Epithelial Tissue Tour Report

Epithelial Tissue Tour Report
Hello, and welcome to our tour of the anatomy, physiology, and histology of the body. As we travel through four of the
eleven organ systems, you will be shocked and surprised at how these systems work together to keep our bodies alive.
These systems– integumentary, muscular, skeletal, and nervous– are categorized under gross anatomy, or the study of the
macroscopic structures of an organism. We will study the microscopic structures, or microscopic anatomy, as well.
During this journey, we will go into the body layer by layer.
Before we begin the tour, I would like to give some background information about tissue. There are four basic categories
of tissues: epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle. Epithelial tissue is found in the skin, bladder and the lining of
some organs. The epithelial tissue is also responsible for sweat glands, or exocrine glands. Connective tissue binds sores
together and insulates. Nervous tissue makes up the nervous system, or the brain and spinal cord. It helps the body to
communicate with other systems. For example, if one part of the body was hurt, the nervous tissue would bring that
information to the brain. Muscle tissue is found in the muscles and used for contraction. Now that you know about the
four basic types of tissues, we can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To conclude, this paper went over four organ systems: the integumentary system, the muscular system, the skeletal
system, and the nervous system. Each system plays an important part in the body. The integumentary system protects our
organs by having three layers. These layers are the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The muscular system lets us do
small, detailed tasks and aids in heat production and posture. The skeletal system holds the body together. Last but not
least, the nervous system is broken down into different divisions, each doing a particular job. Thank you for going on a
tour of the body, and I hope this was an educational
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Bone Remodeling : A Form Of Tissue
The trabecular bone is a form of osseous tissue that is found in the proximal and distal ends of long bones, along with the
bones of the skull, pelvis, ribs and the vertebral bodies. The trabecular bone undergoes remodeling every two to eight
months in order to accommodate the load of physiological stress and mechanical forces on the bone (Huiskes et al.
2000). Bone remodeling is the reshaping or replacement of bone during growth and following injuries such as fractures,
but it also occurs in cases of micro–damage (Kini and Nandeesh, 2012). This supports Wolff's Law, which states if
loading on a particular bone increases, the bone will remodel over time to strengthen itself to resist that type of loading
(Frost, 1994) The use of trabecular ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to establish a positive identity, a scientific comparison between premortem and post mortem biological features
needs to be conducted. This is done by analyzing fingerprints, radiology, DNA, and odontology (Quatrehomme, 2014).
In circumstances when these methods are not able to be utilized based on the completeness of the skeleton, the
individualizing features of the bone such as the external shape or the radiography of the internal structure, otherwise
known as the trabecular bone pattern, are used (Mann 1998). The trabecular bone is used in this setting because it acts as
a "fingerprint" to every individual (Kahana 1994, 1998, Mann 1998, Quatrehomme 2014, Cateneo et al 2006). The
architecture of the trabecular bone is unique between individuals because everyone puts different types of physiological
stress on their bodies. The variables that affect the way the rate/ design of the bone pattern are diet, exercise, sex, disease,
work load, and age (Mann 1998, Raisz 1999). A significant number of these attributes can be linked to an individual's
culture and environment one resides in, and ultimately can affect the amount of loading that the bones undergo.
Despite there being a strong relationship between the individual's cultural background and the remodeling of the
trabecular bone, no studies have been

Tissues Essay
Question – how to interpret or recognize different tissues and cells (epithelium, connective tissue, muscle, and nervous
tissue) present in the body.
summary–we were given different slides and we had to figure out different tissues and cells on each slide based on our
lab manual reading and understanding.
material– microscope, un–labeled (numbered) slides
Method–
1) get a microscope for your group and connect it to a power outlet. switch on the light.
2) get your first slide (unknown cell) from your TA.
3) put the slide you're on your mechanical stage and make an adjustment to properly view your slides.
4) you and your partner should take turns to view the slide, and then figure out the slide by discussion and by comparing
it with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Slide 6– Goblet cells– found in lungs, and intestinal tissues. The distinguished features are– ovoid in shape, and they are
a modification from simple columnar cells.
Slide 7– Elastic Cartilage– found in epiglottis and pinnae.
The distinguishing features– slides had dark purple staining and a have bit tear drop like structure in it.
Slide 8– smooth muscle– found in different organ system like digestive, excretory, respiration and reproductive system.
The distinguished features are– spindle–shaped, centrally located nucleus do not appear striated. Also usually there is a
layer where cells are arranged perpendicular to each other.
Slide 9 – simple columnar (ciliated)– found in the intestinal tract, part of the respiratory tract, and uterus. The
distinguished features are– A single layer of long columnar cells (width smaller than height) and are ciliated towards the
free surface.
Slide 10– hyaline cartilage– found in bronchi and trachea. The distinguished features are glassy matrix, light packed
collagen fibers.
Slide 11– skeleton muscles– found around the skeleton. The distinguished features are– cylindrical, and on slides they
appears highly striated.
Slide 12– neuron– found in the nervous system. The distinguished features are– branched extension of cytoplasm called
the Dendrites and the long thread–like structure called the Axon. slide 13– simple columnar(non–ciliated)– found in the
intestinal tract, part respiratory

Marcergens are those bacteria responsible for plant tissue...
Marcergens are those bacteria responsible for plant tissue maceration resulting in total tissue collapse (Gwyn 2007). Soft
rot diseases of vegetable is the most characteristic symptom of tissue maceration in plant which begins as small water
soaked lesion, expands and intensifies until the tissue turns soft and watery. Apparently, the outer surface of the diseased
plant might stay unbroken, while tanned and depressed, or enclosed in an exuding bacterial mucus layer. Foul smells are
common owing to the discharge of explosive complexes through tissue degradation. Best bacterial growth follows after
plant cell lysis in these diseases. Soft–rotting bacteria are distinguished for the speed at which they stimulate soft rot:
warehoused crop may ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These macergens infect and destroy plant tissues both pre– and postharvest and this species causes the greatest damage
to harvested vegetables (Amy 2007). There is need to ensure a continuous cold chain from immediately postharvest to
retail to successfully manage this ubiquitous spoilage bacterium that only thrive well at temperatures of 20°C and above.
The fluorescent Pseudomonads (i.e. P. fluorescens and P. viridiflava) can macerate plant parenchymatous tissues at a
temperature below 4°C, this cause for high occurrence of these bacteria on decayed vegetables both at wholesale and
retail markets. These soft–rotting fluorescent Pseudomonads and Erwinia, therefore become the major threat to
commercial fresh product operations and fresh vegetables precisely, from the farm to retail and wholesale outlets.
However, there are currently no commercial agents available specifically for controlling soft rot (Dong et al. 2004;
Latour et al. 2008). Despite advances in vegetable production and diseases management, many challenges face growers
of vegetables, out of which the major one is the damage caused by macergens (Pérombelon 2002). Macergens damage
the tissues of vegetable thereby reducing the quality, yields and shelf–life and consumer satisfaction of these plants. They
usually cause great economic losses due to

