Down Syndrome Disadvantages

Down Syndrome Disadvantages
Being diagnosed with Down Syndrome is a difficult circumstance for someone and their family.
Could imagine scaling with the hardship of Down Syndrome, and also fighting other biological
disorders. Unfortunately, patient with Down Syndrome have a constant battle with the struggles of
Down Syndrome and the failure of their bodies. Down Syndrome also bring its other disease and
complications, the most common diseases associated with Down Syndrome are thyroid diseases,
heart diseases and obstructive sleep apnea. A patient with Down Syndrome may have problems with
thyroid gland. There are two types of thyroid diseases. The first type is Hypothyroidism.
Hypothyroidism is the state of not making enough thyroid hormone, and is the most common
thyroid problem associated with Down Syndrome. This can be present at birth or may occur at any
age (acquired). In newborns and infants with Down Syndrome, the most common reason for
hypothyroidism is that the thyroid did not form correctly in the fetus. In acquired hypothyroidism,
the most common reasons in toddlers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Apnea "without breath" is the term used when someone stops breathing for very short periods of
time, usually 10 to 20 seconds. During the apneic episode, the child will have decreased
oxygenation of the blood. Sleep disordered breathing has been shown to affect cognitive abilities,
behavior, growth rate and more the more serious consequences of pulmonary (1). Some symptoms
of obstructive sleep apnea are snoring and restless/disturbed sleep. The treatment of obstructive
sleep apnea is usually removal of adenoids and/or tonsils. In conclusion, people with Down
Syndrome need more medical care because Down Syndrome is associated with other disease. This
means that a person with Down Syndrome is highly likely to suffer from many other medical issues.
These issues include thyroid disease, heart defects and obstructive sleep
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Case Studies
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease where the body sees the
thyroid tissue as an antigen, and therefore attacks the tissues which results in inflammation and
eventual destruction of the thyroid gland (Burkhart, 2013). Hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid
gland) is one of the first clinical symptoms that lead doctors to diagnose Hashimoto's (Mayo Clinic
Staff, 2016). Other symptoms can include fatigue, weight gain, hair loss, and joint pain, among
other things. As diet in America gets worse, autoimmune disorders rise. The food we eat is
negatively affecting our bodies, so much so that they are becoming inflamed and rejecting those
foods in the form of allergies. Nutrition plays such a vital role in ... Show more content on
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Professor Y. Omura established a Bi–Digital O–Ring Test (BDORT) which is non–invasive
diagnostic method that could aid in the diagnosis and treatment of Hashimoto's (Dunjic et al., 2008).
By using BDORT, diseases such as Hashimoto's can be detected before a person even exhibits any
symptoms (Dunjic et al., 2008). Also, the information that is being collected from this device is
allowing providers to receive more reliable data about possible etiological factors for diseases such
as Hashimoto's (Dunjic et al.,

Graves Disease Case Study
Dear Dean of Academic Affairs and Dean of Graduate and Continuing Education:
On Thursday, May 3, 2018, my general practitioner, Dr. Marcus Martinez during a routine physical,
made me aware, that I more than likely have Graves Disease. This is a disease of the thyroid gland. I
have multiple nodules/goiters that have grown over time, which will more than likely require
surgery, and radioactive iodine treatments to mention a few options before me. At this time, it has
yet to be determined if they are cancerous or malignant, that is the next step. It will be some time
before a substitute daily drug for the balance of my life will function and produce the necessary
hormones to function properly as a replacement for my thyroid gland hormones. These hormones or
replacement drugs are a life's necessity, and stimulate so much of the natural body functions. With
this before me, I have been referred to an Endocrinologist, Dr. Gorson. Should confirmation be ...
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Graves diseases, is an autoimmune condition that commonly causes brain fog, poor mental focus,
extreme fatigue, poor concentration, lack of thought, anxiety, nervousness, difficultly sleeping,
stress and so much more. Often time's people relate it to something else, such as life in general, as I
did, as we, all do in facing daily challenges. Being diagnosed with a disease is the last thing we
think of, until we are confronted with it. This health predicament, definitely explains some of my
"lack of thought and mental focus" on the two papers. Again, I know I am not an A student, but I am
defiantly not a D student neither. One does not obtain a dual undergraduate degree from college in
Sped/ECE education, and all of a sudden not be able to perform general assignments and tasks.
There is no logic to that thought! Therefore, I ask for your consideration in this medical leave of
absence while I focus on my

Write An Essay On Graves Disease
Graves disease is the swelling of the neck and protrusion of the eyes resulting from an overactive
thyroid gland. Women are five times more likely to suffer from Graves disease, the most common
ages are between 20 and 40 ("Graves' disease." par. 1). It is common for people with Graves disease
to get it after they have had an infection or they have been under a lot of physical or mental stress.
Graves disease only affects around 0.5% of the population, but it is the underlying cause of
hyperthyroidism about 80% of the time (Brent, Gregory A. par. 3). Hyperthyroidism is when your
thyroid is overactive, this causes an increased heartbeat and metabolism. I found this topic to be
interesting because I've never heard of this disease before. Its name caught my attention and when I
started a brief search on the disease, I wanted to deeper explore the topic. Graves disease affects
many people in many different ways, which can make it hard to diagnose. Many of the small
symptoms add up to this dangerous disease Furthermore, graves disease is caused by the circulation
of IgG antibodies that bind to and activate the G–Protein–coupled thyrotropin receptor (Brent,
Gregory A. par 3). This will cause the thyroid to enlarge because it stimulates hypertrophy and
hyperplasia. This will also cause an increase in thyroid hormone ... Show more content on
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Two things that are obvious symptoms of graves disease are toxic goiter and orbitopathy. If these
occur then it is more than likely that the patient may have graves disease, as it is the leading cause
for both of these ("Graves' disease." Par. 1). Besides these, there are many small symptoms to look
for, as they will begin to add up. Some of the ways to confirm that a patient have graves disease are,
a physical exam by a doctor, blood testing or an ultrasound. Also, like in most diseases, early
detection is always the best way to keep the disease under

The Common Endocrine System Malignancy
The most common endocrine system malignancy in the Unites States is thyroid cancer. The majority
of diagnosed thyroid cancers are classified as differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). More
specifically, these cancers are either papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) or follicular thyroid cancers
(FTC), with 80.2% being diagnosed as papillary and 11.4% as follicular (Avram, 2012). DTC is the
fifth most common cancer among females and has ten year survival rates of 97% for PTC and 94%
for FTC (Khan et al., 2015; Marcus, Whitworth, Surasis, Pai, & Subramaniam, 2014). The majority
of patients diagnosed with DTC receive a near–total or total thyroidectomy. Some patients also have
lymph nodes or surrounding tissue removed as well dependent on metastases (Avram, 2012). After
removal of the thyroid gland, patients can undergo radiographic scintigraphy in the nuclear medicine
department to obtain functional and anatomical information. Imaging the patient after the
administration of I–123 or I–131 can identify precise locations of radioactivity in the entire body,
which can identify distant metastases or any remaining thyroid tissue. The size and location of
radioactivity can influence whether doctors chooses surgical excision, radioactive iodine therapy
(RAI), or external radiation therapy for those areas. Planar imaging has a sensitivity of 41%,
specificity of 68%, and an accuracy of 61% compared to SPECT imaging having rates of 45%, 89%,
and 78%. With the combining of SPECT/CT,

