Project Work "The Culture of Japan"

1. The Culture of Japan

2. Project Work
Vladyslav Makogon
Form 11
School №1

3. Introduction
Japanese culture has evolved as a result of the
historical process that began with the relocation of the
ancestors of the Japanese people on the Japanese
archipelago with the Mainland and the origin of Jomon
culture. Contemporary Japanese culture has experienced
strong influence in Asian countries (especially China and
Korea), Europe and North America. One of the
characteristics of Japanese culture is its long
development in a period of complete isolation of the
country (sakoku policy) from the rest of the world during
the reign of the Tokugawa shogunate, which lasted until
the mid-19th century and the beginning of the Meiji
period.

4. A Cultural History of
Japan
Jōmon period (10 thousand years BC-300 BC) the first examples of
ceramics, jewellery and female figurines Dogu
Yayoi (300 BC-300 BC) — the transition to farming, irrigated rice
cultivation, articles made of bronze and iron
Yamato:
— Kofun (4th century BC-6th century BC) — dissemination of kurgans,
sculptures, ancient Shinto beginnings of haniwa and related cults
— Asuka (593-710) — borrowing samples of Chinese culture, Taika
reform, creating codes
NARA (710-794)-entry of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism, the
creation of literary works "Kojiki", "Nihon Shoki", "Man'josju",
"Kaifūsō»

5. The Heian period (794-1185) was the beginning of the use of syllabic
alphabets Hiragana and katakana, the construction of the sanctuary of
Itsukushima Shrine, creating a "tale of Genji", the emergence of style in
Yamato-e paintings
Kamakura (1185-1333) was a formation of the Samurai class
Muromachi (1333-1568) — the emergence of Noh theater
Sengoku Jidai(1467-1568)-entry of Christianity
The Azuchi-Momoyama period (1568-1600)
Edo (1600-1868) was the establishment of the dictatorship of the Tokugawa
policy of Sakoku, suppression of Christianity and the fall of the shogunate,
the emergence of Kabuki and Ukiyo-e style
Meiji (1868-1912)-the end of the period of self-isolation, beginning the
capitalist way of development, the emergence of Japanese cinema
Taishō (1912-1926)
Showa (1926-1989)

6. Japanese Language
and Writing
The Japanese language has
always been an important part of
Japanese culture. The majority
of the population speaks
Japanese. Japanese is an
agglutinative language and is
characterized by a complex
system of writing, consisting of
three different types of
characters — Chinese
characters kanji, Hiragana and
katakana syllabaries.

7. The oldest known form of Japanese language is called old Japanese
language, it has evolved by borrowing the Chinese writing system and
characters and was used until the beginning of the Heian period. In
the further development of Japanese language, called then a classic
Japanese language, new ways were added to write two syllabaries
Hiragana and Katakana, which resulted in significant development of
Japanese language and Japanese literature flourishing.

8. In modern Japanese words occupy a fairly
high percentage of borrowed from other
languages (called gairaigo). Japanese names
are written using kanji consist of name and
surname indicated initially.
Japanese language is considered one of
the most difficult to learn. Some words in
Russian language were borrowed from
Japanese, for example, tsunami sushi,
karaoke, Samurai, etc.

9. Literature
For a long time, the Japanese literature was
influenced by China, literary works were also
established in the Chinese language. The first
written monuments considered collection of
Japanese Myths and legends "Kojiki (" records
of acts of antiquity ") and historical chronicle
Nihon shoki" (Recorded by brushing the annals
of Japan "or" Nihongi "Annals of Japan"),
created during the Nara period (7th-8th
centuries). Both works were written in
Chinese, but with changes to transfer
Japanese names of gods and other words.
During the same period were established
poetic anthology "Man'josju" (wan葉ji,
"collection of myriad leaves", 759) and the
Kaifūsō (huaifengzao) (751).
The word
"Japanese"
in Japanese

10. Japanese Mystic prose XVII-XIX centuries laws Tajhorjo "the tale
of Genji (Murasaki Shikibu) Legend about Yoshitsune Trilogy cult
Japanese horror novels" wake "," spiral "," birth ". Widely known and
outside Japan kinds of poetic form haiku (Japanese.俳句), Waka
(Japanese.和歌 "the Japanese song") and a variation of the last
tank(Japanese. 短歌 "short song").

11. Graphic arts. Painting
Japanese painting (in
Japanese. 絵画 kaiga,
painting, drawing ") is one of
the most ancient and refined
of the Japanese arts, is home
to a wide variety of genres
and styles. For Japanese
painting as for literature,
characterized by placing the
leading places of nature and
its image as a vector of
divine origin.

12. Beginning with the 10th century
Japanese painting secrete
direction Yamato paintings
represent horizontal scrolls,
which illustrated literary works.
In the 14th century the SUMI
style develops (monochrome
watercolor), and in the first half
of the 17th century painters
begin to print Ukiyo — woodcuts
depicting Geisha, popular actors
kabuki theatre and scenery.

