The document discusses the history of photography and science from the 19th century to early 20th century. It covers topics like Muybridge using photography to study animal and human motion, the development of color photography and photographic materials, scientific surveys in America, the growth of professionalism in science, and the emphasis on practical inventions and commercial applications of science. It also summarizes figures like Eadweard Muybridge who pioneered motion photography, Etienne-Marey who also studied motion, Taylor who advocated scientific management of workers, and Gilbreth's time motion studies of workers.
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Lecture OCT 22
1. Photography and science depicting clearly events beyond the scope of human vision what was true often could not be seen Muybridge: supplementing the inadequacy of human vision
2. Science in America The Enlightenment driving eighteenth century science A rational order and inherent logic within Nature A dalliance of the upper classes Science built upon patronage Science as a means of social acceptance as a gentleman Charles Wilson Peale and the Museum of Natural History, Philadelphia [1786] An effort in public education
3. American Science in the Nineteenth Century Government-sponsored scientific surveys serving quasi-military and commercial ends Clarence King and the Geological Survey of the 40th Parallel leading to the permanent establishment of the USGS in the Department of the Interior Introduction of the sciences in American higher education Yale establishing a school of sciences in the 1850’s Growth of professionalism and professional societies
4. American emphasis on laboratory sciences rather than theoretical science in the late 19th century Thomas A. Edison and the emphasis upon R&D in American commerce A string of practical inventions: the automobile, airplane, electrification, radios, vacuum cleaners, and refrigerators Science moved from the study of nature as a way of knowing God to a rational, efficient activity aimed at the increase of wealth and commercial power A means of solving problems in American society Split between science and religion finalized in the Scopes trial [1925]
5. Improved color sensitivity of films the development of orthochromatic and panchromatic films extending the color sensitivity beyond the blue portion of the visible spectrum improved and more accurate rendering of tonalities the Autochrome: the first readily available and successful color materials
6. Improved photographic materials and commercial standardization the dry plate [1878] freeing the photographer from emulsion preparation and immediate development 10x the sensitivity of the wet plate translating into shorter exposures glass support giving way to the flexible support of celluloid development of standardized products
7. p Wilson, George Washington Scottish (1823-1893) TITLE ON OBJECT: High Street, Rochester
8. The graphical display of complex information Minard, C. J. Carte figurative et approximative représentant pour l'année 1858 les émigrants du globe. lith. (685 x 508), 26 September 1862.
9. Charles Joseph Minard. Carte figurative des pertes successives en hommes de l'armée qu'Annibal conduisit d'Espagne en Italie en traversant les Gaules (selon Polybe). Carte figurative des pertes successives en hommes de l'armée française dans la campagne de Russie, 1812-1813. lith. (624 x 207, 624 x 245), 20 November 1869.
35. Frederick W. Taylor [1856-1915] Rise from laborer to supervisor at Philadelphia’s Midvale Steel As supervisor, confronted with resistance, inefficiency, and limited output by skilled laborers Highly disciplined scientific study to address knowledge deficit of managers compared to skilled workers Result: improved materials/machinery, increased output
36. The Principles of Scientific Management [1911] A vision of the rational control of all human activity/existence Search for greater efficiency and standardization of process: “best practice” time and motion studies Incentive: higher wages tied to increased output The rise of managers in charge of planning and direction of work flows rather than the skilled workers Management consulting, industrial engineering, ergonomics, and industrial psychology Office and domestic management
37. Taylorism According to Taylor, workers performing at only one-third of full potential The idea of “a full day’s work:” maximum amount produced with a constant pace without detriment to the worker’s health Detailed division of labor, specific task instruction, close supervision, and incentive structure Knowledge of the skilled worker to be passed to the manager, rationalized, and retaught to the workers Removal of all unnecessary motion
43. Gilbreth’s bricklayer Precise positioning of mason, mortar, and the wall Introduction of new technology: adjustable scaffolds Creation of two low skilled jobs: brick sorter and mortar mixer The mason’s 18 movements reduced to 2-5 movements The downside: Extreme control of the worker Reduction in the worker’s autonomy and creativity Deskilling of workers
![Science in America The Enlightenment driving eighteenth century science A rational order and inherent logic within Nature A dalliance of the upper classes Science built upon patronage Science as a means of social acceptance as a gentleman Charles Wilson Peale and the Museum of Natural History, Philadelphia [1786] An effort in public education](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)