MA Edu

1. UNIT – 2
(6508)
ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE
BY :
MUHAMMAD AZAM
M.PHIL (APPLIED LINGUISTICS), M.ED

2. LANGUAGE LEARNING PROCESS
Talking comes naturally to most children. It is a natural
and uncomplicated process but some linguists reveal that
language process is a complex issue.

3. THEORIES OF LANGUAGE
LEARNING
There are different theories of language learning according to
different thoughts groups of psychologists.
One theory suggests that people learn language through
imitation. It makes the child repeat the same sound.
Repetition forms a habit and a new behavior is learnt.

4. CONTINUED
 Second theory suggests that language learning is innate. Language comes
as a naturally to a child at a particular time and stage of their development.
 Third theory explains the development of language as a cognitive process.

5. LANGUAGE LEARNING BEHAVIOUR
In 1957, B.F Skinner wrote in his book ``Verbal
Behavior`` that language is a set of habits and its learning
like learning any thing else. As it claimed two things were
necessary for this
 Tasks should be broken into systematic steps
Repeated reward on successful [performance of the task.

6. MENTALISM
Noam Chomsky criticized ``Verbal Behavior`` of B.F
Skinner in following ways:
 the behavior of rats in the box does not apply to human
language learning.
Skinner misunderstands the nature of language learning.
Contradicting Skinners views, Chomsky another view,
which can be termed as `` Mentalism``

7. CONTINUED
In Mentalist theory, Chomsky believes that language is
much more complex and less predictable than Skinners
theory. He called this innate mechanism Language
Acquisition Device (LAD)
Lenneberg(1967) suggested that language emerges in
children at the same age all over the world is an act
controlled by a ``biological time-clock``.

8. LANGUAGE LEARNING AND
COMMUNICATION
Language and communication are related very closely.
For communication, a verbal or a non verbal message
formulated and encoded by a person for transmission to
another and it goes to a receiver who decodes.

9. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
Linguistic
 Non Linguistic Communication
Most common way of communication is linguistic but
non- Linguistic ways are also adopted for communication.
Linguistic and non Linguistic communication takes place
simultaneously.

10. ESSENTIALS OF
COMMUNICATION
Participants
For any communication to take place, there must be at least 2
participants: a sender and a receiver. Similarly any person
involved in a monologue may be thinking aloud but not
communicating.

11. CONTINUED
Channel or Medium
Medium is very necessary for communication. The
sender or receiver may be face to face or at a distance then
air will play a role as medium which carries sound waves
from sender to receiver’s auditory system.
In other cases, the medium could be telephone link,
television etc.

12. CONTINUED
 Setting / Situation
Form of the message : Letter, note, application etc.
Voice level
Time factor
Status of participants
Code( Language used)

13. USES OF LINGUISTIC
COMMUNICATION
Express thoughts ( Perceptions, belief, judgment, opinion)
Express feeling (“what a beautiful painting”)
Socializing with others (Hello! How are you.)
Directing others
Requesting others.
others

14. MOTIVATION
Motivation is an inner force that stimulates interest and
consequently causes an action. In second language learning,
a person is more motivated to learn if he needs the language
to survive in a certain language community or country. The
level of motivation also differs with gender and job
requirements.

15. CATEGORIES OF MOTIVATION
• Psychologists divided Motivation into 2 categories:
Instrumental Motivation
Integrative Motivation

16. INSTRUMENTAL MOTIVATION
The purpose to achieve a specific goal is an Instrumental
Motivation. This kind of Motivation is a measure to an end.
It is a Motivation to pass an exam etc.

17. INTEGRATIVE MOTIVATION
• When learner who is interested in other culture groups and
wants to make contact with other language groups, is
integeratively motivated. He learns faster and more
effectively than others.

18. VIEWS OF HUMANISTS AND
BEHAVIORISTS ABOUT MOTIVATION
Humanists believe that individuals have a natural eagerness
to learn and learners receive encouragement from teachers.
Behaviorists believe that classroom environment must be
structured carefully that motivates the individuals and
behavior is influenced by consequences.

19. TRAINING OF TEACHER TO TEACH
ENGLISH AS SECOND LANGUAGE.
It is believed that teachers are born not made. There are the
elements that make him an excellent, good or bad teacher.
According to Strevens following elements are in Nature of
Language Teaching.
Teacher
Training
Teaching

20. HOW TO MAKE EFFECTIVE
TEACHING PROCESS
Following aspects make the teaching task to the best quality.
Approach
Syllabus
Methodology
Materials
Testing
Variety in teaching.

21. QUESTIONS
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