13. Graphic arts. Calligraphy
In Japan, calligraphy is considered one of
the arts and is known as Shodo (Japanese.
書道 "the way of writing"). On par with
painting calligraphy is taught in schools.
The art of calligraphy was brought to
Japan together with Chinese script. In the
old days in Japan sign cultural possession of
the art of calligraphy was thought to be
human. There are several different styles
of writing hieroglyphs. Improve styles of
writing hieroglyphs engaged Buddhist
monks.

14. Graphic arts. Sculpture
The oldest type of Japanese art is
sculpture. Starting from a variety
of pottery were Jomon (tableware),
also known clay figurines-idols Dogu.

15. The history of sculpture in Japan linked to
the advent of Buddhism in the country.
Traditional Japanese sculpture is most
often statues of Buddhist religious
concepts (Tathagata, bodhisattva and
others) one of the most ancient sculptures
in Japan — wooden statue Amitabha
Buddha in the temple Zenko Temple.

16. Theatre
One of the earliest types of theatre
was a theatre but (in Japanese. 能
but: "talent skill"), formed in XIV-XV
centuries, actors played masked and
luxurious costumes. The theatre is
"masked" drama, but the masks
(Monte) wear only the Cité and Waki.
In the 17th century formed one of
the most well-known types of
Japanese traditional theatre is
Kabuki (Japanese.歌舞伎 song, dance,
skill)

17. Cinema
The first Japanese films of the beginning
of the 20th century had simple stories,
cinema of this period developed under the
influence of theatre, acting was
theatrical, female roles were performed
by male actors, used costumes and
scenery. Initially, the cinema was
considered low art, there was contempt
for people involved in cinema. Recognition
and credibility of this kind of art has
received only at the end of the 30-ies of
the last century.

18. Anime and manga
Anime (or Japanese animation) has a high
popularity around the world. Among other
genres of animation stands out more oriented
to adult audiences. Often anime is an
adaptation of the Japanese manga comics,
also enjoying great popularity. Anime and
manga are designed for different audiences.

19. Architecture
Japanese architecture has an equally long
history as any other component of Japanese
culture. Originally having strong influence on
Chinese architecture, Japanese architecture has
developed many differences and approaches
inherent in Japan. Examples of traditional
Japanese architecture - temples, Shinto shrines
and castles in Kyoto and Nara. In General,
Japanese architecture is characterized by the
pursuit of simplicity. Traditional wooden houses
of ordinary Japanese people, called Minka (in
Japanese. 民家), maximally adapted to the
climate of the country. Minka has a skeleton
construction with bearing column in the center
of the home and sliding doors. Minka now
preserved only in rural areas.

20. 7th century was marked by the rapid
construction of Buddhist temples in
Japan. Sanctuary Ise Jingu Shrine
dedicated to goddess Amaterasu, the
Shinto shrine is Japan. Originality of
different Japanese castles, which
served not only to protect its owners
from enemies, but also a symbol of
authority. The names of two locks
(Azuchi Momoyama and) gave the name
to the period in the history of Japan-
Azuchi-Momoyama period. Many
castles were destroyed during the
war, burned in fires, were dismantled
on the orders of the Government as a
relic of feudal past, in the 20th
century part of the castles was
restored.

21. Clothing
In Japan it is possible to meet
two types of clothing is
traditional — vafuku (Japanese.
和服 Japanese clothing). Kimono
(Japanese.着物) — literally
translated as "clothing, dress" is
a general term for any clothes
and narrow is a vafuku.
Yukata-light cotton kimono
Obi — different types of belts
Geta-wooden sandals
Mont-family coat of arms of the
family

22. National cuisine
Japanese cuisine is known for its emphasis on
seasonality of food, quality ingredients and
dishes. The Foundation of Japanese cuisine is
rice. The word gohan (Japanese. 御飯 literally
"boiled rice") can also be translated as "food".
In addition to its primary purpose as food rice
also served as a kind of currency, in the olden
days rice paid taxes and salaries. The
Japanese use rice for cooking various dishes,
sauces and even beverages (sake, shochu,
bakusju). Fish often used in cheese or half-
baked, such as sushi. Bean curd (tofu) is also
very popular in Japan.

23. Sports
Sumo wrestling is not an
official sport in Japan, but in
the opinion of the
Professional Association of
Sumo, is considered the
national sport. Kyudo ("way of
the bow") — archery Aikido
("the way of harmonious
spirit")

24. Religion
Totemism was widespread at an early
stage of the development of Japanese
society. Shinto is the main religion of
Japan. Shinto (or Shinto) literally can be
translated as "the way many Kami
(gods)"). The basis of this current is the
worship of the forces of nature.
According to Shinto views, Sun, trees,
mountains, stones and other natural
phenomena are Kami (or Mikoto) and
endowed with a soul, they worship in a
specially built for this purpose, the
temples. An important feature of
Shintoism is the cult of ancestors.

25. Ancient Japanese believed that the Japanese islands and the people
inhabiting them, were created, that is reflected in the Japanese mythology.
With these representations is the cult of the emperor — it was believed
that the imperial family descended from the gods-the creators of the
Japanese archipelago. The ancient myths and legends of Shintoism about
creation of the Japanese islands by the gods and the transfer of authority
over the country, descendants of the gods (Ninigi-no-Mikoto and Jimmu)
remained in the vaults of "Kojiki" and "Nihongi".