Membrane And Connective Tissues And Their Roles
Unit 5 P2
In this assignment i will be describing Epithelial and connective tissues, the organs where they are found and their roles.
Epithelial tissues; simple cuboidal – The simple cuboidal tissues are, as its name implies, a single layer of cuboid shaped
cells with large, spherical central nuclei. The simple cuboidal tissue can be found, lining various ducts and glands, within
the walls of the renal tubules, the surface of ovaries, the lining of the urinary system (nephrons) and parts of the thyroid
and eye. It lines the ducts and glands in various organs and is adapted for diffusion and secretion. Secretion; because it is
found in organs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are able to transmit information from their surroundings to nerve cells, which they then convey sensory
information to the brain. Another role of the columnar cells are secretion and this is because they are known to secrete
mucus, gastric juices and tears into the different ducts within the body. They are also known for absorption and this is
because they line the intestines and are responsible for absorbing nutrients from digested food. The propulsion role has
been found within the columnar cells because they have been found in the lining of organs such as the fallopian tubes
and lungs. Within these organs they are known to move together to help propel material in one direction, in the case of
the lungs they are able to move mucus from within the lungs into the throat and within the fallopian tubes they are
known for moving eggs through th fallopian tubes and into the uterus. The last role of the columnar cells is protection
and this is because they are designed to protect the tissues in which they line. The columnar epithelial tissue can be
found within the lining and ducts of various body parts such as the ears, nose, taste buds, digestive tract, lungs and
fallopian tubes simple squamous – Squamous cells have the appearance of thin, flat plates and are referred to as
'pavement ' cells due to their shape and appearance.

What Are Shockwave Devices And How Severely Must The...
Sidhant Bhatia
Sub Problem 1: What are shockwave devices and how severely must the tissue be damaged for shockwave therapy to
work?
Summary:
Shockwave is a short duration acoustic wave that carries energy and can be used as a stimulus to heal damaged tissue.
They were first discovered years ago, when shockwaves first started to affect swimmers on a South Pacific beach.
Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is a noninvasive treatment that delivers high or low intensity shockwaves to
specific area in the body. ESWT treats injuries to tissues, bones, and tendons. There are many different types of ESWT,
such as focal shockwave therapy and unfocused (radial) shockwave therapy. Tissue Regeneration Technologies's devices
are considered unique ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To get a better understanding of shockwave therapy, it is important to have a basic understanding of the four main types
of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues. According to the interview with Robert Warlick,
shockwave therapy can treat all types of tissues. Epithelial tissues are found throughout the whole body. They cover
internal organs, form the inner lining of body cavities, and lines hollow organs. Functions of epithelial tissues include
protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion. One of the distinguishing characteristics of epithelial tissues is that they
lack blood vessels. epithelial cells also readily divide, which results in injuries healing as fast as damaged cells. Sub–
types of epithelial tissues are classified by their shape and number of layers of cells. Some examples of epithelial tissues
include: squamous (flattened cells), cuboidal (cube–shaped cells), and columnar (tall, elongated cells). Connective
tissues are also known to be found throughout the entire body. Their function is to bind structures, provide support and
protection, fill spaces, store fat, and produce blood cells. A distinguishing characteristic of connective cells is that they
are farther apart than epithelial cells with extracellular matrix in between. Connective tissues have many different cell
types. Fixed cells, such as fibroblasts and

Classification of Tissues Essays
R E V I E W
NAME____________________________________ LAB TIME/DATE _______________________
S H E E T
EXERCISE
6A
Print Form
Classification of Tissues
Tissue Structure and Function–General Review
A group of cells similar in structure and function. 1. Define tissue.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Use the key choices to identify the major tissue types described below. Key: a. b c c, d a b d c b a a a d connective
tissue b. epithelium c. muscle d. nervous tissue
1. lines body cavities and covers the body's external surface 2. pumps blood, flushes urine out of the body, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
What are three general characteristics of connective tissues?
__________________________________________________ . large amount of noncellular material called matrix
between the cells.
12. What functions are performed by connective tissue? Protection, support, and the binding of other tissues of the body.
13. How are the functions of connective tissue reflected in its structure? The large amount of extracellular matrix
provides strength to protect the body.
14. Using the key, choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below. c a c f i b h d h i a 1.
attaches bones to bones and muscles to bones 2. acts as a storage depot for fat 3. the dermis of the skin 4. makes up the
intervertebral discs 5. forms the hip bone 6. composes basement membranes; a soft packaging tissue with a jellylike
matrix 7. forms the larynx, the costal cartilages of the ribs, and the embryonic skeleton 8. provides a flexible framework
for the external ear 9. firm, structurally amorphous matrix heavily invaded with fibers; appears glassy and smooth 10.
matrix hard owing to calcium salts; provides levers for muscles to act on 11. insulates against heat loss
15. Why do adipose cells remind people of a ring with a single

Task 1: Bones And Connective Tissue
Task 1 – Bones and Connective Tissue
1.1 Explain the structure and composition of bone tissue
A long bone is composed of 6 main parts. The diaphysis, epiphyses, metaphyses, articular cartliage, the periosteum and
medullary cavity. (Tortora and Derrickson, 2011).
The epiphyses are the proximal and distal ends of a bone that consists mainly of spongy bone. (Tortora and Derrickson,
2011). Originally the epiphyses are separated from the diaphysis by a layer of cartilage that later fuses together through
ossification. (CollinsDictionary [online], 2012).
The articular cartilage is a connective tissue that covers the part of the epiphysis where the bone comes together to form
a joint, also known as an articulation. Articular cartilage allows bones to glide over each other creating very little friction
and also makes it easier for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the bone has reached maturity the marrow is transformed into yellow bone marrow. (Jarmey, 2004).
Blood supply to the nutrient arteries of a long bone occur through the nutrient foramina, the nutrient foramina aids in the
growth and nutrition of bones. (Vinay and Arun, 2011).
The endosteum is a connective tissue that protects cavities in long bones. The endosteum covers the surface of
cancellous bone and the medullary cavity, unlike the periosteum the endosteum is not dense irregular connective tissue.
(Clark, 2005)
The periosteum is also a connective tissue composed of an outer fibrous layer of dense irregular tissue and an inner
osteogenic layer. The periosteum protects and repairs the bone while also enabling tendons and ligaments to form an
attachment with the underlying bone. (Tortora and Derrickson, 2011).
1.2 Explain the functions of bone
The skeletal system has 6 main functions and makes up 18% of the overall weight of the human body. (Tortora and
Derrickson, 2011)

The Growth Of The Tissue
Article # 1:
Barzegari, Abolfazl and Amir Ata Saei. "Tissue Engineering in Microgravity Bioreactors." BioImpacts 2.1 (2012): 23–
32. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 24 October 2014.
Article Summary:
The growth of the tissue can be accomplished more efficiently in microgravity. This article discussed the methods that
dependent completely on microgravity. Along with that these methods also explains the various cell types such as stem
cells. The ensuing builds can be utilized for poison and sustenance security testing notwithstanding organ substitution
treatment. Case in point, researchers can develop models of tumor to study, or to test against growth drugs against. Both
of the creators are partnered with the Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, staff of Pharmacy, Tabriz
University of Medical Sciences in Tabriz, Iran.
Article Use:
The article is helping in determining the methods that helps the cells and explain the types of cells in tissue engineering.
The cardiac patients need more detailed attention toward the tissue engineering for better treatment. This article helps to
focus on the cells that helps to increase the productivity of cardiac patients.
Article # 2:
Moody, William Lafayette, Dan Cameron, Jean–Pierre Timmermans, Nora De Clerck, Alexander Sasov, Christophe
Casteleyn, Jeremy Woodward, Susana Lai–Yuen, Les A. Piegl. "The Basement Membrane: Key to Reverse Engineering
Biological Tissues." Computer–Aided Design & Applications8.1

Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT)
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is derived from the mesenchymal precursor cell which also seems to give rise to muscle .
BATis located mainly around the neck, paravertebral sites, kidneys and large blood vessels of the thorax. As previously
mentioned above, Marcus (1988), demonstrated that TSH induced lipolysis in BAT from newborns and infants but this
declined with age. Recent studies have profiled different layers of BAT in adults, particularly in the neck and between
the shoulder blades (Nedergaard, 2013). BAT contains multilocular lipid droplets and a high mitochondrial content. Its
primary function is to liberate energy as heat via the consumption of stored energy. This is mediated by the uncoupling
protein–1 (Ucp–1), which embeds in the inner mitochondrial membrane and produces heat by dissipating the proton
electrochemical gradient over the inner mitochondrial membrane space without generating ATP. The energy in BAT? is
stored as perilipin coated lipid droplets and glycogen granules. Upon temperature stimulation glucose and fatty acid
uptake is rapidly increased to replenish its supplies (reviewed in Sanchez–Gurmaches, 2013).
BRITE adipose tissue occurs within WAT tissue depots, in response to chronic cold exposure. Beige adipose tissue has
the characteristics of both white and brown adipocytes. They appear to be like WAT in basal states but upon cold
stimulation, they behave like BAT by becoming multilocular and expressing the brown fat marker UCP1. However, they
are

Four Types Of Tissue Research
There are four main tissue types in a human's body which are connective, epithelial, muscular, and nerve tissue.
Connective tissue has the largest amount amongst the tissue types and the most distributed of the tissues. Epithelial
tissue covers the body surface and forms the lining for most internal cavities. The skin is an organ made up of epithelial
tissue which protects the body from dirt, dust, bacteria and other microbes that may be harmful ("Exploring Four Types
of Tissues," 2016). There are three types of muscle tissue which include skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is
a voluntary type of muscle tissue that is used in the contraction of skeletal parts. Smooth muscle is an involuntary type
and cardiac muscle is also involuntary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Neurons are what send nerve impulses from one part of the nervous system to the other. Neuroglia is the "glue" that
holds the neurons together. (Campbell, 2016). There are multiple parts of the neuron that help to transmit the impulses. A
neuron includes the cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, and axon ending. The main portion is the cell
body which holds the nucleus or DNA of the cell (Boeree, 2009). Dendrites receive the message from other neurons
while axons carry the impulse to another neuron. The myelin sheath serves as insulation for the impulses so they can
travel faster. The axon ending then sends the impulse on to another neuron and the process is completed for that impulse
(Boeree, 2009). Nerve tissue helps to run the nervous system and the impulses sent in the body from neurons. All of the
tissues of the body work together in order for the body to function and work as it

I. Adipose tissue plays an important role in the...
I. Adipose tissue plays an important role in the maintenance of weight through the release of adipokine hormones. These
hormones include leptin and adiponectin.
a. Leptin is a satiety hormone produced by the obesity gene in adipose tissue that controls appetite and energy
expenditure (Feng et al, 2013).
i. Leptin maintains energy levels and helps to prevent obesity. ii. It affects the hypothalamus through negative feedback,
to control appetite and energy expenditure, with elevated blood levels in obese individuals.
1. This increase may be due to the inability of leptin to stimulate fatty acid oxidation.
2. One study found that in comparison to lean subjects, obese individuals had higher levels of fatty acid uptake, with
lower stimulation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ii. High fat diets that lead to weight gain also leads to high IL–6 expression; the opposite is true of low fat and high
carbohydrate diets.
b. TNF–α is a pro–inflammatory cytokine from macrophages and monocytes.
i. Generally, insulin–resistant individuals have higher TNF–α levels in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and plasma. ii.
Receptors for TNF–α are increased in obese individuals. iii. Dietary restrictions alone can decrease TNF–α, reducing
inflammatory response. iv. High fat diets that lead to weight gain also leads to high TNF–α expression; the opposite is
true of low fat and high carbohydrate diets.
c. Not all weight loss leads to a decrease in inflammatory markers such as IL–6 and TNF–α (Campbell et al, 2013).
i. Several studies have found that there is not a reduction in these markers with more than 12% weight loss, with one
study not showing a decrease at up to 25% weight loss. ii. These results indicate that there may be less of an impact from
inflammatory markers on energy balance than previously predicted.
III. Growth hormone (GH) is influenced by obesity because it can effect both lean and fat mass through carbohydrate,
lipid, and protein metabolism (Thomas et al, 2013).
a. GH increases lead to higher levels of free fatty acids in circulation due to lipolysis.
b. Some of the roles of growth hormone include decreased glucose uptake by adipose and

Comparing Cardiac Muscle And Brain Tissue
1) Comparing and contrasting cardiac Muscle tissue (figure a) and brain tissue (figure d)
Commonalities in the structures and functions of muscle tissue and brain tissue
In cardiac muscle, a single nucleus is located in the middle of each fibre. The brain tissue also has a nucleus which is
located in the middle of cell body. The cardiac muscle and brain tissue don't have the exact same function. The cardiac
muscle and the brain tissue don't work together because the cardiac muscle doesn't takes any instructions from the brain
tissue (Neurones). This means that the cardiac muscle contracts automatically.
Differences in the structures, functions and location of muscle tissue and brain tissue
The cardiac muscle consists of long branched fibres. Whereas, the brain tissue has spider web like structure. The cardiac
muscle cell are made up of fibres. The function of cardiac muscle is to help the heart to pump blood. The function of
brain tissue is to send messages to and from the brain. The cardiac muscle is present inside the heart. However, the brain
tissue is located inside brain.
2) Comparing and contrasting loose Connective tissue (figure c) and simple cuboidal epithelial tissue (figure b)
Commonalities in the structures and functions of loose connective tissue and simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
The cells in simple cuboidal epithelium have a nucleus. The cells in loose connective tissue also have nuclei. Although
the loose connective tissue and simple cuboidal

Tissue Ownership Essay
Morgan Boudreaux
Mrs. Romero
English II, 3rd Block
23 September, 2013
Tissue Ownership "I think people are morally obligated to allow their bits and pieces to be used to advance knowledge to
help others" (Korn). Different people have opposing opinions on the topic of whether or not patients or doctors own the
body tissues after it's been removed from the patient. Ownership is the act, state, or right of possessing something. Tissue
ownership is different from ownership because once it leaves your body, you no longer own it. Contributing your tissues
to the science world is superior because you can speed up medical advances, avoid litigation, and become a better
individual by contributing to science and society. One of the most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Eventually, Moore hired a lawyer, who discovered that Golde had used Moore's Spleen to develop a valuable immortal
cell line named Mo. Moore filed a lawsuit, claiming that his bodily tissues were his own property, and that Golde had
stolen them. A series of rulings and appeals about his case launched an intense national debate. Golde won because he's
the one who made the cells valuable. He did all of the work. This situation relates to this debate because if the doctor's
would have had ownership over the tissues in the first place, none of this would not have happened. This also proves that
the law is on the doctor's side. If doctors had ownership of the tissues and the right to do whatever they wanted to them,
they would not have to go through all this trouble. Lastly, you can become a better person by contributing to science and
society. "Since everybody benefits, everybody can accept the small risks of having their tissue scraps used in research"
(Korn). Basically, donating your cells to science in order to help millions of people is morally the right thing to do. This
is also a respectable thing to do. People should take pride in knowing that they have saved other peoples' lives. "It's not
as if scientists are stealing your arm or some vital organ. They are using tissue scraps you parted with voluntarily"
(Skloot). It's not like they are taking a major part of your body away, it's something that you don't even need. It is