Thyroid Disease
What is Thyroid Disease:
A thyroid problem is really a situation that triggers the thyroid gland which can be located inside our
throat to perform unusually creating possibly as well small or a lot of thyroid hormones which can
be needed for the regulating our metabolic process.
The thyroid gland is definitely susceptible to several disorders and problems that can trigger
hyperthyroidism which is overproduction of thyroid testosterone and thyroid problems which is
underproduction of thyroid growth hormones. In this particular healthcare guidebook on the thyroid
gland, you find out about the most popular diseases that may impact the hypothyroid.
Common causes of thyroid problems.
Probably the most tough healthcare problems to identify ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Iodine supplements for hypothyroid as well enhance iodine caused thyroid problems. Generally, you
need to consume food full of vitamin B, Iron, Antioxidants and get away from Soy, alcohol and also
tobacco.
L Arginine as well as L Tyrosine are a couple of non–important amino acids needed by the human
body for the synthesis of healthy proteins. Both of these are normally created simply by our bodies
and are generally needed for the functionality of hypothyroid hormone. Particular foods are usually
natural causes of L Tyrosine for example bananas, beans, pumpkin, dairy products as well as various
meats. L Arginine can be found in coconut, chickpeas, Brazilian nut products, seafood and cereal
products. The two of these could be consumed the type of supplements using the recommended
dosage from a doctor.
Natural home remedies to avoid thyroid problems

Hashimoto's Thyroid Disease
Immune system attacking the thyroid
The immune system is consisted of cells and tissues throughout the whole body. They work together
to defend your body from any types of invasion and infections. Problems with the immune system
can cause the immune system to mistaken the healthy body cells as invaders and will repeatedly
attack the cells; this is known as an autoimmune disease. An example of this disease is the
Hashimoto's thyroiditis, where the immune systems mistakenly recognizes the thyroid cells as
invaders and attack the thyroid.
Immune System
There are two parts in the immune system that help the body from being invaded or infected: innate
immunity and the adaptive immunity. The innate immunity is the initial response to invaders and
consists of defense mechanism: surface barriers and the internal defense. The first defense
mechanism in the innate immunity is the body surface barriers, such as the skin and the mucous
membrane. The surface barriers serve as mechanical, physical and chemical barriers. Mechanical
barriers are consisted of your mucosa lining in the stomach. This lining has enzymes like: 1)
amylase, breaks down starch into smaller carbohydrates; 2) protease, breaks down proteins into
amino acids; 3) lipase, breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol; and 4) other enzymes are the
cells that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hashimoto's disease is now recognized as an autoimmune disease and the primary cause of
hypothyroidism, occurring almost twice as often in women than in men. The immune system of
someone with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, will mistakenly recognizes the normal thyroid cells as
foreign tissue and it produces antibodies that may destroy these cells (American Thyroid
Association). When the immune system attack the thyroid, this can lead to hypothyroidism. This is
when the body is not making enough hormone to maintain your

Hashimoto's Disease: A Case Study
Out of all the different types of thyroiditis, Hashimoto's disease (or chronic thyroiditis) is the most
common. Thyroiditis is often a cause for hypothyroidism and goiter. Since Hashimoto's disease is
the most common form of thyroiditis, it is then concluded that it is also the most frequent cause of
hypothyroidism and goiter. Those who have the highest chances of suffering from Hashimoto's
disease are middle–aged women who have a family history of thyroid dysfunctions. Some of the
symptoms of chronic thyroiditis are enlarged neck, presence of goiter, constipation, mild weight
gain, hair loss, and intolerance to colder temperatures.
Thyroid Carcinomas
Introduction
Thyroid cancers are not considered to be common. Only about 1.1% ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A lot of the conditions discussed above can be treated, or even prevented, if regular tests are done to
monitor the gland. Some of the routine tests that health care providers can use to check the
functionality of the gland are TSH test, T4 tests, T3 test, thyroid–stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI)
test, and the antithyroid antibody test (also called the thyroid peroxidase antibody test (TPOab)). All
of these tests are blood tests and depending on if the patient is showing any symptoms of thyroid
dysfunction, the health care provider may order more than one of these tests to be

Subclinical Thyroid Disease
Subclinical Thyroid Issues Related to Pregnancy Thyroid hormone plays a critical role during
pregnancy both in the development of a healthy baby and in maintaining the health of the mother.
During pregnancy, a mother can experience hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or a mixture of both
as in this case. Thyroid disease is a disorder that results when the thyroid gland produces more or
less thyroid hormone than the body needs. Pregnancy causes normal changes in thyroid function but
can also lead to thyroid disease. Hyperthyroidism is typically cause by an autoimmune disorder
called Graves' disease which causes the body to attack its own cells and organs. These antibodies
that the mother produces can move across the placenta and into to the baby's ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
There were no skin changes, nipple discharge, or adenopathy noted. SBE was encouraged.
Abdomen–Active Bowel Sounds X 4 quadrants. Fundal Height–30cm. No massed were noted.
States that she does get slight cramping in the lower pelvic region. There was no rebound or
guarding.
Pelvic–No completed at this time.
Extremities–Full range of motion without clubbing or cyanosis. Slight pitting edema noted in the
lower extremities.
All other systems, patient denies issues.
Differential Diagnosis: Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, (Pregnancy Induced), Insulin
Dependence, Edema, Hyperhidrosis
OBJECTIVE
Weight 168lbs BMI 28.8 Temp Not taken BP 116/72 Height 5' 4" Pulse 76 Resp 16
General Appearance: Healthy appearing adult female in no acute distress. Alert and oriented;
answers questions appropriately.
Gastrointestinal: Abdomen active bowel sounds all four quadrants.
Musculoskeletal: Full ROM seen in all 4 extremities. She exhibits slight edema in BLE at this time.
Negative for gait problem.
Skin: Warm and dry, and without lesions
Neurological: Negative for seizures, syncope, and weakness
Labs: TSH–0.03 All other labs WNL
All other objective data is within normal limits for this

The Function Of Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland is butterfly–shaped organ located in the front of the neck just above the trachea
connected by an isthmus [1]. the major function of thyroid gland is the Production of the T3, T4 and
calcitonin hormones. Dysfunction of thyroid gland causes the shortcoming in the production of
thyroid hormones. Thyroid disorders related to dyshormonogenesis e.g. (Goiter, Thyroiditis,
hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, Graves ' disease, thyroid cancer, thyroid nodule, thyroid storm)
[2]. For the diagnoses of thyroid disease we use chemical and radiological investigation [3], for a
chemical we use the laboratory test for measuring the concentration of thyroid hormones in the
circulation include total T3 and T4 hormone [4], and for the radiological exam, we use various
modalities (ultrasound, CT, MRI and Nuclear Medicines). Ultrasound is the leading imaging
technique for diagnosis of thyroid diseases [5][6], Computed tomography and magnetic resonance
imaging also have a high important role for assessment the thyroid malignancy [7]. Nuclear
medicine is the imaging of utilization of radioactive compounds in medicine to image and treat
various human diseases. It depends on the 'tracer principle' that studies of the fate of compounds in
vivo using small amounts of radioactive materials [8]. Nuclear medicine used to diagnose major
tissues and organs of the body by using the radiopharmaceuticals.The patient is administered a
radiopharmaceutical that distributes according to a

