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A History of Games  from Dice to Computers Roger Smith US Army PEO STRI [email_address] http://www.peostri.army.mil/CTO Approved for Public Release.  Security and OPSEC Review Completed: No Issues. Defense GameTech Users’ Conference 10-11 March 2009, Orlando, FL
Computer “Killer Apps” Spreadsheet Word Processor E-Mail Web Browser 3D Game Engine
Industries Adopting Game Tech Military Medicine Emergency Mgt City Plan Engineering Religion Space Explore Machinima Politics
Outline ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Research The stack grew to twice this big.  Plus many web sites.
1970 Serious Games Definition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
2005 Serious Games Definition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
But how did we get here?
Ancient Games ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Dice, 3000BC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Senet, 3000BC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Royal Game of Ur, 2600BC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],* Indicates historical opinion. No direct evidence available.
Backgammon, 2500BC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Liubo, 1500BC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mancala, 1400BC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Dominoes, 800AD ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mahjong, 1850AD ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Board Games ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Wei Hai, 3000BC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Go, 2300BC
Chaturanga, 500BC
Xiangqi, 200BC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Chess, 500AD ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Shogi, 570AD ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pachisi, 1600AD  ,[object Object],[object Object]
Jigsaw Puzzles, 1760AD ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mansion of Happiness, 1843 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Monopoly, 1936 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Scrabble, 1938 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Family Board Games, 1920+ ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],© Copyright Hasbro Inc.
TSR Dungeons & Dragons, 1973 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],© Copyright Hasbro Inc.
Magic: The Gathering, 1993 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],© Copyright Wizards of the Coast
Military Games ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Wargaming in the Dirt
Pakistani Sand Table Khyber Pass Command Bunker
Koenigspiel, 1664 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
War Chess, 1780 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Military School Wargame, 1797 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Kriegsspiels, 1811 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The American Kriegsspiel, 1879 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Naval War College, 1886 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Naval War College, 1900s 1895 1914 1947
Birth of Miniature Games, 1903 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lanchester Equations, 1912 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Fredrick William Lanchester
Lanchester Equations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],= -k d A dt dD = -k a D dt dA = -k d AD dt dD = -k a DA dt dA = -k d A t D t dt dD = -k a D r A s dt dA
German Schlactenspiel, 1920’s ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Political-Military Gaming, 1929 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Soviet Kriegsspiel, 1933 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Japanese Wargaming, 1941 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Charles Roberts, 1952 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Wargame Components
Break 10 Minutes
First Computer Wargames, 1948 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Univac I Army Operations Research Office  at Johns Hopkins University
US Wargames in Cartoons, 1958 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Steve Canyon , by Milton Caniff
Game Theory, 1943 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],A B A  39 30 B  24 42 Attack Defend  A B A  15 24 B  30 12
Monte Carlo Method, 1949 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Defense & Hobby Crossover, 1974 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Janus, 1978 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Naval Warfare Gaming System, 1985
Warfare Model Evolution JTC JSIMS MTM GRWSIM WES NWISS RESA BGTT Maritime JSIMS ADSIM AWSIM AWSIM/R NASM TWSEAS MTWS Maritime+ WARSIM POSTOAK TACSIM WIM NWGS ENWGS ENWGS  4.0 CSSTSS 1 CSSTSS 2 WARSIM JTLS JESS CBS WARSIM NSAT NWARS NESS NATSIM SITM/ SETM MTWS 2 JANUS JCM JCATS NWARS NG AWSIM 2 JLCCTC
ModSAF, 1990’s ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Electronic Games ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pinball, 1871
Spacewar!, 1961 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pong, 1972 © Copyright Atari
Home Game Consoles, 1972 Magnavox Odyssey, 1972 Atari 2600, 1983 Nintendo Entertainment System, 1984 Super NES, 1991 Sega Genesis, 1989 Sega Saturn, 1994 Sony Playstation, 1995 Nintendo 64, 1996 Sega Dreamcast, 1998 Playstation 2, 2000 Game Cube, 2001 Microsoft X-Box, 2001 X-Box 360, 2005 Playstation 3, 2006 Nintendo Wii, 2006
Multi User Dungeon, 1978
Wargames…the Movie, 1983 WOPR Computer Global Thermo-Nuclear War © Copyright Metro-Goldwyn Meyer
Battle Tech Arcade, 1990  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],© Copyright Virtual Worlds Entertainment
Wolfenstein 3D, 1994 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],© Copyright id Software
Real-Time Strategy, 1995 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],© Copyright Westwood Studios
Panzer General, 1996 ,[object Object],[object Object],© Copyright SSI Software
MMORPG, 1997 © Copyright Origin Entertainment © Copyright Blizzard Entertainment © Copyright Sony Entertainment Ultima Online WoW Everquest
Virtual Worlds, 1997 Active Worlds There.com The Sims Online Second Life
Team Fortress, 1999 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],© Copyright Valve Software
Fleet Command, 1999 ,[object Object]
Family Flight Simulation, 1990s
Serious Games ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
SGI Flight, 1983 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Harpoon, 1989 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Marine DOOM, 1996 Google Video: Marine Doom (not YouTube) http://video.google.com/videosearch?q=marine+doom&emb=0&aq=f#
Spearhead, 1998 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Americas Army, 2002 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
DARWARS AMBUSH, 2003 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
DARWARS Tactical Iraqi, 2003 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Full Spectrum Warrior, 2004 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
VBS2/Game After Ambush, 2009 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Serious Games Showcase & Challenge ,[object Object],[object Object],2006 2007 2008 2009
2008 SGS&C Winners Government: Geo Commander Student: Age of Ecology Small Business & Overall: Burn Center People’s Choice: Direct Action
Star Trek Holodeck, 2600AD © Copyright Paramont Pictures
References via Wikipedia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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History of Games: From Dice to Computers

