Two effective theories for maximising equipment care are Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) and Total Productive Maintenance (TPM). Using a data-driven methodology, RCM assigns specific maintenance activities based on the prioritisation of important equipment and the analysis of possible breakdowns. Imagine it like a specialised physician locating and treating particular weak points. TPM, on the other hand, uses employee engagement to promote a continuous improvement culture. Everyone assumes responsibility for maintaining the equipment, from operators doing routine upkeep to quality specialists identifying the underlying causes of defects, much like a well-trained team. Both strive for maximum equipment efficiency, while TPM places more emphasis on cultural change and RCM emphasises accuracy. The best strategy for you will rely on your unique requirements. TPM works best with widespread participation, while RCM excels with vital equipment. In the end, integrating these ideas can result in a really strong

1. Course name: Maintenance Engineering And
Mgt.
Cource Code: IENG6108
Assignment Title: RCM AND TPM
MEKELLE UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF MECHANICAL AND
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
Samuel G. EITM/pr180953/13
Meareg K. EITM/pr/180954/13
Selamawit G. EITM/pr/180951/13
Feven W. EITM/pr/180952/13
Aksumawit S. EITM/pr/180948/13
Submitted to: Kidane Submittion Date:

2. Content
 Introduction to reliable centered
maintenance(RCM)
 Objective of RCM
 Types of RCM
 Steps of RCM
 RCM Down time
 Types of RCM Down time
 RCM Strategies
 Advantage and Disadvantage of RCM
 RCM Measures
 RCM Mathematical Models
 Reliability networks
 Total Productive Maintenance(TPM)
 Elements of TPM
 Difference between RCM and TPM
 Advantage and disadvantage of TPM
 Pillars of TPM
 Relation ship between RCM and TPM

3. Introduction To Reliability-centered
maintenance (RCM)
 Reliability-centered maintenance
(RCM) is a systematic approach to
maintenance that focuses on
identifying and mitigating the
risks of equipment failure. It is a
proactive approach that aims to
keep equipment operating safely
and reliably, while minimizing
maintenance costs.
 The goal of RCM is to
preserve the function
of assets while
minimizing
maintenance costs.

4. Objectives of RCM
 Preserve system function. This means ensuring that the system continues to meet
its operational requirements, even in the event of component failures.
 Reduce maintenance costs. RCM aims to eliminate unnecessary maintenance
tasks and focus on those that are most effective in preventing failures and extending
asset lifespans.
 Improve safety. By identifying and mitigating potential failure modes, RCM can
help to reduce the risk of accidents and injuries.
 Increase equipment availability. By reducing downtime and unplanned outages,
RCM can help to improve the overall efficiency and productivity of a facility.

5. principles RCM
 All equipment has a function. The purpose of maintenance is to ensure that
equipment continues to perform its intended function.
 Equipment can fail in many ways. RCM identifies all of the possible ways that
equipment can fail and the consequences of each failure.
 Maintenance can be used to prevent failure, detect failure early, or mitigate the
consequences of failure. RCM selects the most appropriate maintenance strategy
for each asset, based on its function, failure modes, and consequences.
 RCM is a complex process that typically involves a team of experts from
engineering, maintenance, operations, and safety. The process typically follows
steps:

6. Steps of RCM
1. Select the equipment
2. Identify the functions
3. Identify the functional failures
4. Identify the failure modes and effects
5. Analyze the failure modes
6. Select the maintenance tasks
7. Implement the RCM program
8. Monitor and improve the RCM program

7. Cont..
1. Select the equipment. The first step is to select the equipment or system that
will be analyzed using RCM. This equipment should be critical to the
organization's operations and have a high potential for failure.
2. Identify the functions. Once the equipment has been selected, the next step is to
identify the functions that it performs. These functions should be defined from the
perspective of the customer or user.
3. Identify the functional failures. For each function, identify all of the ways in
which the equipment can fail to perform that function. These are known as
functional failures.
4.Identify the failure modes and effects. For each functional failure, identify the
specific failure modes that can cause the failure. Also, identify the effects of each
failure mode on the equipment, the system, and the operation.

8. Cont.…
5. Analyze the failure modes. For each failure mode, analyze the following:
– The likelihood of failure
– The consequences of failure
– The cost of failure
– The detectability of failure
– The existence of effective preventive or corrective maintenance tasks
6. Select the maintenance tasks. For each failure mode, select the most
effective preventive or corrective maintenance tasks. The selection of
maintenance tasks should be based on the factors analyzed in step 5.