Hypothyroidism Research Paper
It is stated that hypothyroidism is a compelling cause of peripheral as well as focal neuropathy.
Hypothyroidism affects the nervous system in many ways. The screening of thyroid disease has
become a general routine in health care. One of the most common types or neuropathy found in
hypothyroid patience's is carpal tunnel. If found early this can be treated. Most patients experience
paresthesia. It is stated that polyneuropathy in hypothyroidism has been described in many studies,
but the development is not well understood. The sodium potassium pump plays a big part in the
muscle function, and with hypothyroidism the thyroid is not producing enough ATP. This can lead to
peripheral neuropathy. The changes damage the nerve, and later induce

Dermographism: Concomitant Thyroid Disease
Case # 2 Dermographism Abstract: Dermographism or skin writing is a condition which occurs
mostly in young adults who are otherwise healthy. Occasionally these patients have concomitant
thyroid disease. Dermographism is accentuated by stress. Weals can occur by minor pressure,
kissing, after hot shower or bath,rubbing or exercise. It is hypothesized to have co –relation with H.
pylori infection. The course of dermographism can be prolonged to months to years. However, after
a period of time it gradually improves with no significant symptoms. History: 35 years old lady
presented with a history of hives that itch. Patient informed of having raised bumpy weals on skin
after rubbing or applying pressure . Patient noticed these bumpy hives will remain for less than 1
hour then disappear. She is a known case ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, ESR, thyroid antibodies, T3, T4, TSH,FBC, LFT's ANA, Complement screen for C1
esteraseinhibitor, stool analysis for parasites, urinanalysis for bacteria, H. Pylori screening and skin
biopsy for uticarial vasculitis can be ordered. Treatment: Usually no treatment is required other than
councelling for dermographism. Since the patient 's condition was bothersome hence she was
prescribed cetirizine(zyrtec) to giver her relief. Advice was given on avoiding hot bath or shower,
rough towelling or clothing against her skin. Discussion: Dermographism is reported to occur in
25% –50% of healthy population among which 5% are symptomatic. Histamine is most likely a
mediator, other mast cells such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, platelet activating factor, serotonin ,
chemotactic factors are not directly related. It has been hypothesized that the IgE–sensitized mast
cells can react to unknown antigen which is induced by skin stroking. H.Pylori have an etiologic
role in dermographism.

Canine's Thyroid Disease
There are diseases in which an animal's body does not function properly. Companion animals whose
body produce excess amounts of thyroxin (T3 & T4), a thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland, is
diagnosed with Hyperthyroidism, also called thyrotoxicosis. This disease is not recognized in
livestock like in companion pets. Felines who are adult age are the companion animal designated to
contract this disease. Canine's thyroid composition can handle and dispose of any excessive
hormone surplus, so hyperthyroidism symptoms only occur when a tumor is present. Each species of
animal has its own anatomical thyroid gland. In general, non–cancerous adenomas are known to
enlarge thyroid glands, whereas thyroid adenocarcinomas also enlarge the gland, but ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Heart and kidney function, as well as the brain and eyes can be damaged when hypertension is
secondary to hyperthyroidism. Signs of the disease are hyperexcitability, vomiting, diarrhea,
increased thirst, increased urination, and weight loss even with increased appetite. The
hyperthyroidism is diagnosed by clinical signs, symptoms, and blood tests to check hormone levels
and chemistry panels.
Surgery to remove the thyroid is a cure to eliminate hyperthyroidism, but a thyroidectomy will
require hormone medication for the rest of the animal's life. As with any surgery with anesthesia,
there is a risk, and since the parathyroid gland is in close proximity to the thyroid gland, care must
be taken to not damage the parathyroid gland. Medication to control the production of excess T3 and
T4 hormone is a treatment, not a cure for the disease. However, if the animal has side effects which
have to be dealt with, daily dosing of anti–thyroid medication, and veterinarian visits for blood tests
fall to the responsibility of the owner. Radioactive iodine therapy is a safe, effective way to kill the
thyroid abnormal tissue, providing another cure for hyperthyroidism. An injection of the radioactive
iodine is performed by the veterinarian and the iodine is engrossed by the bloodstream, with no
adverse side effects or the risk of anesthesia. Since this treatment is radioactive, hospitalization after
injection must be adhered until the

Informative Speech On Thyroid Cancer
When you think about thyroid cancer, most people tend to say 'Oh that's the best cancer to have' but
there is nothing about it that could be considered the best. "Thyroid cancer is a disease in which
malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the thyroid gland (Thyroid Cancer Treatment)".
Although it is cancer, there are many different outcomes, and treatments for it. "Thyroid cancer is
the most common endocrine cancer (Facts About Thyroid Cancer)". To understand thyroid cancer,
you must first know what the thyroid gland does. "The thyroid is a gland at the base of the throat
near the trachea (windpipe). It is shaped like a butterfly, with a right lobe and a left lobe. The
isthmus, a thin piece of tissue, connects the two lobes. A healthy thyroid is a little larger than a
quarter. It usually cannot be felt through the skin (Thyroid Cancer Treatment)". The thyroid is the
body's way to create hormones. It uses iodine just like in our food to help create several different
hormones. The hormones that the thyroid gland creates controls multiple functions of the body. The
main one being metabolism; or how fast your body changes the food you have eaten, to energy. The
gland also controls all the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are some risk factors that can make you more likely to get thyroid cancer than others. Such as,
being female, having a family history of thyroid cancer, having certain genetic factors, and being
between the ages of 25 and 65 (Thyroid Cancer Treatment). Just because you have certain risk
factors, does not mean that you will get cancer, it just simply means that your chances are greater.
There are multiple types of thyroid cancer, some being more aggressive than others. Some types of
cancer include: Papillary thyroid cancer, Follicular, Medullary, and anaplastic thyroid cancer (How
is Thyroid Cancer Treated). Papillary cancer is the most common type of thyroid

Thyroid Disease Research Paper
This disease is something that affects my everyday life and makes my normal routine very hard. My
family at least my main family that is almost every single one of us has thyroid. We are a family of
13 6 girls and 4 boys counting my parents that's 13 right now I think only two of my siblings don't
have it but are close to getting it. Often times, I find myself depressed and tired. More symptoms are
pain in your joints, impaired memory, irregular periods; cold, weakness and a puffy face there are
many more symptoms. Why I chose those symptoms to talk about in my essay is because those are
the symptoms that I deal with on a daily basis. Everyday I am cold and not just a normal cold I feel
that I can feel it in my bones no matter how hot it is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I had a lot of stress because when I was younger I had very bad psoriasis but I was very consistent
and stayed on top of taking my medicine but even with that I still had some psoriasis left. I wasn't
able to wear the clothing that I wear now but I used to always have to cover up and sometimes even
when it was dead hot in the summer I would be covered up because I didn't want to be picked on for
my psoriasis. There were times where I couldn't always be covered up and people would either ask
me rude questions about it or just make fun of me not knowing that its something that is out of my
control. Which made it hard to make

The Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland is a butterfly shaped endocrine gland that is normally located in the lower front of
the neck behind the adam 's apple and along the windpipe. The thyroid gland is very rich with blood
vessels. The main purpose of the thyroid is to make, store, and release thyroid hormones into the
blood which is then carried to every tissue in the body. How the works is that when you acquired
iodine from the food you eat. Some food has a good source of iodine in it, for example iodine is in
most foods like milk, salt, bread, etc. The Thyroid gland then takes the right amount of iodine out of
your blood and uses it to make two different types of thyroid hormones. The thyroid hormones
produced can be either of two different types, either thyroxine or triiodothyronine. According to the
article You and Your Hormones, thyroxine is the inactive form of the thyroid hormone while
Triiodothyronine is the active form of thyroid the hormone. Thyroid hormones help the body use
energy, stay warm and keep the essential body organs working, for example the heart, brain, muscles
and other organs. But the thyroid gland influences most of all the metabolic process in the body.
There are many thyroid diseases that can range from small and harmless and need of no treatment,
to a major and life threatening disease. There are many different types of thyroid diseases there are;
Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer, Graves ' Disease, Hashimoto 's Thyroiditis, Hurthle Cell Thyroid
Cancer,

Essay about Hyperthyroidism: Thyroid Disease and the Heart
Hyperthyroidism Chronic diseases such as hyperthyroidism can be debilitating if not managed well.
Hyperthyroidism is an overactive thyroid gland that secrets too much hormones throughout the body
causing many different clinical manifestations within all systems. The thyroid gland is located right
underneath the larynx also known as the voice box, and straddling the windpipe.
It consists of two types of tissues, follicular and parafollicular. The follicular tissues are the ones that
secrete hormones containing iodine called thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The
parafollicular tissues secrete the hormone called calcitonin. Together these play an important role
regulating calcium balance and metabolism. Thyroid hormones regulate ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The progression of this disease may cause tissue damage as a result from fluctuating hormones.
Toxic nodular goiters are nodules that secrete thyroid hormones independent of TSH stimulation.
They are usually benign follicular adenomas. Nodules larger than about 3 cm can cause a thyrotoxic
crisis, also known as thyroid storm. This is a life threatening emergency; death is rare if treatment is
initiated early and vigorously. Neurological Manifestation of Hyperthyroidism
The central effects of hyperthyroidism are most pronounced in development. Cerebral circulation
and oxygen consumption elevate. "In hyperthyroidism, Beta–adrenergic binding sites in the cerebral
cortex increases and gamma–aminobutyric acid (GABA) binding sites are decreases."
(Bucurescu,2014). Brain levels of serotonin, 5–hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and substance P are
altered. Native pain sensitivity and number of opiate receptors are increases. Thyroid hormones
affect myelination, therefore increased levels lead to oxidative damage to the myelin membrane
and/or the oligodendroglial cells. The neurological manifestation is primarily due to the effect of
thyroid hormones on other neurotransmitters, hormones, and generalized increased basal metabolic
rate. Some of the neurological symptoms are:
 Confusion
 Seizures
 Nervousness and tremor, emotional lability
 Heat intolerance
 increased sensitivity to pain
Neuropsychiatric syndromes include

Symptoms And Treatment Of Thyroid Disease
What is natural is that most adults feel exhausted, completely out of energy. But what is not natural
is gaining 5lbs per week and this is the first indication of hypothyroidism. There is 20 million people
have a type of thyroid disease. From those 20 million people up to 60% are unaware that they carry
some sort of thyroid disease. Women are five times more likely to carry a thyroid problems than
men. Thyroid is often overlooked and considered to be some kind of disorder instead of what it
really is a disease, then it starts to developed in children. Because one of their parents carries the
gene without them knowing the effects of the child.
There are numerous amounts of disease or disorders that may be developed due to the thyroid ...
When thyroid hormone levels drop too low, the hypothalamus secretes TSH Releasing Hormone
(TRH), which alerts the pituitary to produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). The thyroid
responds to this chain of events by producing more hormones" (Sargis, Robert M., 2016, para. 3).
The two main hormones that the thyroid produces and releases are tri–iodothyronine, T3, and
thyroxine, T4. According to the Endocrine Web, "A thyroid that is functioning normally produces
approximately 80% T4 and about 20% T3, though T3 is the stronger of the pair" (Sargis, Robert M.,
2016, para. 6). Also, thyroid produces calcitonin, which helps control blood calcium level. There are
many disorders and diseases that are linked with the thyroid. Having too much or too little of the
thyroid hormone is known as hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, abnormal thyroid growth,
nodules or lumps within the thyroid gland, and thyroid cancer.
One of the most common thyroid diseases out there is Hashimoto's thyroiditis, or better known as
hypothyroidism. This sort of disease affects both genders and all ages, but it is highly more common
in women and women over the age of 60. Hypothyroidism is the condition of not being able to
produce enough thyroid hormones, it is an inactive thyroid. The whole purpose of the thyroid
hormone is to regulate the metabolism, and people with this condition tend to have a very slow
metabolism or digestion.
The cause of

Thyroid Cancer Essay
Thyroid Cancer is a thyroid neoplasm that develops in the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland consists
of two large lobes that are connected by the isthmus and is located below the larynx on both sides of
the trachea. The gland secretes hormones from the hypothalamus that may be stored in the colloid or
released into the blood in capillaries. In the endocrine system, the thyroid gland secretes hormones
that act on cells with specific receptors called target cells. When cancer develops in the thyroid, the
production of hormones is disrupted. The cancer cells in the thyroid do not grow or divide normally
and can develop into growths or tumors.
The cause of thyroid cancer has not been discovered; however research shows that people with ...
The cancer has a low cure rate if the cancer spreads to the liver, bone, brain, or adrenal medulla.
Anaplastic thyroid cancer is the least common cancer, but is most deadly and the most difficult to
cure. In many cases, the cancer will spread to lymph nodes of the neck and can spread to lungs or
bones. The cancer requires an aggressive treatment plan in order to be effective.
Cancer begins in the cells, which combine to make tissue in the body. Healthy functioning cells
grow and divide to form new cells when cells are needed. Normal cells will grow and then die to
make room for new cells. Cancer cells work differently because new cells form when the body does
not need them and old and damaged cells do not die. Instead, the extra cells build up and form tissue
called a growth or a tumor. Nodules are growth on the thyroid. The two types are benign nodules,
which are not cancer and malignant nodules, which are cancer. Cancer cells are very dangerous
because the cells can separate from the original tumor and spread to other organs. Metastasis is the
spreading of cancer and can result in the damage of organs.
Thyroid cancer does not begin with major symptoms and cannot be avoided or prevented. When the
cancer begins to grow, the symptoms become more apparent and diagnosis is easier. Some of the
symptoms include; a lump in the neck, hoarseness in the voice, swollen lymph nodes, difficulty
swallowing or breathing, and pain in the