Tissue Of The Body Case Study
Tissues of the body
3.???? Describe the four main types of tissue. What are the variations within each type? The four types of tissues are the
Epithelial tissue, the epithelial tissue forms sheets that cover or line the body. Connective tissue provides structural and
functional support. Muscle tissue contracts tissue to produce movement. The Nervous tissue senses, conducts, and
processes information.
Epithelial tissue is packed close together with little or no interstitial fluid or other matrix between them to form a
continuous sheet that lines the body. Epithelial tissue gets its oxygen and nutrients from nearby blood vessels in the
connective tissue. Connective tissue is the most widely distributed tissue in the body. Connective tissue

Simple Epithelial Tissues
Epithelial Tissue:
Epithelial tissues line and cover the organs, capillaries and body cavities within the body. Epithelial tissues can be
broken down into four types: Simple Squamous, Simple Cuboidal, Transitional and Stratified Squamous. Epithelial
tissues are named first by their amount of layers they have, and second by the cell shape.
Simple Epithelial tissues are composed of only one layer of cells, while stratified tissues are composed of more than one
layer of cells. Squamous tissues are flat as compared to cuboidal or cube shaped tissues. The final tissue is called
columnar, and these cells have a column like shape.
Simple Squamous:
Simple squamous tissues are composed of one flat layer of cells. Simple squamous cells line air sacs, kidneys and ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Epithelial tissue can be broken down into four types of tissues: simple squamous, simple cuboidal, transitional and
stratifies squamous. While these tissues differ in structure, they work together to complete the main function of
protecting the organs of the body. Connective tissue supports, insulates, and stores energy for the body. Theses tissues
can be broken into four types of tissues: adipose, hyaline cartilage, areolar and bone. These four tissues collaborate to
ensure the proper protection, insulation and energy storage for the organs, bones and muscles of the human body. Muscle
tissue provides the body with movement through the contraction and relaxation of muscles. These tissues can be further
divided into three types of tissues: smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle. Each type of muscle provides
movement for the different parts of the body, including the heart, muscles, bones and the movement of food and liquids
in the digestive tract. Finally, the nervous tissue controls the messages that are sent throughout the body and forming the
nervous

The Effect Of Soft Tissue Constituent Materials
The goal of this thesis is to identify the effect of soft tissue constituent materials in tissue classification for the
application of breast cancer detection. Hyperelastic parameters may be essential in estimating large deformation in tissue
for the purpose of surgical procedures such as breast brachytherapy. These properties of human soft tissue play a
significant role in diagnosis, screening, and monitoring of cancer (O'Hagan & Samani,
2009). On the other hand, elastography is based mainly on the concept of tissue reactions (linear and nonlinear) to an
external source of load such as compression.
Moreover, in most breast examination methods, compression is applied to help detect lesions. In CBE and BSE, the
examiner applies a compressive load to the breast to investigate stiff regions and must sometimes exert a large
deformation to feel lesions in depth. Mammography also uses compression to reduce breast thickness. Additionally,
compressive behavior of human breast biopsies obtained through lumpectomy (the surgical procedure to remove a cancer
or non–cancer breast lump with some surrounding tissues) is of interest to the cancer research agencies in order to
distinguish the mechanical nature of anomalies of the taken biopsy. Despite of the importance of compressive loading
and its contribution to hyperelastic characterization of tissue in
9
applications of cancer detection, few studies have focused on the behavior of tissue components in response to
compression. The main

Investigation of Tissues Essay
Investigation of Tissues
Tissues are defined as a group of associated, similarly structured cells that with their ground substance act together in the
performance of a specialised function for the survival of the multicellular organism. The tissues are classified into four
main groups which are epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous.
(http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia accessed 08 October 2004)
Epithelial Tissues
Epithelial tissues form the covering of all body surfaces with the functions being to provide protective covering,
absorption, secretion, diffusion, sensation and contractility. They are tightly packed together with little intercellular
matrix and can be squamous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Connective tissue examples are; adipose (fatty tissues), loose connective tissue, dense fibrous connective tissue, elastic
connective tissue, cartilage, osseous tissue (bone), tendons and ligaments.
I have chosen to look more at adipose (fatty tissue):
Adipose is a specialised type of connective tissue which stores lipids. It collects in large numbers and is shaped to be
large round or oval cells. Adipose has a similar function to that of fibrous tissue, which throughout the body connects by
irregular network of strands to form a cushion layer to support blood vessels, nerves and other organs.
Adipose is essential for insulation due to its low thermal capacity which allows the body to retain heat, thus functioning
normally. Its other vital function is that of protection of delicate organs such as the eyes and kidneys. Fat cells offer this
by forming liquid and being excellent at absorbing pressure as they cannot be flattened.
Adipose tissue is needed for the body to turn to in times of need due to it being able to form a food reserve. Excess
carbohydrates are made into glycogen and turned into fat and stored within adipose tissue which when energy is required
by the body converts back.
Adipose tissue is normally localised to certain depots within the body such

The Basic Types Of Tissue
Tissue
In humans, there are four basic types of tissue:
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue & subtypes
The epithelial tissue covers inner and outer layer/surface of the body, e.g. the stomach, or blood lines, vessels and the
lung.
The epithelium consists of closely packed, flattened cells that make up the inside/ outside lining of body areas. Epithelial
tissues that cover/line surfaces are classified by cell shape and by the number of cell layers, the image on the left is the
subtypes of epithelial tissue;
Squamous – flattened cells, fried egg shape in appearance. The nucleus is flattened and centrally located. Because of
their thin membrane and large surface area, it allows passage of small molecules e.g. air diffusion in the lungs. The
function of simple squamous tissue is absorption & excretion of gases lungs. And the function of stratified squamous is
protection due to its many layers and is located in the outer layer of skin, oral cavity lining, esophagus, vaginal & anal
canal.
Cuboidal– cubed or squarish shaped, has a single nucleus located in the middle. The simple cuboidal tissue can be found
in the lines of kidney tubules and glands it's function is absorption, secretion and protection. The stratified cuboidal
tissue is found in the lines ducts of sweat glands, it's job is to secrete water & ions.
Columnar– has the shape of a column. The simple columnar tissue is a single row of tall, closely packed