9. Cont..
7. Implement the RCM program. Once the maintenance tasks have
been selected, the next step is to implement the RCM program. This
involves developing and implementing maintenance
procedures, training personnel, and tracking the performance of the
program.
8. Monitor and improve the RCM program. The RCM program
should be monitored and improved on a regular basis. This involves
tracking the failure rates of the equipment, the cost of maintenance, and
the overall performance of the program.

10. RCM DOWNTIME
 is a critical factor that needs to be considered when analysing
and optimizing maintenance strategies for assets.
 Downtime refers to the period during which an asset or
equipment is not available for its intended function due to
maintenance, repair, or unexpected failures. There areIn
reliability cantered maintenance (RCM), downtime several
components or types of downtime that RCM takes into
account

11. Cont..
 RCM aims to optimize the balance between planned and
unplanned downtime, ensuring that maintenance tasks are
prioritized to minimize overall downtime while maintaining or
improving the reliability and safety of assets.
 By addressing these downtime components, RCM helps
organizations make informed decisions about maintenance
strategies and resource allocation.

12. TYPES Of RCM DOWNTIME
 Planned Downtime
This is downtime that is intentionally scheduled in advance for maintenance
activities. It includes routine preventive maintenance tasks, inspections, and
planned overhauls. RCM aims to optimize planned downtime by ensuring
that maintenance tasks are effective and efficient.
 Unplanned Downtime
Unplanned downtime is the result of unexpected failures or breakdowns.
RCM seeks to minimize unplanned downtime by identifying and addressing
the most critical failure modes through appropriate maintenance strategies.

13. Cont..
Corrective Downtime
This downtime occurs when an asset is taken out of service to perform
corrective maintenance or repairs in response to a failure or fault.
RCM helps in determining the best approach to reduce the frequency
and duration of corrective downtime.
Changeover Downtime
In manufacturing and production environments, changeover downtime
is the time required to switch from producing one product or batch to
another.
RCM may involve strategies to streamline changeover processes and
reduce associated downtime.

14. Cont..
 Idle Downtime
occurs when an asset is not in use due to factors other than maintenance or
failure. It could be due to production scheduling, lack of demand, or other
operational reasons.
RCM may recommend strategies to maximize asset utilization and reduce idle
downtime.
 Planned Shutdown Downtime
Some industries, such as oil and gas, periodically shut down entire facilities for
maintenance, safety inspections, or regulatory compliance.
RCM can help optimize the timing and scope of these planned shutdowns to
minimize their impact.

15. Cont..
Startup Downtime
This is the downtime associated with bringing an asset or system
back into operation after maintenance or shutdown.
RCM may address strategies to expedite startup procedures and
reduce associated downtime.
 Testing and Validation Downtime
In industries with strict regulatory requirements, assets may
undergo testing and validation processes, leading to downtime
RCM can help ensure that these activities are efficient and
necessary to meet compliance requirements.

16. Cont..
Scheduled Maintenance Downtime
This includes downtime specifically allocated for scheduled
maintenance tasks.
RCM helps determine the most appropriate intervals and tasks
to be performed during these scheduled maintenance periods.
Emergency Downtime
Emergency downtime occurs when an asset must be taken out
of service immediately due to safety concerns or critical
failures.
RCM focuses on preventing or mitigating situations that lead
to emergency downtime.

17. RCM STRATEGIES
Reducing the system-level RCM time is crucial for
minimizing downtime and maximizing the
availability and performance of assets.
there are some strategies to achieve this goal:

18. Cont..
Prioritize Critical Systems
Focus your RCM efforts on the most critical systems or assets that have the
highest impact on operations, safety, or production. This allows you to allocate
more time and resources to analyzing and optimizing maintenance for these
key components.
Use Software Tools
Leverage RCM software tools and applications that can streamline the
analysis process, automate data collection, and facilitate decision-making.
These tools can help save time in data processing and documentation.

19. Cont..
 Cross-Functional Teams
Assemble cross-functional teams with expertise in various areas such
as engineering, maintenance, operations, and safety. Collaboration
among team members with diverse knowledge can lead to quicker and
more accurate RCM analyses.
 Data Accessibility
Ensure easy access to historical maintenance and performance data.
Quick access to relevant data can expedite the analysis process and
improve decision-making during RCM studies.