Summary: Testing For Thyroid Disease
CHAPTER TWO
Testing and Treatment Testing for Thyroid Disease First, your doctor will do a physical exam,
looking for signs such as lumpiness in the gland, hair loss, brittle nails, and dry skin, then will check
your heart rate and probably perform an electrocardiogram (ECG).
Additionally, your doctor will draw some blood for laboratory testing. The most useful test will
evaluate your levels of TSH, the hormone that stimulates thyroid function. High levels of TSH are
evidence of hyperthyroidism; low levels signal hy– pothyroidism. Your doctor may also measure
your levels of thyroid hormones, such as T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine), which will help
determine what type of thyroid disease you have.
Imaging studies of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This medication is prepared from pig thyroid glands and is enjoying a resurgence today among
holistically oriented physicians who believe that it resolves symptoms better than synthetic
hormones. Available by prescription, brand names include
Nature–Throid, Westhroid–P, and Armour Thyroid.
The latest guidelines for the treatment of thyroid disease, published in 2012, re– main controversial
among physicians and their patients. These guidelines recom– mend relying solely on the test for
TSH to diagnose hypothyroid disease. However, many physicians today believe that other factors
should be considered, including the amount of circulating T3 and T4 and any thyroid autoantibodies
present in the blood. Another controversial guideline is the recommendation that patients with hy–
pothyroidism be treated with T4 supplements only. This guideline ignores the re– sults of several
large studies, especially a 2009 Danish study, which showed that
49 percent of patients felt better with a combination therapy of T3 and T4.
The guidelines go on to say that dessicated porcine thyroid hormone should not be used for the
treatment of hypothyroidism, as there is no evidence to support

Thyroid Papillary Carcinoma Case Study
MRI Soft Tissue Neck Pathology – Papillary Carcinoma The pathology I found for this assignment
is "Tumor of the Thyroid – Papillary Carcinoma" is the most common type of thyroid cancer,
comprising approximately 80% of all primary thyroid malignancies. Benign encapsulated tumor
with evidence or follicular epithelial cell differentiation showing growth pattern and
cytomorphology different from the surrounding thyroid parenchyma, but lacking features of thyroid
papillary carcinoma. Papillary thyroid cancer characteristics: Unencapsulated tumor nodule with ill–
defined margins, tumor typically firm and solid, may present as nodal enlargement, commonly
metastasizes to neck and mediastinal lymph nodes (40% to 60% in adults and 90% in children),
<5% of patients have distant metastases at time of diagnosis, and lung is most common site.
Common symptoms are: A lump, or nodule in the neck enlargement of the neck, enlarged lymph
nodes in the neck, Hoarseness, difficulty speaking normally, voice changes, difficulty swallowing,
or a choking feeling, difficulty breathing, pain in the neck or throat, including pain from the neck to
the ears, sensitivity in the neck –discomfort with neckties, turtlenecks, scarves, necklace. Persistent
or chronic cough not due to allergies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Surgery is done to remove as much of the cancer as possible. The bigger the lump, the more of the
thyroid gland must be removed. Frequently, the entire gland is taken out. After the surgery, most
patients should receive radioactive iodine, which is usually taken by mouth. This substance kills any
remaining thyroid tissue. It also helps make medical images clearer, so doctors can see if there is
any additional cancer. If surgery is not an option, external radiation therapy can be useful. After
surgery or radioactive iodine, the patient will need to take medication hormone that the thyroid
would normally

Essay about Informative Speech
Topic: Thyroid diseases
General Purpose: To inform
Specific purpose: To inform readers of the dangers and results of a thyroid disease.
Central Idea: The thyroid controls so many things in your body and if not well taken care of can
cause major damage to a person or their life.
INTRODUCTION:
Attention Getter: One of the most unknown body parts in the human body is the thyroid gland. It
can also develop two of the worst diseases.
Credibility Statement: Your thyroid controls so much in your body and not many people are aware
of what can happen if you get one of two thyroid disorders. Your thyroid controls most things from
your sleep pattern to your weight to your heartbeat and more. Both disorders are nothing to overlook
by no ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
b. Inflammation of the thyroid, having a surgical removal of your thyroid, or some medications are
some causes of hypothyroidism.
c. Like hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism has many symptoms.
c.i. Fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, depression, and slowed heart rate are just a few of the
many symptoms
c.ii. This disease develops at a slow pace so most people don't notice the symptoms.
d. Women are more likely to develop this disease as well. The average age is 60 and up.
e. People who have had a thyroid problem before, received radiation for a thyroid problem, or had
surgery on the thyroid are most likely to develop hypothyroidism.
(TRANSITION: Although you cannot completely get rid of either disease there are ways to treat it
to maintain good health.)
III. Treatment
a. There are different treatments for hyperthyroidism
a.i. Antithyroid medicine, radioactive iodine, and surgery are a few ways to treat it.
a.ii. No treatment can lead to heart problems, weak and brittle bones, and death.
a.ii.1. A person that decides not to get treatment can go through a thyroid storm, which is rare but
dangerous to a person
b. Synthetic thyroxine is the main way to treat hypothyroidism.
b.i. Synthetic thyroxine is a type of medication that is the same at the hormone T4.
b.ii. The dosage will depend on the age, weight, and other health issues of the person.
b.iii. This disorder can be completely controlled by this medicine.

CONCLUSION:
Signal

Research Paper On Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
What is Hashimoto's Thyroiditis?
Autoimmune disorders occur when the body attacks healthy body tissues. Usually the immune
system protects the body from infections and destroys bacteria, viruses and harmful foreign
substances. Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune disease that damages the thyroid and causes the
thyroid not produce hormones like a normal functioning thyroid would . Hashimoto's disease
happens when the immune system starts to attack the thyroid gland by large numbers of
lymphocytes accumulating in the thyroid causing inflammation and this affects the thyroids ability
to produce thyroid hormones and starts the autoimmune process. When the thyroid produces less
hormones it becomes underactive and is referred to Hypothyroidism. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Women with a family history or with other autoimmue diseases are more likely to develop this
disease. People who already have a autoimmune disease such are vitiligo ( disease that destroys the
cells that give your skin color), rheumatoid arthritis (disease affects the joints) type 1 diabetes
(disease that causes blood sugar levels to high) and lupus (disease damages parts of the body joints,
skin and organs) to name a few are also at a higher risk of getting Harhimoto's. Researchers are also
looking in to other environmental factors. It has been found that ingesting to much iodine may
occupy the thyroid hormone. Pesticides, certin medications and viral diseases may also casue

Graves Disease Research Paper
"Graves disease and the precautions"
Rahsaan Towler
Professor Vasquez
Biomed 1309
12/1/2014
"Graves disease and the precautions"
The reason I pick this disease is this is what my grandmother pass away from and is not in a better
place. Graves disease which was first described by Robert Graves in the 19th century, this disease if
one of the most common thyroid problems.It is also the leading cause of hyperthyroidism, a
condition in which the thyroid gland produces excessive hormones. Once this disorder is diagnosed
it is east to treat, in some cases the disease has gone into remission or disappeared completely after
some months or years. if left untreated this disease can lead to many serious complications ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most commonly used radio tracer for thyroid imaging are TC99m(pertechnetate) , iodine–123
and iodine–131. Thyroid evaluation is one of the most frequently performed nuclear medicine
procedure.The equipment use to test for the radioactivity is the gamma probe and is the only device
used to test for graves disease. (*3)This device is a handheld device with a Geiger–muller tube, or or
scintillation counter, for intraoperative use following interstitial injection of a radionuclide, to locate
regional lymph nodes by their radioactivity It is used primarily for sentinel lymph node mapping
and parathyroid surgery. The Gamma Probe is also used for RSL (Radioactive Seed Localization), to
locate small and non–palpable breast lesions. The sentinel node market experienced high growth in
the early and mid 90's starting with melanoma sentinel node surgical search and breast cancer
sentinel node staging; both are currently considered standards of care. Most surgeons propose node
staging after a positive breast biopsy. New applications are being developed for parathyroid direct
detection and intra–operative detection of cancerous tissue using tumor–seeking
radiopharmaceuticals. Parathyroid detection is growing fast, while the intraoperative use of gamma
probes for direct tumor detection is just emerging. Canberra is one of the manufactures of a gamma
probe also know as a GP series– Geiger muller detractors A gamma probe is A pair of rugged
halogen–quenched GM detectors serves as the basic detection elements in the GP Series detectors

used for wide range gamma radiation measurement. The way this device works is the signal from
the gamma probe with Geiger–muller tube and the voltage power supply go to the preamplifier to
another amplifier and threshold control. This signal is split one side goes to the rate meter and audio
circuit, the other signal goes to the scaler and display driver circuitry which is