  • 1. A History of Games from Dice to Computers Roger Smith US Army PEO STRI [email_address] http://www.peostri.army.mil/CTO Approved for Public Release. Security and OPSEC Review Completed: No Issues. Defense GameTech Users’ Conference 10-11 March 2009, Orlando, FL
  • 2. Computer “Killer Apps” Spreadsheet Word Processor E-Mail Web Browser 3D Game Engine
  • 3. Industries Adopting Game Tech Military Medicine Emergency Mgt City Plan Engineering Religion Space Explore Machinima Politics
  • 4.
  • 5. Research The stack grew to twice this big. Plus many web sites.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8. But how did we get here?
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 35. Pakistani Sand Table Khyber Pass Command Bunker
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42. Naval War College, 1900s 1895 1914 1947
  • 43.
  • 44.
  • 45.
  • 46.
  • 47.
  • 48.
  • 49.
  • 50.
  • 53.
  • 54.
  • 55.
  • 56.
  • 57.
  • 58.
  • 59. Naval Warfare Gaming System, 1985
  • 60. Warfare Model Evolution JTC JSIMS MTM GRWSIM WES NWISS RESA BGTT Maritime JSIMS ADSIM AWSIM AWSIM/R NASM TWSEAS MTWS Maritime+ WARSIM POSTOAK TACSIM WIM NWGS ENWGS ENWGS 4.0 CSSTSS 1 CSSTSS 2 WARSIM JTLS JESS CBS WARSIM NSAT NWARS NESS NATSIM SITM/ SETM MTWS 2 JANUS JCM JCATS NWARS NG AWSIM 2 JLCCTC
  • 61.
  • 62.
  • 64.
  • 65. Pong, 1972 © Copyright Atari
  • 66. Home Game Consoles, 1972 Magnavox Odyssey, 1972 Atari 2600, 1983 Nintendo Entertainment System, 1984 Super NES, 1991 Sega Genesis, 1989 Sega Saturn, 1994 Sony Playstation, 1995 Nintendo 64, 1996 Sega Dreamcast, 1998 Playstation 2, 2000 Game Cube, 2001 Microsoft X-Box, 2001 X-Box 360, 2005 Playstation 3, 2006 Nintendo Wii, 2006
  • 68. Wargames…the Movie, 1983 WOPR Computer Global Thermo-Nuclear War © Copyright Metro-Goldwyn Meyer
  • 69.
  • 70.
  • 71.
  • 72.
  • 73. MMORPG, 1997 © Copyright Origin Entertainment © Copyright Blizzard Entertainment © Copyright Sony Entertainment Ultima Online WoW Everquest
  • 74. Virtual Worlds, 1997 Active Worlds There.com The Sims Online Second Life
  • 75.
  • 76.
  • 78.
  • 79.
  • 80.
  • 81. Marine DOOM, 1996 Google Video: Marine Doom (not YouTube) http://video.google.com/videosearch?q=marine+doom&emb=0&aq=f#
  • 82.
  • 83.
  • 84.
  • 85.
  • 86.
  • 87.
  • 88.
  • 89. 2008 SGS&C Winners Government: Geo Commander Student: Age of Ecology Small Business & Overall: Burn Center People’s Choice: Direct Action
  • 90. Star Trek Holodeck, 2600AD © Copyright Paramont Pictures
  • 91.

Editor's Notes

  1. This is just one history of games. It is distinctly focused on building a story that arrives at the emergence of serious games in the 1990’s and early 2000’s, and in particular their use in the military. The slides have been released publicly to serve as a resource for telling this story and for improving it by the contributions and reuse by many authors.