20. Cont..
 Standardized Processes
• Develop standardized RCM procedures and templates for
documentation. Having predefined templates can streamline the
analysis and documentation phases, saving time and ensuring
consistency.
 Risk Assessment Tools
Implement risk assessment methodologies and tools to help prioritize
failure modes and maintenance tasks more efficiently. Techniques like
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) can assist in quickly
identifying critical failure modes.
 Preventive and Predictive Maintenance
Emphasize the use of preventive and predictive maintenance
techniques to reduce the need for reactive maintenance. Condition-
based monitoring and regular inspections can help identify issues
before they become critical.

21. Cont..
 Knowledge Sharing
Encourage knowledge sharing and training among maintenance and operational
personnel. Well-informed teams can make faster decisions during the RCM
process and better understand the rationale behind maintenance strategies.
 Continuous Improvement Continuously review and improve your RCM
process. Collect feedback from team members and stakeholders after each
RCM study to identify areas for improvement and efficiency gains.
 Effective Documentation
Streamline the documentation process by using digital tools and standardized
formats. Ensure that maintenance plans, procedures, and records are easy to
access and update.

22.  Use of Historical Data
Leverage historical data and lessons learned from past RCM
analyses to inform future studies. Reuse relevant information to
expedite decision-making.
 Management Support
Secure support from upper management to allocate adequate
resources and time for the RCM process. Having buy-in from
leadership can help prioritize RCM efforts.
 Pilot Studies
Consider conducting pilot RCM studies on a smaller scale
before tackling larger systems. This allows you to refine your
approach and identify potential time-saving strategies.

23.  Automation
Explore automation options for data collection and analysis,
especially for routine tasks. Automation can help reduce manual
effort and accelerate the RCM process.
 By implementing these strategies
organizations can streamline the system-level RCM process,
save time, and make maintenance decisions more efficiently,
ultimately improving asset reliability and reducing downtime.

24. Advantages of RCM
 Improved Asset Reliability:
RCM aims to identify and address the most critical
failure modes, leading to increased asset reliability,
reduced breakdowns, and improved availability.
 Cost Reduction:
By optimizing maintenance strategies and focusing
resources on critical areas, RCM can lead to cost savings
in maintenance, spare parts, and labour.
 Safety Enhancement:
RCM helps identify safety-critical components and
failure modes, resulting in safer operations and reduced
risks to personnel and the environment.

25. Cont.…..
 Efficiency and Productivity
With better maintenance planning and reduced downtime,
RCM can improve overall operational efficiency and
productivity.
 Customization
RCM allows organizations to tailor maintenance strategies to
suit their specific equipment, operational context, and
business goals.
 Longer Asset Life:
By preventing premature failures and extending the life of
assets, RCM can postpone the need for costly replacements
or upgrades.

26. Cont.…
 Regulatory Compliance
RCM assists in meeting regulatory and compliance
requirements by ensuring that maintenance tasks are aligned
with safety and environmental standards.
 Knowledge Transfer
RCM encourages knowledge sharing among maintenance and
operational personnel, promoting a deeper understanding of
equipment and maintenance strategies.

27. Dis advantages of rcm
 Resource-Intensive
RCM can be time-consuming and resource-intensive,
especially when conducting comprehensive analyses on
complex systems.
 Complexity
The RCM process involves several steps and requires
expertise in various disciplines, making it complex for
organizations with limited resources.
 Initial Costs
Implementing RCM may require an initial investment in
training, software, and data collection, which can be a
barrier for some organizations.

28. Cont.…
 Resistance to Change
Employees may resist changes in maintenance practices
and the adoption of RCM, leading to challenges in
implementation.
 Overemphasis on Analysis
In some cases, organizations may become overly focused
on the analysis phase of RCM, leading to delays in
implementing recommended maintenance strategies.
 Potential for Misclassification
Errors or oversights during the RCM analysis can result
in the misclassification of failure modes, leading to
suboptimal maintenance decisions.

29. Cont….
 Continuous Monitoring
RCM often requires on-going monitoring and adjustment
of maintenance plans, which can be demanding for
organizations with limited resources or expertise.
Not Suitable for All Assets
RCM is most effective for critical and complex assets. It
may not be cost-effective for simple, low-value equipment.
 It's important to note that while RCM has its
disadvantages, many of these challenges can be
mitigated through proper training, effective software
tools, and a commitment to the process.