Symptoms And Treatment Of A Thyroid Nodule Essay
Introduction
A thyroid nodule is a discrete lesion within the thyroid gland that is distinguishable from the
adjacent parenchyma. Sonographic examination of enlarged nodular thyroids, demonstrated that
66% had multiple nodules, whereas 34% had single nodules. Among these single nodules, 85%–
90% were proved to be benign. Adenomatous nodules represent most of benign thyroid nodules
(80%), whereas the remaining benign nodules consisted of adenoma, cyst, and focal thyroiditis (1).
The differentiation of single benign nodule and malignant one is considered an important goal. Early
diagnosis of thyroid cancer avoids unneeded surgery in those complaining of benign nodules and
decreases both mortality and morbidity rates of the disease (2). Although both fine needle aspiration
cytology (FNAC) and ultrasound are considered to be the most important tools in thyroid nodules
evaluation, uncertain diagnosis of the nodule even by experienced hands still remains a problem and
sometimes surgery has to be done for precise diagnosis. The percentage of indeterminate nodules
might be small, however a significant number of patients performed surgery for benign disease (3);
thus there is a need for a new noninvasive presurgical diagnostic test to avoid unnecessary surgery
(4). Routine T1– and T2–weighted MR imaging cannot differentiate benign from malignant nodules
or assess the functional status of thyroid nodules, thus its role in thyroid nodules evaluation is
limited (5).
Diffusion

Disease Treatment And Quality Of Life
Graves' Disease Treatment and Quality of Life In medical journals, there is extensive information on
how health care providers treat patients with Graves' disease but there is little information on how
Graves' disease affects the quality of life. There is a need to incorporate patients' quality of life
considerations into treatment. The treatment includes thyroid hormone supplements, antithyroid
drugs, radioiodine, and surgery (Watt, 2014; Abraham–Nordling, Torring, Hamberger, Lundell,
Tallstedt, Calissendorff & Wallin 2005). The goal of treatment of Graves' disease is to control
symptoms of hyperthyroidism. These methods are all effectively restoring euthyroidism but have
serious side effects. Anti–thyroid drug presence indicates a higher likelihood or remission or even
hypothyroidism following drug therapy because of autoimmune destruction of the thyroid
(Ginsberg, 2003). Practitioners recommend that patients not use iodine if pregnant or planning to be
within 6–9 months (Toft & Sargis, 2014). This singular side effect of this one drug could be a deal
breaker for some patients. For a woman who is has been trying to conceive and is told she needs to
go on iodine for treatment of her Graves' Disease, this could lead to a drastic impact. The results
might be a patient who is not complying with her treatment or a patient with a lower standard of
quality of life. Studies have shown that nearly 1% of patients may experience radiation thyroiditis,
five to ten days later with

Leveothyroxine Research Paper
Delgy: Levothyroxine
What is Levothyroxine?
Also known as Levothroid, Levoxyl, Synthroid, Tirosint, and Unithroid, It is a replacement for
hormones produced by the thyroid gland.
What is the Thyroid Gland? A thyroid is a butterfly shaped gland in the front of the neck. The
thyroid gland makes hormones that control the speed of our metabolism. They may slow down or
speed up your metabolism by disrupting the process that the thyroid gland does. A difference in
weight is a common sign of having thyroid disease. When the thyroid hormones are low you gain
weight (Hypothyroidism), when the thyroid hormones are high you lose weight (Hyperthyroidism).
A really common type of weight loss is when you lose weight. When you have swelling or
enlargement

Hashimoto's Disease Case Study
Hashimoto's disease also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease that
causes hypothyroidism. An autoimmune disease is a disease that stems from an irregular response
from the immune system to attack the patient's own cells specifically those in the thyroid gland. In
Hashimoto's disease the antibodies actually attack and destroy cells of the thyroid gland. This
destruction leads to a drop in the production of the triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). When
the body detects the decreased production of T3 and T4 it begins to try to correct the imbalance and
creates an increased production of thyrotropin–releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus
which then stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release the thyroid ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Hashimoto's is an idiopathic disease although there is no known cause there are risk factors. Women
in their 30's with a family history of thyroid disease or Hashimoto's disease have a significant risk of
developing this disease. Untreated hashimoto's disease has some secondary conditions that can
develop such as goiters, heart conditions, mental health problems, myxedema and birth defects. This
disease is most often diagnosed by the patient's primary care provider through a blood test –
checking the hormone and antibody levels. Increased levels of TRH, TSH and antibody levels in
combination with low levels of T3 and T4 will confirm the diagnosis. Once diagnosed the patient is
started on synthetic hormones, most commonly levothyroxine or synthroid. Regular monitoring
every six months to a year is recommended to determine if dosage changes need to be made. The
hypothyroidism caused by hashimoto's disease is easily controlled and treated with synthetic
hormones which bring the body's hormone levels back into a homeostatic state allowing the body to
function

Thyroid Disease Research Paper
Thyroid disease is not a very common disease that happens in the lower neck. What is it that is in
the lower neck? Well, your thyroid is a butterfly gland that is as I said, in your lower neck right
above your collarbones.Thyroid disease is sometimes caused by stress or, just the fact that it runs in
the family. Most of the time, thyroid disease is caused by a certain hormone being overproduced or
not produced enough. Did you know that your thyroid can get cancer! Your thyroid is made out of
similar things from what your organs are made out of.
Have you ever wondered what your thyroid does? Well, your thyroid produces hormones to keep
your brain and body in balance, such as weight. When your body knows you have thyroid disease it
tries to

Over Diagnosing: A Case Study
Over diagnosing is the diagnosis of a disease that will never cause symptoms or death during a
patient's lifetime.
In figure 1.1, a patient in her 20s is being seen for a sensation of fullness in her neck. The patient
had further thyroid testing through ultrasound and other diagnostic tests. Even though she felt
normal and her nodules were smaller than the recommended 1.5cm or above, she was told she might
have an overactive thyroid by the physician and the patient was given radioactive iodine. The
radioactive iodine does the same job as chemotherapy where it wipes out healthy cells along with
cancerous cells leading to low or no thyroid function. When the patient came back for a follow up
she complained of not feeling the same before she ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the data, American over the age of 65 years of age who have broad health insurance
coverage through Medicare that allows them preventive care with incentives vs. among those under
65, in which health insurance coverage is not universal; the rate of increase in thyroid cancer has
been slower about 6.4%. Over the three decades, the mortality from thyroid cancer has not changed
however incidences have tripled. Over 36 years, the incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States
increased to 3.6 times the 1973 rate from 3.5 per 100,000 to 12.5 per 100,000 in 2009. The majority
of the increased incidence was attributable to cancers below palpable size, 65.1% of the increase
was comprised of tumors <2.0cm in size. The majority of this increased occurred after 1993, when
the incidence was 4.3 per 100,000. The annual percent change between 1993 and 2009 was 6.7%.
Mortality has remained unchanged since data were first reported in