Finally The Characteristics Of The Tissue At And Surrounding
Finally the characteristics of the tissue at and surrounding the impact site has been shown to influence the resulting
response [19]. These characteristics are referred to as collectively as contact phenomena. Contact phenomenon includes
local variables such as skull shape, size, geometry, density and mass of neural tissue, thickness of scalp and skull, hair
style, ratio of brain–head weight and strength of the head–neck junction[19]. These local variables seem to greatly
different between the two sexes, with females typically showing greater responses to a specific impact then males [27].
These variables contribute greatly to determine the response that occurs due to impact [19]. Additionally, any accessories
or protective equipment of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Typically, football is the primary sport studied. This is largely due to the convenience in the ability to place sensors and
other technologies inside a helmet which do not increase the risk of injuries for the athletes, and the large number of
athletes in the sport. For instance, six degree of freedom measurement devices have been placed inside of football
helmets so that the head acceleration measures me be obtained. Instrumented helmets can then be used to directly
measure the linear and rotation accelerations, as well as the location of impacts without interfering with normal sporting
play [28].
Human surrogates Human surrogates include dummies and computational models. Surrogates allow for investigation of
impacts that could not be performed on human or animal models, while additionally standardizing the contact
phenomena. This allows for the differences in response to impact to be said to be due to the treatment conditions or
impact characteristics, rather than the variations between the subject being impacted. Dummies can be made of a variety
of materials. What the dummy is made from helps determine its reliability and accuracy of the measurements obtain
from its use. Metal head forms produce more reliable data, while biofidelic heads produce more realistic data [15]. The
most accurate biofidelic dummies are based on the tissue

The Effect Of Compression Over Bioimpedance Of Healthy...
The present study determines the effect of compression over bioimpedance of healthy soft tissue (in–vitro and in–vivo).
Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a promising tissue characterization and tumor detection technique that uses
tissue impedance or admittance to characterize tissue and identify tissue properties as well as cell structure. Variation in
EIS measurements while applying pressure suggests that compression tends to affect soft tissue bioimpedance.
Moreover, the displacements in tissue caused by applied compression may provide useful information about the structure
and state of the tissue. Thus combining the changes to the electrical properties of tissue resulted by applied compression,
with the changes in tissue displacements caused by applied compression, and consequently measuring the effect that
electrical and mechanical properties have on each other, can be useful to identify tissue structure. In this study,
multifrequency bioimpedance measurements were performed on in–vitro and in– vivo soft tissue at different pressure
levels. Increasing compression on the in–vitro tissue results in an increase in both extracellular resistance and membrane
capacitance while it causes a reduction in the intracellular resistance. However, as the compression over the in–vivo
samples increases, the intracellular and extracellular resistance increase and the membrane capacitance decreases. The
in–vivo measurements on human body are also tested on contra– lateral tissue

Four Main Tissue Categories
6. Tissues are defined as groups of cells with a common structure and function. However, there are four different main
categories in the human body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. Even within the four
main categories, there are different types of cells assembled in a different formation. For example, the cells in the
epithelial tissue are joined closely together with little material in between them. There are different types of epithelium
tissues, including the simple epithelium and stratified epithelium. A simple epithelium has a single layer of cells and a
stratified epithelium has multiple layers of cells. Just within the epithetical tissue, the cells connect to each other in a
different structure ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unlike the epithelial tissue, the muscle tissue is "composed of long cells called muscle fibers" (Campbell). There are
three types of muscle tissues: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. The cells of a skeletal muscle are
long and close to the shape of a cylindrical. Cardiac muscle cells described as being y–shaped. Smooth muscle cells are
small and tapered with thinner ends. Among the four main categories of tissues in the human body (epithelial,
connective, muscle, and nervous), the type of cell is different and the way they connect to each other is different as well.
Each tissue has a different function within the human body's organ and if the cells that make up the tissues were similar
in every aspect, it would not be possible for the tissues to carry out its own specialized function needed for the body to
operate properly. A closer look within the main categories, there are more specific types of tissues which also require
special cells that are connected to each other in its own way in order for the tissue to function properly and efficiently
inside different organs of the human

Outline the Structure of the Main Tissues of the Body.
P2: Outline the structure of the main tissues of the body.
In this assignment I'm going to talk about the structure of the main tissues which are found within the body as well as
what their role is in the terms of two named organs of the body. Tissues are a collection of similar cells that group
together to carry out a specific function within the body. There are four different types of tissue found in the human body
which include; epithelial tissue; connective tissue; muscle tissue and nerve tissue.
The first type of tissue found in the human body is epithelial tissue. These types of tissue are found covering the whole
surface of the body, lining of cavities, hollow organs and tubes. The cells a very closely packed and are arranged in one
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Transitional epithelium is also composed of several layers but is constructive of pear shaped cells instead. This type of
tissue is stretchy, meaning it can contract and expand. It is usually found lining the urinary bladder as it allows for
stretching as the bladder fills up.
The second type of tissue found in the body is connective tissue. They lie beneath the epithelial tissue helping to connect
different part of the internal structure, the cells are more widely separated from each other then in epithelial tissue. The
intercellular substance known as the matrix is found in considerably large amounts. Within the matrix there are usually
fibres which may be a jelly like consistency or dense and rigid depending on the type, function and positioning of the
tissue. Theses fibres form a supporting system for cells to attach to. The major functions of connective tissue are to
transport materials, give structural support and protection. The types of connective tissue that will be explained are
blood, bone, cartilage, bone, areolar tissue and adipose tissue.
Blood is made up of straw coloured plasma, the matrix, in which various types of blood are carried. Plasma is mainly
water where substances are carried such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients such as glucose and amino acids, salts,
enzymes and hormones. Also there is a combination of important proteins which help with blood clotting, transport,

The Mechanical Characteristics Of Soft Tissue
The mechanical characteristics of soft tissue are the basis for several clinical and nonclinical research studies, such as
brain surgical simulation or breast needle biopsy
(Kaster et al., 2011; O'Hagan & Samani, 2009). Usually, anomalies found within the breast are investigated by palpation
techniques, in which responses of soft tissue to large deformation are utilized (Goodson, 1996). Recent research on the
mechanical properties of soft tissue under compressive load has revealed that tissues exhibit a linear stress–strain
relationship at low strain and nonlinear behavior at high strain (Fung,
1993; Kaster et al., 2011; O'Hagan & Samani, 2009; Tsukune et al., 2011). Some researchers have recommended
mathematical models to describe the nonlinearity of soft tissue (Kaster et al., 2011; K Miller, 1999; O'Hagan & Samani,
2009; Carolyn J
Sparrey & Keaveny, 2011). The importance of nonlinear responses of soft tissue to compressive load in clinical breast
examination highlighted the need for launching a comprehensive study on the hyperelastic characterization of in–vitro
and in–vivo soft tissues, to enhance clinical approaches including the detection of breast cancer.
The observed mechanical behavior of different breast biopsy phantoms validated the statement proposed in several breast
examination methods that breast fat, and glandular and cancerous tissues behave differently mechanically (O'Hagan &
Samani, 2008; Price et al., 2010). Moreover, there was a consistent correlation

Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva is a Disorder of the...
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a disorder in which muscle tissue and connective tissue such as tendons
and ligaments are gradually replaced by bone, forming bone outside the skeleton (extra–skeletal or heterotopic bone) that
constrains movement. It usually becomes evident during early childhood, always starting with the neck and shoulders
and proceeding down the body into the limbs.
FOP affects 1 in 2 million people with no ethnic, racial or gender patterns. There are 800 known cases across the globe
with only 285 confirmed cases in the United States.
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva is caused by the genetic mutation of a Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP). BMPs
are proteins and are important for the formation of bone and the reconstruction of fractures, and are tied to a receptor
called activin receptor type IA (ACVR1). This receptor has been traced back to chromosome 2q23–24. (papers), 2012)
This refers to chromosome number 2 between the bands 2q23 and 2q24, as illustrated in the diagram below. Knowledge
about this disease can help to develop a cure. (papers), 2012) Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva is usually diagnosed
when a child is around ten years old and this disease is usually misdiagnosed as malignancy, aggressive juvenile
fibromatosis and desmoids tumours. When a patient has surgery to remove the bone from his/her body, the body repairs
the area by producing more bone, this happens because BMPs are affected by the disease. Therefore

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Tissue Microarray
Tissue microarray
Tissue micro arrays (TMAs) was introduced by Kononen et al. in 1998 157. This technique is based on the assembly of
separate tissue cores on a paraffin block, which may contain up to 1000 cores. TMA can be used for several purposes, in
which the detection of protein is the most common. In this thesis, prognosis/outcome based arrays was applied to
evaluate the prognostic value of various proliferation markers.
Several advantages and disadvantages are associated with TMA compared to the classic single sample microscope slide.
Advantages associated with this technique include rapid and high–throughput validation of biomarkers, less reagent
consumption, less expensive, decreased technical time, decreased assessment time, decreased variability of results,
standardization and the possibility of digitizing and quantifying results 155,158–162. However, TMA is not better than
the classic microscope slide in every are. Several disadvantages are also associated with this technique, including the
preparation that requires more careful planning and high technical skills, sample selection is also critical due to ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the first study, 581 patients were retrospectively analyzed and associations between numerous parameters and RFS
were made 217. The study demonstrated that a mitotic index of 4 or more or the presence of three of the following four
histological features: sheeting, prominent nuclei, hypercellularity and small cells were highly predictive of recurrence.
Tumors presenting these criteria showed a significantly greater recurrence rate compared with other tumors. In the
second study, the researchers demonstrated an association between survival and both anaplasia (defined as loss of
meningothelial features) and an even higher mitotic index (20 or more) 216. Meningioma patients harboring one of these
features had a significantly shorter

Muscle Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Introduction * Motion * Results from alternating contraction (shortening) and relaxation of muscles * Skeletal system *
Provides leverage and a supportive framework for this movement * Myology – study of muscles
Muscle Tissue * Alternating contraction and relaxation of cells * Chemical energy changed into mechanical energy
Types of Muscle Tissue * Skeletal muscle – primarily attached to bones * Striated and voluntary * Cardiac muscle –
forms the wall of the heart * Striated and involuntary * Smooth (visceral) muscle – located in viscera * Non–striated and
involuntary
Striated "striped"
Skeletal Muscle * Attaches to bone, skin, or fascia ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
filaments slide past the thick filaments * ATP binds to myosin head and detaches it from actin * All of the steps repeat
over and over * If ATP is available * Ca+2 level near the troponin–tropomyosin complex is high
Relaxation * Acetylcholinesterase breaks down Acetylsholine * Limits the duration of contraction
Tension * All or none principle * Amount of tension depends on number of cross bridges formed * Skeletal muscle
contracts most forcefully over narrow ranges of resting lengths
Length of Muscle Fibers * Optimal overlap of thick and thin filaments * Produces greatest number of cross bridges and
the greatest amount of tension * As we stretch muscle (past optimal length) * Fewer cross bridges exist and less force is
produced * If muscle is overly shortened (less than optimal) * Fewer cross bridges exist and less force is produced *
Thick filaments are crumpled by Z discs * Normally * Resting muscle length remains between 70–130% of te optimum
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) or Synapse * NMJ = mynoneural junction * The terminal end of the axon nears the
surface of a muscle fiber at its motor end plate region (remain separated by synaptic cleft gap)
Structures of NMJ Region * Synaptic end bulbs: swellings of axon terminals * Contain: * Synaptic vesicles filled with
acetylcholine (ACh) * Each motor end plate membrane contains 30

Tissue Structures
TISSUE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
There are 4 types of tissue in the body. Epithelial tissue covers the body, connective tissue is used for protection and
support, muscle tissue (there are 4 different types) and then the nerve tissue which is used to send messages around the
body.
Epithelial Tissue
It covers the whole surface of the body and it can be identified by one cell attached to another and is one cell thick or it
sometimes has multi layers of thickness. Epithelial tissue protects the organs from damaging and also protects it from
tension, it also protects the body from dirt, dust and bacteria and other things that may harm the body. There are 4 types
of different epithelial tissue: pavement tissue, tessellated tissue, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The connective tissue so normally found in the cartilage.
Muscle tissue: the muscle tissue is a voluntary muscle this moves the skeleton which includes striated, this muscle
covers the stomach. There are three main types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.
The skeletal muscle is found where the bones are, the smooth tissues is found near the internal organs and the cardiac
muscle is where the heart is.
Skeletal Muscle: these muscles come in different size and shapes that are designed for the fibres, they have really tiny
strands of stapedium muscle.
Smooth muscle: is normally found in the internal organs such as blood vessels, digestive tract, bladder and the womb. It
is capable of tightening and pushing the food through the gut. Smooth muscle cells are in line to one another and act as a
single unit.
Cardiac Muscle: this muscle is different from the other two muscle type because this is only found in the walls of the
heart. This muscle is an involuntary muscle meaning that it pumps on its own. The cardiac muscle works by squeezing
the blood out of your heart and then relaxes to fill your heart with blood.
Nervous Tissue: These cells are made up or neurons and is used to carry messages to and from different parts of the
body. The nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves. It is responsible for controlling the body activities.
It plays a major role in emotions, memory, and

Donating Human Tissue
Have you ever witnessed someone steal something from a store or eat in a restaurant and leave before they pay?
Although this is a different concept, it is oddly similar to the argument of paying people for donating their tissue.
Doctors are making millions of dollars off cures for diseases and vaccines. All the while, breaking many patient privacy
laws to do so. We would not have many of the medical breakthroughs we have today if people did not donate their body
tissue. Therefore, we owe credit to those who have given tissue to help with modern medical advances. The legal
requirements for donating human tissue differ from case to case. Consent must always be given in order to obtain human
tissue. The rules of consent vary between children and adults. If adults are alive, then it is absolutely mandatory to have
verbal consent. Adults that have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Should these patients be compensated? The answer should always be yes to this question.According to Robert D. Truog,
Aaron S. Kesselheim, and Steven Joffe, authors of "Paying Patients for their Tissue: The Legacy of Henrietta Lacks," "If
patients own their tissues, even after removal of the tissue from their bodies, then it follows that they have the right to
demand payment when a profitable discovery derives from their tissue." If doctors continue to shrug the issue off their
shoulder, soon enough there will no longer be any patients willing to donate their human body tissue.. Since the 1950's,
people have heard of the wrong that doctors, scientists, and medical researchers did to the family of Henrietta Lacks..
They deserved monetary compensation in some form, but in return they received nothing. This could heavily influence
new patient's decisions to donate their tissue. Patients will feel as if they are the reason doctors and medical researchers
are making millions of dollars off their tissue, while they sit around at home struggling to pay their medical