30. A. Predict the probability of failure of a system or
component over time
The Weibull distribution is a versatile distribution that can be used to model
a variety of different failure behaviors.
3 parameters:
• Location parameter: u,
• Scale parameter:
• Shape parameter. α, ≥0
• These parameters can be estimated using historical failure data or using
expert judgment.
RCM MEASURES

31. B. Evaluate the effectiveness of different
maintenance strategies
Markov models can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of different
maintenance strategies , describe the changes in a system over time by
modeling the probability of the system being in different states, such as
"operational," "under maintenance," and "failed."
the transition probabilities between the different states can be specified &
estimated using historical data or using expert judgment.

32. C. Optimizing the maintenance schedule for a
system or component
One common mathematical model used to optimize the maintenance schedule for
a system or component is the dynamic programming model.
To use a dynamic programming model to optimize the maintenance schedule for a
system we need to specify the following:
 The cost of each maintenance action.
 The probability of failure of the system or component between maintenance
actions.
 The objective function, which is typically to minimize the expected cost of
maintenance over a given period of time.

34. RCM MATHEMATICAL MODELS
Time-rated measures (TRMs) are used to track the performance of maintenance
tasks and to identify areas where improvement is needed.
• Availability: Availability is the percentage of time that a system or
component is available for use. It is calculated by dividing the total operating time
of a system or component by the total operating time plus the total downtime.
Availability = MTBF/MTBF+MTTR
• Reliability: Reliability is the probability that a system or component
will perform its intended function without failure for a specified period of time
under specified conditions.
It is calculated by subtracting the probability of failure from 1. R(t) = 1-P(t)

35. CONT..
• Mean time between failures (MTBF): MTBF is the average time
between failures of a system or component. It is calculated by dividing the total
operating time of a system or component by the number of failures that occur
during that period of time.
• Mean time to repair (MTTR): MTTR is the average time it takes to
repair a failed system or component. It is calculated by dividing the total repair
time for all failures by the number of failures that occur during a given period
of time.
• Mean time to downtime (MTTD): MTTD is the average time that a
system or component is out of service due to a failure. It is calculated by
adding the MTTR to the MTBF.
• Failure rate (λ): is defined as the reciprocal of MTBF: λ(t) = 1/MTBF

36. Reliability Networks
1. Series Network
In the k-unit system diagram, all units must work normally.
The series system reliability is
Where Ej =success event of j for j = 1, 2, 3, …, k;
Rs =system reliability; and is occurrence probability
of events E1, E2, E3, …, Ek.
For independently failing units,
If we let Rj = P(Ej) for j = 1, 2, 3,…, k , it becomes
For constant failure rate j of j (i.e., for j(t) =j), we get
where Rj (t) =reliability of unit j at t. Substituting yields
where Rs (t) is the series system reliability at time t.
Fig. A k-unit series system

37. 2. Parallel Network
k simultaneously operating units, and
at least one must operate normally.
Fps = failure probability (event) of j, for j = 1, 2, …, k,
and is occurrence probability of events .
For independently failing parallel units, it becomes
If j = 1, 2, …., k, the Equation
Fj =unit j failure probability for j = 1, 2, …, k. By subtracting from unity
For  j of unit j, subtracting and substituting yields For identical units,
Fig BD of a k-unit
parallel system

38. 3.Standby System
Only one unit operates and k units are kept in
their standby mode- (k + 1 units).
Switching mechanisms detect failure and then replace failed unit.
For perfect such units, and time-dependent unit failure rate,
the reliability is:
For constant unit failure
rate, (i.e.,(t) =),
Inserting yields
Rsb (t) =standby system reliability at time t and
(t) =unit time dependent failure rate.
MTTFsb = standby system mean time to failure.
Fig; Block diagram of a
standby system with one
operating and k standby units

40. Reliability Evaluation Tools
1) Failure mode effect and analysis (FMEA): an approach for performing
analysis of each system failure mode to examine their effects on total system.
Extended FMEA to categorize the severity of potential failures is called
FMECA. The steps in FMEA:
1. Define system boundaries and associated requirements.
2. List all system parts and components and subsystems.
3. List all possible failure modes with identified component.
4. Assign failure rate/probability to each part failure mode.
5. List effects of each failure mode on subsystems & plant.
6. Enter appropriate remarks for each failure mode.
7. Review each critical failure mode and take action.