Metabolism Research Paper
In this paper I will explain how metabolism works and the thyroid gland function in the human
body. First the two different types of metabolism: Anabolism, Catabolism and how the nutrition also
affects the production of the thyroid hormone. Secondly, the function of the thyroid hormone, which
organs regulate, consequences if the human body begins if it works to work to fast or too slow.
Third, the different hormones that the thyroid gland produces and how it regulates the metabolism.
Fourth, there is certain nutrients that help the thyroid gland to produce the hormone and also there is
another ones that affect the production of the thyroid hormone. Last how the six different types of
thyroid problems are found, the symptoms and how they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The symptoms are initially asymptomatic they begin to appear such as swelling in the neck, swelling
in the lymph nodes and pain, hoarseness and difficulty to breath. The causes are exposure to high
levels of radiation, inherited genetic syndromes. There are four types of thyroid cancer: papillary,
medullary thyroid cancer, anaplastic thyroid cancer, thyroid lymphoma. According to cancercenters
Papillary carcinoma is the most common type of thyroid cancer, accounting for approximately 80%
of cases. Papillary carcinomas are slow growing, differentiated cancers that develop from follicular
cells and can develop in one or both lobes of the thyroid gland. This type of cancer may spread to
nearby lymph nodes in the neck, but it is generally treatable with a good prognosis (outlook for
survival). Follicular carcinoma is the second most common type of thyroid cancer, and accounts for
approximately one out of 10 cases. It is found more frequently in countries with an inadequate
dietary intake of iodine. Follicular carcinoma is also a differentiated form of thyroid cancer. In most
cases, it is associated with a good prognosis, although it is somewhat more aggressive than papillary
cancer. Follicular carcinomas do not usually spread to nearby lymph nodes, but they are more likely
than papillary cancers to spread to other organs, like the lungs or the bones. Hurtle cell carcinoma,
also known as oxyphil cell carcinoma, is a subtype of follicular carcinoma, and accounts for
approximately 3 percent of all thyroid cancers. Medullary thyroid carcinoma develops from C cells
in the thyroid gland, and is more aggressive and less differentiated than papillary or follicular
cancers. Approximately 4 percent of all thyroid cancers will be of the medullary subtype. These
cancers are more likely to spread to lymph nodes and other organs, compared with the more
differentiated thyroid cancers. They also frequently

Write An Essay On Hashimoto's Disease
Hashimoto's disease is also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis–or– Hashimoto's Thyroiditis.
This disease was named after the Japanese doctor; Hakaru Hashimoto. This is a condition where
your immune system creates antibodies that can damage your thyroid gland. The autoimmune
disease creates inflammation with an increase in destruction and fibrosis of the thyroid gland. Your
thyroid is a gland in your neck that secretes hormones. Hashimoto's disease can sometimes lead to
an underactive thyroid which can result in hypothyroidism. This is also the most common cause of
hypothyroidism.
Hashimoto's mainly affects women who are middle aged, but can affect, men, and children of any
age. It has been established that Hashimoto's is seven times more common in women ... Show more
It has also affected fertility in women, miscarriages, low birth weight, and thyroid function post
pregnancy.
Symptoms are not always visible when Hashimoto's is present in the immune system. The first signs
and symptoms can come from the underlying hypothyroid disease. Those symptoms can include, but
are not limited to, fatigue, sensitivity to cold, constipation, pale dry skin, a puffy face, hoarse voice,
and unexplained weight gain. The thyroid may also become enlarged. The symptoms associated
with Hashimoto's are similar to hypothyroidism but include stiff joints, muscle aches, pain in the
shoulders and hips, prolonged menstrual periods, and depression.
To determine if the Hashimoto's Disease is present in your body, the doctor will perform two
different tests. A thyroid function test, which will determine the amount of hormones that both your
thyroid gland and pituitary gland secret. The second is an antibody test to determine the levels of
antibodies in your system. The health care provider may also order a CT scan or an ultrasound to
determine if there are any nodules located on the surface of the

The Relationship Between Thyroid Disease And Infertility
The Relationship Between Thyroid Disease and Infertility
By Ellie Dawson | Submitted On May 24, 2011
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The calendar can become the enemy to a woman trying to conceive, because knowing the best times
to get pregnant sometimes just isn 't enough. If you are silently suffering from thyroid disease, no
amount of charting or careful planning is going to get that baby into your arms. It 's time to visit
your health care provider and get to the root of the problem.
What is Infertility
Clinically, infertility is diagnosed when a couple has tried to conceive for longer than one year. This
means 12 months of disappointment before a diagnosis can be made. While on one hand it makes
sense to allow nature to take it course, on the other, it is precious time wasted, especially when an
underlying health condition is to blame.
The Connection Between Thyroid Disease and Infertility
The thyroid, a tiny butterfly shaped gland sitting in the base of your throat can affect most aspects of
your reproductive health. If not treated, a women with thyroid disease can suffer from a number of
health issues, including:
Irregular, heavy or painful periods
Low sex

Hypothyroidism is defined as failure of the thyroid gland to produce sufficient thyroid hormone to
meet the metabolic demands of the body.1 If left untreated it can contribute to dyslipidemia,
hypertension, cognitive impairment, infertility, and neuromuscular dysfunction. One in 200 persons
in the United States has hypothyroidism based on the data from National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey (NHANES III).1 The prevalence increases with age, and is higher in females
than in males.1
Primary gland failure or insufficient thyroid gland stimulation by the hypothalamus or pituitary
gland are the possible causes of hypothyroidism.1 Primary gland failure can result from congenital
abnormalities, autoimmune destruction (Hashimoto disease), ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Eleven randomized trials were included, in which 1216 patients were randomized. The meta–
analysis concluded that the T4–T3 combination therapy used as replacement therapy for patients
treated for hypothyroidism provided no advantage when compared with standard T4 monotherapy.
No difference was found in the effectiveness of the combination therapy or monotherapy in any of
the following symptoms (fatigue, bodily pain, depression anxiety) and no improvement in quality of
life. Lipid profile was not improved in patients prescribed combination therapy, and no differences
in weight change. Adverse events did not differ between regimens. Therefore, T4 monotherapy
should remain the treatment of choice for clinical hypothyroidism.
Liotrix is a combination of T4 and T3 in a 4:1 ratio that attempts to mimic natural hormonal
secretion.3 It is pure and chemically stable and has a predictable potency. It has several
disadvantages, such as high cost and lack of therapeutic rationale, because most T3 is peripherally
converted from