The Basic Types Of Tissue
Tissue
In humans, there are four basic types of tissue:
1. Connective tissue
2. Muscle tissue
3. Nervous tissue
4. Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue & subtypes
The epithelial tissue covers inner and outer layer/surface of the body, e.g. the stomach, or blood lines, vessels and the
lung.
The epithelium consists of closely packed, flattened cells that make up the inside/ outside lining of body areas. Epithelial
tissues that cover/line surfaces are classified by cell shape and by the number of cell layers, the image on the left is the
subtypes of epithelial tissue;
Squamous – flattened cells, fried egg shape in appearance. The nucleus is flattened and centrally located. Because of
their thin membrane and large surface area, it allows passage of small molecules e.g. air diffusion in the lungs. The
function of simple squamous tissue is absorption & excretion of gases lungs. And the function of stratified squamous is
protection due to its many layers and is located in the outer layer of skin, oral cavity lining, esophagus, vaginal & anal
canal.
Cuboidal– cubed or squarish shaped, has a single nucleus located in the middle. The simple cuboidal tissue can be found
in the lines of kidney tubules and glands it's function is absorption, secretion and protection. The stratified cuboidal
tissue is found in the lines ducts of sweat glands, it's job is to secrete water & ions.
Columnar– has the shape of a column. The simple columnar tissue is a single row of tall, closely

Adipose Tissue : Overview Of Physiological Functions
Adipose Tissue: Overview of Physiological Functions
Hong Lan Huang, 1296959
Abstract With increasing number of obese people in the world, people tend to have more interests in body fat other than
its basic structure. Many people often struggle to lose weight in order to have perfect body shape, or to prevent obesity
induced chronic diseases. Failure to prevent excess of body weight in one's body might result to life threat diseases such
as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and heart diseases. Before, body fat is simply known as a lipid droplet cell. Today, more
studies and experiments are conducted in favor of examine the importance of adipose tissue's function in the human
body. Adipose tissue (body fat) has a significant physiological role to maintain body's homeostasis. The following review
will provide prominent knowledge of the adipose tissue's development, structure, functions, and its relation to obesity.
Adipose tissue is extremely essential for one's health by performing as a heat generating organ, an immunological organ,
and an endocrine organ.
Introduction It is interesting to know that many people might perceive higher proportion of body fat in human is both
advantageous and disadvantageous. On the one hand, fat protects human's bodies. For example, some people believe that
fat people feel less cold than thin people in extreme cold weather. In other cases, some people believe that fat people get
less injured than thin people in an accident. On the other hand,

Age Related Tissue Changes And Epigenetics
Age–Related Tissue Changes And Epigenetics
Module 1 Assignment
Biology 216
Angela Davis
Pikes Peak Community College
Question 1
There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and
helps with movement. Cardiac muscle is found the heart helping the heart to contract and pump blood through an
organism. Smooth muscle lines the walls of organs in the digestive and urogenital tracts. Muscular Dystrophy is a
genetic disease in which muscle fibers are usually susceptible to damage and cause muscle wasting and weakness. There
are bundles of fibers that make up muscles; proteins are involved in these muscles and help to keep the muscle working
properly. If ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One thing connective tissue can cause is osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is the wear–and–tear of cartilage on the end of your
bones; commonly your hands, knees and hips. To keep homeostasis cells divide and replenish themselves. As you age
more so in the elderly cells that maintain healthy cartilage go to sleep. When this happens the cells cannot properly
perform their task of keeping cartilage healthy and strong. Also, cells in this sleep like state have what is called shortened
telomeres. This occurs when cells divide over and over again. These shortened telomeres are what make the cells go into
a sleep like state. Due to these changes in the cartilage this can cause great pain, discomfort and stiffness. It can also
cause mobility issues in the elderly. This puts the elderly at high risk for falls and ultimately other possible injuries. This
can be very frustrating as it can affect their independence and ability to perform everyday tasks. There are medicines,
therapies and surgery to help with osteoarthritis. People with osteoarthritis can lead a very fulfilling life when this
disease is treated correctly. Epithelial tissue helps protect your body from moisture loss, bacteria and internal injuries. A
very common disease you can get is asthma. Allergens may interact and injure bronchial epithelium which can lead to
long– term asthma. In asthma the epithelium loses its superficial layer and destruction of the ciliated cells. In patients
with severe

Columnar Connective Tissue
Tissues are groups of cells with a common structure and function. There are four main tissues in the body which are
epithelium, muscle, connective tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelium functions are It protects us from the outside world.
For example, the skin, absorbs the stomach and gut, filters the kidney, and forms glands traits. It closely attached to each
other forming a protective barrier, has no blood vessels but can soak up nutrients from blood vessels in connective tissue
underneath, can have lots of nerves in it, very good at regenerating for example fixing a sunburn or skinned knee. There
are different types of epithelium by shape and cell. The shapes are squamous, cuboidal, and columnar. By cell there is
simple and stratified epithelium. Connective tissue functions are it wraps around and cushions and protects organs, stores
nutrients, internal support for organs, as tendon and ligaments protects joints and attached muscles to bone and each
other, and runs through organ capsules and in deep layers of skin giving strength. The three elements of connective tissue
are ground substance, fibers, cells. There are two kinds of Connective Tissue: Loose Connective Tissue which has
Areolar Connective Tissue, Adipose Tissue, and Reticular Connective Tissue. And there is Dense Connective Tissue:
which has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The three types of Muscle Tissue are Smooth Muscle – organ walls and blood vessel walls, involuntary, spindle–shaped
cells for pushing things through organs, Skeletal Muscle, and Cardiac Muscle. Cardiac muscle is so named because it is
found in the heart. Cells are joined to one another by intercalated discs, which allow the synchronization of the heartbeat.
Skeletal muscle, which is attached to bones by tendons, is controlled by the peripheral nervous system and associated
with the body's voluntary

Tissue Injury In Horses
Horses that are used for professional showing or athletic competitions are inclined to receive an injury involving tendons
or ligaments, which can be career or life ending depending on the severity. The injured soft tissue usually has a poor
blood supply so they are prone to healing with scar tissue. This makes the healed area less elastic and decreases the
function of the tendon or ligament, and re–injury to the soft tissue increases. Another issue associated with soft tissue
injuries is the inflammation of a tendon called tendonitis that can be seen in 43% of horses returning to work (Alves AG,
Stewart AA, et al, 2011). Because of these issues regenerative therapy has been considered a more effective way to
stimulate healing for orthopedic injuries. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The focus of regenerative medicine is to the combine effects of a cell source, scaffold support, and anabolic stimulus to
enable healing to the damaged tissue. One of the options for a cell source would be tenocytes; however, this would leave
a lesion at the donor site from a biopsy, which cannot be done to a horse's flexor tendon without additional
consequences. Also, cells derived from different tendons show different characteristics compromising their effectiveness.
Another option for differentiated fibroblasts includes dermal and ligament fibroblasts, but they have different cell
characteristics that may not be useful in tendon repair. Therefore, stem cells are being seen as the greatest option for soft
tissue repairing and healing (Herthel

