|1fx¿nfO{ g t sfo{df
ptfg{ ;S5f}+ g t xfd|f lqmofsnfkaf6} k|1f k|fKt u5f}+
jf pTkfbg u5f}+ . sd{sf] ;fwgf u/L k|1f xfl;n ug'{
k'0osd{ xf] eg] k|1fnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg'{ pQd sd{
xf] . g t xfdLn] pNn]vLo k'0osd{ u¥of}+ / k|1fsf]
pTkfbg u¥of}{ g t k|fKt k|1fnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{
g} ;Sof}+ . 1fg / k|1fnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ j:t' /
k|ljlwsf] ljsf; x'g h?/L 5 . /fd/fHo ;|f]t ;fwgsf]
cefj s} sf/0f w]/} lbg;Dd rNg ;s]g . csf]{tkm{
;|f]t ;fwgsf] clws bf]xgn] 1fg jf k|1f k|fKt x'g
;St}g . oxL oyfy{nfO{ x[boªud u/]/ k/d]Zj/af6
pkxf/ :j¿k k|fKt ;|f]t ;fwgx¿nfO{ ;fjwfgLk"j{s
pkef]u ug'{k5{ . bLuf] zflGt, ;d[l4, / cfgGb k|fKt
ug{ xfd|f] lqmofsnfkx¿ pRr cfly{s j[l4b/ / pRr
cfWoflTds j[l4tkm{ pGd'v x'g'k5{ .

;Gbe{;"lr
ce]bfgGb -!(()_= j]bfGt bz{gzf:q, d[To'kl5 cfTdf /xG5 < j]bfGt ;f];fO{6L Go"of]s{ . http://cincinnatitemple.com/arti-
cles/Does-the-Soul-Exist-After- Death.pdf
af]wL, jL -!((*+_= pRr ci6fË dfu{ M b'Mvsf] cGTo . j[l4i6 klAns]zg ;f];fO6L, s]G8L, >Ln+sf .
lrGdf]O{, P;= -k"jL{o x[bo / klZrdL dl:tissf] PsLs/0f, efu !_ clUg k|]; hdfOsf, Go"of]s{ .
bfn, P= Pn= -!(^#_= lbuf] ljsf;sf] cfWoflTds cfofd . lbuf] ljsf; . cGt/fli6«o ;xof]u;DaGwL sfo{zfnfdf k|:t't
sfo{kq . http://bahai-library.com/dahl_spiritual_dimensions_development
bofgGb, P;= -!(*&_= j]bfGtsf] kl/ro M a'emfO sf d"ne"t ;d:of . lehg a'S;, ef/t . http://www.holybooks.com/
introduction-to-vedanta-understanding-the-fundamental-prolbem-by-swami-dayananda
lksyn, Pd=Pd= -!*&%_= xf]nL s'/fg, c+u|]hLdf cg'jfb . http://www.khayma.com/librarians/call2islaam/quran/pick-
thall
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