Hyperthyroidism Occurs When The Thyroid Gland
Hyperthyroid Disease Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland, a butterfly shape in front of
the neck, overproduces thyroid hormone. The thyroid gland is abundant with blood vessels and it
secretes thyroid hormone (Kumar 22). Thyroid hormone influences many different internal body
functions such as, metabolism, growth, development, turning food into energy, and increases body
temperature. Thyroid hormone is very important for brain development and normal growth during
infancy; furthermore, a newborn's blood drawn from their heel and sent for screening determines of
level of thyroid–stimulating hormone (Samuels 2). However, when the thyroid gland over produces
thyroid hormone a lot of things in the body development can go wrong. The over produced thyroid
hormone forces the body to expedite. It is important to know that one has hyperthyroidism, because
it can result in heart, bone problems, and thyroid storm; which heart rate, blood pressure, and the
increase in body temperature can be fatal. Hyperthyroidism is more common in females than males
and the older a person is the more likely they will have it. Around 27 millions of American have
thyroid disease, however only 14 million receive treatment. Also, stress is the main aspect that
affects the thyroid gland in either over producing or under producing thyroid hormone (Kumar 22).
There are many causes of hyperthyroidism, such as Grave's disease, hyperfunctioning thyroid
nodules, and thyroiditis. Graves' disease is

Pros And Cons Of Hypothyroidism
Introduction to Hypothyroidism Revolution
Overview
The thyroid gland is responsible for creating the hormones which are located in front of the neck
below the voice box. Condition in which thyroid gland is not able to produce sufficient thyroid
hormones named thyroxin is called Hypothyroidism. Without thyroid hormones many functions of
the body become slow.
Tom Brimeyer is the creator of the Hypothyroidism Revolution. This program allows people to
control or finish the problem of hypothyroidism by making some important changes in their diet
plan. Tom Brimeyer himself suffered from this disease and after research of many years, he gets to
know about the roots of this problem.
Hypothyroidism can lead to Infertility, Mental issues, Heart problems, Myxedema (extreme
hypothyroidism), and goiter. All these problems can be prevented by following ... Show more
Pros
Hypothyroidism revolution is a very comprehensive system.
The natural treatment suggestions and programs are very easy to follow.
People can easily take the steps to cure as it provides shopping lists, meal plan, thyroid relieves
cookbook, checklists, useful calculators along with an incredible bonus.
Hypothyroidism revolution program searches for curing the root cause of thyroid, unlike other
treatments that give only quick solution.
The program is user–friendly and organized. The guide is in simple language and easy to
understand.
It helps you keep healthy weight, mental clarity, and clean hair, skin, and nails
The program is available in both digital version as well as hard copy format.
The program provides coaching through email and good customer service
The program also features 60 days money back guarantee

Hypothyroidism
(underactive thyroid)
What is Hypothyroidism?
It is a condition in which the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormone.
What is the Thyroid Hormones?
The thyroid hormones, often referred to as the major metabolic hormones, affect virtually every cell
in the body. Synthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormones depend on the presence of iodine and
tyrosine as well as maturation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid system (Kirsten, 2000). Can
you acquire this Thyroid Disease???
Everything You Need to Know About Hypothyroidism
The symptoms of Hypothyroidism: Swollen neck, brittle nails, coarse hair, hair loss, weight gain,
intolerance to cold/heat, irregular menstrual, fatigue, depression, skin disorders, puffy face,
constipation and numbness of limbs. If you are experiencing any of these symptoms you should
consult with you physician about a diagnosis. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It can also be treated with surgery if needed to be removed, with radiation if it evolves into cancer,
medications, different types of diets and radioactive iodine treatments. If the thyroid is overactive
and in that case, would be Hyperthyroidism, a condition in which there is an overproduction of the
hormone in the thyroid. Hyperthyroidism is a pathological syndrome in which tissue is exposed to
excessive amounts of circulating thyroid hormone. The most common cause of this syndrome is
Graves' disease, followed by toxic multinodular goiter, and solitary hyper functioning nodules.
Autoimmune postpartum and subacute thyroiditis, tumors that secrete thyrotropin, and drug–induced
thyroid dysfunction, are also important causes (Sharma, Aronow, Patel, Gandhi, Desai, 2011). Other
than your sex or age, your risk for hypothyroidism is higher if you have a family history of the
disease or any autoimmune

Graves Disease Essay
Graves' disease was first identified in 1835 that it was interconnected with goiter, palpitation and
bulging of the eyes by Robert Graves, although it was first written and published ten years ago by
Caleb Perry ("Brent"). Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder, it induces the human body to
have a hyperactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism) causing immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies
that attach to TSH receptors that starts the production and release of thyroid hormones; An
autoimmune disorder is a disorder that happens when a healthy tissue gets attack by our immune
system mistakenly. According to the article I read from New England Journal of Medicine "Graves'
disease affects approximately 0.5% of the population and is the underlying cause of 50 to 80% of
cases of hyperthyroidism" (Weetman).
Graves' disease has a wide range of symptoms and signs that includes weight loss, but an increase in
appetite, thirst, frequent bowel movement even diarrhea. According to the book I read other
symptoms are progressive nervousness, tremors, palpitations, fatigue, heat intolerance, difficulty
concentrating, and muscle weakness even sudden paralysis. Patients have also shown increases in
blood pressure, systolic pressure increase higher than the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
How does Graves' disease treated? There are few options, it can be treated with antithyroid
medications; methimazole (Tapazole) & propylthiouracil (PTU), radiation therapy (Radioactive
iodine) and lastly surgical therapy. Patients that on antithyroid medications are typically utilized
mixes of 1–thyroxine–the alleged piece and substitute regimen, which is connected with a decreased
rate of iatrogenic hypothyroidism. Patients with Graves' disease that became pregnant has a high
risk of spontaneous abortion, premature birth and even fetal death, but can be lessened with the use
of antithyroid drugs (propylthiouracil) (Momotani et

Hypothyroidism
 Discuss the criteria that must be met in order to diagnosis a patient with hypothyroidism. Find the
gold standard, best practice guidelines, or evidence–based information to support your answer.
Hypothyroidism is caused by the thyroid's gland inability to produce thyroid hormone as required by
the body. The diagnosis of hypothyroidism requires the laboratory testing of the thyroid stimulating
hormone known as TSH. When the TSH is found to be elevated, a clinician should repeat the test
along with a free thyroxine (T4) measurement. If the TSH is found to be elevated, while the T4 is
normal, the patient is said to suffer from subclinical hypothyroidism. However, if the TSH is
elevated and the T4 is low, the diagnosis is primary hypothyroidism (Gaitonde et al., 2012).
 How did this patient get ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hashimoto's Disease is an autoimmune disease that causes the immune system to attack the thyroid
gland. Hashimoto's disease causes inflammation to the gland causing chronic lymphocytic
thyroiditis, resulting in hypothyroidism (Mayo clinic, 2014). This is the most common cause of
hypothyroidism in the US and the symptoms are manifested by fatigue, cold intolerance,
constipation, weight gain, pale , dry skin, hoarse voice, pain and stiffness in the joints and muscles,
menorrhagia, and depression (Mayo clinic, 2014).
 Identify the predisposing factors of hypothyroidism for the patient in this clinical case scenario.
The one predisposing factor for this patient is being a woman. According to Mayo clinic (2014),
women are more likely to have Hashimoto's disease.
 What were the specific common complaints and signs/symptoms of hypothyroidism that this
patient exhibited or presented with?
The common complaints and signs/symptoms the patient presented with are unexplained weight
gain, foggy thinking, depression, sleep disturbance, hair loss, constipation, and fatigue.
 List [7] seven differential diagnoses with suspected

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