Development of Plant Tissue Culture
1. Contribution of both P.R White and E.C Cocking in development of plant tissue culture.
Philip White is an American scientist, he worked at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in Princeton, New
Jersey in 1930s. He created an experiment system, in order to study the metabolism in a completely undifferentiated
tissue, which all the cells are the same and exert a similar influences on one another. He defined plant tissue culture as a
system in which cells pleased two main requirements of remaining "undifferentiated yet capable of unlimited growth",
(White, 1939). Before this, the requirements are not being satisfied when growing plants parts, that been isolated from
the organism but it failed due to microbial contamination, not enough nutrient media, poor selection of tissue to culture
and many more reasons.
In 1934, White succeeded in growing a removed tomato root tips for possibly unrestrained period of time in a liquid
medium that contain inorganic salts, 2% of sucrose, and 0.01% yeast extract. In this experiment, he demonstrated a
"potentially unlimited growth", as the nutrient medium had supported the unrestrained growth of the root tips. But he
couldn't demonstrated, the second part of his definition on tissue culture as the root are not identical. White's objective of
the experiments are to study the metabolism in an undifferentiated tissue in which, all the cells are identical

Four Primary Tissues
1. The four primary tissues of the human body, epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue
functions as a covering or lining for the internal organs found throughout the body as skin, in the digestive tract
absorbing nutrients, and lining the inside of blood vessels. As a glandular tissue that excretes substances for waste or for
bodily uses of the exocrine/endocrine systems. Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue found in the body, ranging
from tendon and ligaments connecting bones together, bones for structural support. Muscular tissue provide movement
for the body, contracting muscles by reacting to stimulus, providing thermal regulation. Nervous tissue is found in the
brain, spinal cord, and peripheral ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Exocrine gland release substances through ducts or tubes that lead the external surface of the membrane, sweat glands,
saliva, or the gastrointestinal tract. Endocrine gland doesn't have any duct that lead to the surface, it diffuses its secretion
into the bloodstream.
4. Different types of muscles. Smooth muscle cells are shaped in spindles with single nucleus, have involuntary
movement through the body and do not have any striation. Smooth muscle can be found in digestive system, urinary
tract. Muscular cells are found as bundles, with striation and are multiple nucleus found along the membrane surface.
Cardiac muscle cells are only found in the heart, the cells short, branched with a centrally located, single nucleus and are
striated with intercalated disc found between to speed up the electrical conduct of the heart rhythm without external
stimulus.
5. There are two types of nervous system cells, they receive and send electrochemical responses to the body. Neuron
cells are the conducting cells of the nervous system. Neurons have a cell body with dendrites branching from the main
body, an axon which is the long tail that extends from the main body that is wrapped in myelin to create a protective
sheath around the axon that also helps speed the neurotransmissions. The glial cell is the supporting cells of the

What Is Microvilli-Epithelial Tissue Functions?
1. Microvilli– epithelial tissue, function is to increase surface area ( 472)
2. Brush boarder– The microvilli on the free surface of a epithelial cell (472)
3. Cilia– occur in some epithelial cell, such of those lining of trachea (472)
4. Simple squamous epithelium– occur as single layer of the flattened cells tightly held together ( 473)
5. Simple cuboidal epithelium– consist of single layer cubed–shaped ( 473)
6. Simple columnar epithelium– consist of single layer of long column–shaped( 473)
7. Goblet cell– In the intestines modified cell are interspersed in the columnar cell and secret mucus that protect and
lubricate the wall of the digestive system (473)
8. Pseudostratified ciliates columnar epithelium– when cilia are found on the free ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Elastic fibers– yellow in color, appear singly rather than in bundles but branch to form network. Elastic fibers contain the
protein elastin. These fibers give organ, such as skin, the ability to move stretch and contract. (477)
19. Leukocyte– includes five types of white blood cell WBCs (477)
20. Plasma cell– produce antibodies to destroy antigen (477)
21. Mast cell– produce histamine, a chemical that dilated small blood vessel during inflammation in addition to the
anticoagulant heparin (477)
22. Chondrocytes– cartilage cell are embedded in small cavities within the matrix (478)
23. Lacunae– chondrocytes small cavities (478)
24. Bone tissues or osseous tissue– is a hard connective tissue that consist of living cells dispersed in an organic and
mineral matrix, the organic portion of the matrix contain collagen fibers and other organic molecules. The mineral part
contain contain tricalcium phosphate crystal call hydroxyapatite and calcium carbonate (478)
25. Spongy bone– has space between the plate ( trabeculae) bone, some of them are filled with red bone marrow example
the strenum, rib, hip bones, and hear the end of the long bones in production of red blood cell. Sponge bones make up
most of the bone tissue flat, short, and irregular bones

Tissues and Cell Structures
Tissues are groupings of cells with similar functions. There are four main kinds of human tissues: Muscle Tissue
Muscular tissue is made up of cells that have sliding protein (actin, a globular protein, and myosin) filaments. As these
filaments slide over each other, they cause the cell to contract. Cells are arranged in cables within cables, twined around
each other, so that when a muscle contracts, it is actually millions of cells contracting synchronously. There are three
types of muscle tissue; cardiac muscle that operates in the heart; skeletal muscle which is used for locomotion (among
other functions) and is found all over the body; and smooth muscle which is found in a variety of organs (such as the
stomach and bladder) and in blood vessels. Smooth muscle also causes our hair to stand on end.
Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissue makes up the brain and nervous system. It is used to transmit information around the body for a huge
variety of tasks (for example, controlling muscles). Apart from in the brain, it is also found in the spine and in sensory
organs such as the eyes. It is made up of cells called neurons which transmit electric–chemical signals around the body
and centrally to the brain. For example, when we feel pain in our finger, it is caused by sensory input to the nerve cells in
the finger, which transmit an electric impulse to the brain. The brain then "translates" this impulse into what we call pain.
Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial tissue, among other things,

Soft Tissue Repair Case Study
Soft Tissue Repair Case Study: The Four Phase of Soft Tissue Healing and Therapeutic Interventions that can be used to
Aid Progression of Repair.
In this essay we will discuss the four different phases of the soft tissue healing process and also explain all the
components of each particular phase and how it functions. This will also include sport therapeutic interventions that may
contribute to the healing process and that may maximise healing of soft tissue.
First Phase – Bleeding
This particular phase is immediate and depending on the vascularity of the tissue that is damaged although it only
happens during the first few hours as demonstrated by (Watson, 2006) in this illustration of the length of each phase. >
The bleeding occurs following trauma to the tissue this could be an overload of a tissue or even external force. One of
the bodies first initial haemodynamic responses to bleeding is vasoconstriction which narrows the blood vessels causing
decreased blood velocity, in 2008 (Watson) states that this is due to the release of noradrenaline(norepinephrine); the
reaction last lasts only a few seconds to a minute. It is also explained by (Terkeltaub & Ginsberg, 1988) that both
lymphatic and blood vessels are plugged to limit any fluid loss and platelet, aggregation is stimulated by the presence of
thrombin. Vasoconstriction responds primarily to haemostasis which is a response to prevent blood loss and a platelet
plug is formed to support the prevention of excessive

Epithelial Tissue Tour Report

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