41. 2) Network Reduction Method
determine series and parallel subsystems
reliability by sequentially reducing
configurations to equivalent units until the
whole system becomes a single hypothetical
unit.
steps of the network reduction method:
• (i) original network,
• (ii) reduced network,
• (iii) further reduced network, and
• (iv) single hypothetical unit

42. 3) Decomposition Method
decomposes a complex system into simpler subsystems. The system reliability is
obtained by combining the reliability measures of subsystems.
It assumes that key element, z, is replaced by another that non-failing (i.e., 100%
reliable) and the element is completely removed.
The overall reliability of the complex system is :
• RCS =complex system or network reliability, P(z’) = probability,
P(z)=reliability of the key element z, and P = failure probability of the key
element z.

43. 4) Delta–star Method:
transforms a bridge network to its equivalent series and parallel configurations.
Then, network reduction method can be used.
The reliabilities of units between nodes 1 and 2, 3 and 2, and 3 and 1 in the delta
configuration are R12, R32, and R31, respectively.
Similarly, the reliabilities of units close to nodes 1, 2, and 3 in the star
configuration are R1, R2, and R3, respectively.

44. Reliability Management Tools and Documents
1) Configuration Management - Changes during development - performance, weight,
size, appearance, and so on to assure customer and manufacturer as to contract
specification on the changes.
2) Value Engineering- Is a systematic, creative technique used to accomplish a function
at minimum cost.
• Useful areas: identifying attention and improvement areas , prioritizing, serving as a
vehicle for dialogue, increasing value of good and services, and generating new
ideas, alternative solutions, quantifying intangibles.
3) Critical Path Method - CPM along with PERT are useful to determine project
duration systematically, show interrelationships in work flow, improve
communication and understanding, identify critical work activities for completing
the project on time, monitor project progress effectively, and determine the need for
labor and resources in advance.

45. Reliability Manual- document Covered
1. Company-wide reliability policy
2. Organizational structure and responsibilities
3. Relationship with suppliers and customers
4. Product design phase procedures from the standpoint of reliability
5. Effective reliability methods, models, etc.
6. Reliability test and demonstration approaches and procedures
7. Failure data collection and analysis methods and procedures to be
followed

46. TOTAL PRODUCTIVE MAINTENANCE
(TPM)
TPM is a combination of American
preventive maintenance and Japanese
concepts of TQM & total employee
involvement.
Developed in the 1970s by extending preventive
maintenance to become more like productive maintenance.
Definition
is a comprehensive and systematic approach
to maintenance and asset management that
aims to maximize the overall efficiency,
effectiveness, and reliability of production
equipment and machinery.

47. What is the need for TPM?
TPM focuses on systematic identification and
elimination of waste, inefficient operation cycle
time, and quality defects in manufacturing &
processes (McCarthy, 2004).
• To improve productivity and quality
• Equipment available time or up-time
• Need to change and remain competitive
• To improve organization’s work culture and
mindset
• Regulating inventory levels and production lead-
times for realizing optimal
• Optimizing life cycle costs for realizing
competitiveness in the global
• market-place.

48. Objective of TPM
o Increase production while, at the same time,
increasing employee morale and job satisfaction.
o Hold emergency & unscheduled maintenance to a
minimum.
o To provide the safe and good working
environment to the worker.
o Achieve Zero Defects, Zero Breakdown and Zero
accidents
o Involve people in all levels of organization.
o Form different teams to reduce defects and Self
Maintenance.
o To fulfill Regulatory compliances.

49. ELEMENTS OF TPM
Autonomous Maintenance
(Jishu Hozen):
• Operator Involvement
• Skill Development
• Equipment Ownership
Planned Maintenance (Kikotei
Hozen):
• Preventive Maintenance
• Data-Driven Maintenance:
• Standardization

50. Cont..
Safety, Health, and Environment
(SHE):
•Safety Culture:
•Environmental Responsibility
•Regulatory Compliance
Overall Equipment Effectiveness
(OEE):
•Key Performance Metric
•Availability, Performance,
Quality
Quality Maintenance
(QM):
• Defect Prevention
• Root Cause Analysis
• Process Optimization
Focused Improvement
(Kaizen):
• Continuous
Improvement Teams
• Kaizen Events
• Problem-Solving Tools

51. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TPM AND RCM
Aspect Total productive maintenance
(TPM)
Reliability center maintenance
(RCM)
Focus Maximize equipment
productivity and reliability.
Identify the most efficient and
cost-effective maintenance
approach
Objective Improve overall equipment
effectiveness (OEE).
Optimize maintenance efforts
based on criticality and failure
analysis.
Approach Involves all employees,
emphasizing teamwork and
prevention.
Involves detailed analysis and
expert decision-making for
efficiency.
Scope Applied to all assets, boards
focus on operation efficiency
Selectively applied to critical or
high value assets that required
Detailed analysis
Implementat
ion
Can be implemented relatively
quickly with short term
improvement.
may require a longer times line
due to detailed analysis.
Application Suitable for industries where
equipment reliability is a
primary objective.
Ideal for industries with
complex, mission critical assets,
and system

52. •Increased productivity: Can help to reduce
equipment downtime and improve production
efficiency.
•Improved quality: Can help to reduce defects
and improve the quality of products and
services.
•Reduced costs: Can help to reduce maintenance
costs, energy costs, and other operational costs.
•Increased employee morale: Can help to create
a more engaged and motivated workforce.
•Improved safety: Can help to reduce accidents
and injuries.
ADVANTAGE OF TPM

53. •Can be difficult to implement: can be a
complex and challenging program to implement,
especially in large organizations.
•Requires a significant investment of time and
resources: requires a significant investment of
time and resources from both management and
employees.
•Can be disruptive to operations: can be
disruptive to operations in the short term, as
employees are trained and new processes are
implemented.
DISADVANTAGE OF TPM

54. Design and
maintain
equipment to
prevent
problems
Teach employees
TPM principles
and practices.
Create a safe and
sustainable
workplace.
Apply TPM to all
aspects of the
organization.
Operators care
for their own
equipment.
Find and fix
waste.
Prevent
equipment
failures.
.
Prevent defects.
PILLARS OF TPM

55. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TPM & RCM
TPM emphasizes a holistic approach involving all employees
to ensure equipment efficiency and productivity.
It focuses on preventive and proactive maintenance,
fostering a culture of ownership and responsibility among
the workforce.
RCM on the other hand, is a systematic analysis-
based approach that identifies the most efficient
and cost-effective maintenance strategies for
critical equipment.
It prioritizes maintenance tasks based on detailed
analysis, optimizing resources and efforts.
Their r/ship lies in their complementary roles within a maintenance strategy.

56. Cont.
In essence, TPM provides the foundation by
fostering a proactive maintenance culture, and
RCM complements it by providing analytical tools
to optimize maintenance activities.
Together, they create a comprehensive and
efficient maintenance system, ensuring
equipment reliability and maximizing
productivity.

57. Six big losses of TPM
Equipment Downtime: Losses due to unexpected
breakdowns or planned maintenance activities.
TPM aims to reduce downtime by implementing
preventive and predictive maintenance techniques.
Setup and Adjustment Time: Time lost
during equipment changeovers, setups, and
adjustments.
TPM focuses on reducing setup times through
techniques like SMED (Single-Minute
Exchange of Die).

58. Cont.
Speed Loss: Decrease in production speed compared to
the maximum potential speed of the equipment.
TPM strives to improve operating speeds and optimize
processes to minimize speed losses.
Process Defects: Losses due to defective products that
require rework or lead to customer complaints.
TPM emphasizes on mistake-proofing techniques and
process optimization to reduce defect

59. Cont.
Reduced Yield: Losses caused by production of defective or
off-spec products. TPM focuses on improving the quality of
products through rigorous quality control methods and
continuous improvement initiatives.
Production Startup Rejects: Losses that occur during the
initial phases of production startup, often due to unstable
processes or equipment. TPM aims to minimize these losses by
ensuring stable processes and effective startup procedures.

60. REFERENCE
Nakamura, Seiichi. Total Productive Maintenance: Increasing
Productivity and Reducing Costs Through Equipment
Management. Cambridge University Press, 1991
Wireman, Terry. Lean Machines: TPM and the Pursuit of
Perfection. Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 1996
Campbell, John D. and David J. Smith. Uptime: Strategies for
Excellence in Maintenance Management. Butterworth-
Heinemann, 2000.
Nakajima, Shigeo. TPM Development Program: Implementing
a Maintenance Excellence System. Productivity Press, 2007.