It's knowledge about chemistry and helpful for science student

1. Hole’s Human Anatomy
and Physiology
12th Edition
Chapter 2, pp. 51-55
Introduction to Chemistry, part I
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-1

2. Chemical Basis of Life
Why study chemistry in an
Anatomy and Physiology class?
2-2

3. Matter
•takes up space + has weight
• solids, liquids and gases
•atom = smallest stable unit of matter
• different types of atoms form from different
elements
2-3

4. Elements
•92 naturally occurring elements
•additional created by man
•form all matter, both living and non-living
•26 elements found in humans
•each type of element is composed of chemically
identical atoms
• an atom is the smallest particle of an element
2-3

5. http://www.corrosionsource.com/handbook/periodic/periodic_table.gif

7. Atomic Structure
Atoms - composed of
subatomic particles:
• protons
• + charge
• mass = 1
• neutrons
• no charge
• mass = 1
• electrons
• charge
• almost 0 mass
2-4

8. Atomic Structure
Nucleus
• dense center of atom
• protons and neutrons
Orbiting the Nucleus
• electron cloud
• can remove or add
electrons to create ions
•ion = charged atom
•atom = electrically neutral
2-4

9. COMPARISON OF SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES
Location Charge Mass Can transfer from one
atom to another?
Proton
Neutron
Electrons
An _____ has # protons = # electrons.
A) ion C) both A & B are correct
B) atom D) neither A nor B are correct
If an atom loses or gains an electron, is it electrically
neutral? What is it then named?

10. Atomic Weight
 Atomic Weight
 # protons + # neutrons
 electrons do not contribute weight
 Ex. oxygen has 8 protons and 8 neutrons
 Atomic weight = O16

11. Isotopes
 atoms have same number of protons but a
different number of neutrons
 same atomic number, different atomic weight
 ex. oxygen forms isotopes (O16, O17, O18)
 same element!
 How many protons in O16? O17? O18? How many
neutrons?
 unstable isotopes are radioactive and emit energy
– used in medicine and research

12. Atomic Number Determines the Element
Atomic Number
• # protons
• each element has a unique atomic number
• will the number of protons in an atom also determine how
many electrons there are in an atom?
•f an atom has 9 protons, how many electrons will it have?
2-5

13. Electrons
• found in electron shells (energy shells)
• each shell holds a limited number of electrons
• 1st shell holds up to 2 electrons
• 2nd shell holds up to 8 electrons
• 3rd shell holds up to 8 electrons
• lower shells are filled first
• outermost shell is known as the “valence” shell
• a full valence shell  stable atom (unreactive)
• unstable atoms will react with each other to form stable
compounds or molecules
•Will an unstable atom have a full valence shell?
2-8
“Octet rule”

14. Fill in the blanks for
H, C and Na
____ _____ ____ ____ ____
____ _____ ____ ____ ____
____ _____ ____ ____ ____

15. Molecules and Compounds
Molecule –when two or more atoms chemically
combine
Compound –when two or more atoms of different
elements chemically combine in defined proportions.
Molecular formulas – elements present and the
number of each atom present in the molecule
H2 C6H12O6 H2O
2-7

16. Concept Review
1. Which particle of the atom: 2
- can transfer from one atom to another?
- creates isotopes?
- has almost no mass?
- gives the atom its properties?
2. Which of the following are “stable” atoms?
3. What do you think will happen to each of the non-
stable atoms below?