The humanities through the artstenth editionlee a. jacobus

1. The Humanities
Through the Arts
Tenth Edition
Lee A. Jacobus │ F. David Martin
(NOTE: Pay particular attention to terms in italicized red font)
©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only
for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further
distribution permitted without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
1
Chapter 9
Music
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2
Introduction
Hearers do not analyze music, just recognize and appreciate a
good tune.
They concentrate on associations evoked by music, not by music
itself.
Listeners concentrate on form, details, and structure.
Concerned with those details that inform the hearer.

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3
Elements of Music, 1
Tone: sound with one definite frequency
Consonance: sounds coming together to appear pleasing
Dissonance: sounds coming together which seem unpleasant
Rhythm: accents and stresses of notes
Tempo: speed of sounds
Fig. 9-1. Notes of the piano keyboard
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Elements of Music, 2
Melodic material
Melodic line: vague melody
Theme: melody that undergoes significant modifications in later
passages
Motive: powerful but small fragment of a theme (like the first
four notes of Beethoven’s Symphony No. 5).
Counterpoint: playing multiple melodies against each other
Harmony: notes played simultaneously
Dynamics: loudness or softness
Contrast: use of different instruments, tempos, dynamics
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3. The Subject Matter of Music:
Feelings and Sound
Feelings
Emotions: strong sensations
Passions: intense emotions
Moods: can arise from no apparent stimulus
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Sound and Tonal Center
Sound
Can be subject matter much as color can be subject matter for a
painting
Tonal relationships in music are different from nonmusical
tones
Tonal Center
A melody written mainly in one scale is said to be in that key
(the “key of F,” for example).
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Musical Structures
Theme and variation: clear statement of theme that is then
varied
Rondo: The main tune at the beginning is repeated after each of
the other melodies.

4. Fugue: specialized structure of counterpoint (17th and 18th
centuries)
Sonata form: movement with three major sections; ideal for
revealing the resources of melodic material (18th century).
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Symphony
One of the highest developments in history of Western music
Implies “sounding together”
Depends upon thematic development
Movements are flexible
Tempo can vary between movements
Fig. 9-6. The BBC Symphony Orchestra
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Blues and Jazz
Blues developed in African American communities of the South,
particularly the Mississippi Delta region.
“Blue” notes (sharps and flats) gave the music a soulful feeling.
Jazz began in New Orleans, then moved up to Chicago.
Blue notes, playful counterpoint, and improvisation all
characterize jazz.
Fig. 9-17. Louis Armstrong and his band

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Blues and Rock and Roll
Rock and roll has its roots in R&B (rhythm and blues).
Rock and jazz are countercultural art forms, often having sex as
subject matter.
Les Paul popularized the Gibson solid-body electric guitar, a
critical instrument for rock.
The Rolling Stones, as well as other rock groups, began writing
their own music instead of performing music written by others.
Fig. 9-20. Mick Jagger and Keith Richards of the Rolling
Stones.
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Wrap-Up of the Chapter:
Terms to Remember
Terms
Hearers
Listeners
Tone
Consonance
Dissonance
Rhythm
Tempo
Melodic line
Theme

6. Terms
Motive
Counterpoint
Harmony
Dynamics
Contrast
Sound
Tonal Center
Key
Terms
Theme
Variation
Rondo
Fugue
Sonata form
Symphony
Blues
Rock and roll
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1
Running Head: ENGLISH RESEARCH TOPICS
5
ENGLISH RESEARCH TOPICS
:
English Research Topics

7. English Research Topics.
The first topic of interest to be researched in this case is
language and advertising. This language and advertising issue
are the most common in the recent world because of increased
business adverts. This means that language is being used mostly
when it comes to adverts. This brings in the main motive of
what is being researched in this case when it comes to language
and advert. So the main thing that is being in this paper is the
issue of how the language is being used in advertising. Since
most people usually do use bad languages when it comes to
research.
The reasons this research topic has been selected are so many.
The first reason has been mentioned above about the issue of
advertising. Over the past recent years, social media has
increased when advertising has increased. This is alarming
because children are also engaged in social media. When
adverts that are using offensive languages are being advertised
on social media, it will be misleading to them. (Website Design
Warwick | Digital Marketing Warwick | Formation Media,
2021). Another issue is that when the language that is not
grammatically correct is being used in adverts, it will also mean
that most people will be affected and start using grammatically
wrong languages.
The people or rather the participants involved in this topic are a
few people from the media, or rather the media personnel. This
is because these are the people that come up with the adverts.
Another group of participants will be the people who are
watching the adverts. These are the people who are being by

8. everything in the adverts, including the languages used in the
adverts, which means that they should be able to give their view
on how languages and adverts affect them. After the research,
the thing that should be done is to try and change the languages
being used in adverts.
The second topic of interest to be discussed is language and
community as a topic. Language is an essential factor when it
comes to our daily leaving. Without language, then it won't be
easy to pass communication between each other. Language is
the main thing that brings or rather builds a community together
in everything that they do. The same language can also be used
to create trouble between communities. (The Importance of
Language for Your Community - Higher Logic, 2021).
Language can also be defined as the main principle method of
human communication, or rather the communication is the only
thing that makes communication between each other possible.
The language can either be conveyed through writing or even
speaking or rather talking inform of speech.
The main motive for the research on language and community,
in this case, was first to explain or rather find the evidence on
how the language helps people in the community in a very big
way. Though it is already evident that language helps every
community is really of great help, it is also still very important
to bring out all the importance. In this way, people will be able
to understand and respect language. Another main motive for
the research on language and community is that people should
start using respectful language within the community. Doing
this will promote respect between people in a community in
terms of language. This will be possible since the research will
be able to identify the respectful language that will be sued by
everyone in the community.
The main participants for this topic will generally be everyone
willing to participate in the community. These people will be
able to be administered questionnaires containing everything
about language and community. Once this is done, the research
will be able to develop the best language to be used within a

9. specific community.
The third topic of interest that should be researched is the topic
of language and cultural identity. Yes, different cultures have
indeed got their own to be easily identified with. These cultures
with different languages are so many, and each culture should
be able to identify their members, mostly using the language
they speak in that particular culture. This can sometimes bring
problems and even fights between cultures because of the same
words in a language between different cultures. Still, they all
carry different meanings, which brings out the misunderstanding
between all these different cultures.
The main motive or rather the first reason why this topic of
language and culture is of priority in this research is that there
is a very big need to find if language can identify one culture
most effectively truly. Another main motive of the research was
to find out all the similar words between different communities.
Once that was done, each culture will define the words and see
if they mean something offensive among different cultures. (The
Relationship between Language and Culture Defined, 2021).
This way, the issue of misunderstandings within cultures will be
avoided. The main participants of this research will first be
individuals from different cultures. This person will give the
required information regarding their cultures once needed. The
other group of participants will be random people from the
streets who are willing to participate. This person will speak
any language that they know. After they are identified in their
cultures according to the language, they will see if it’s accurate.
Finally, after this topic, the main topic that I will continue with
for the rest of the term is dealing with language and culture.
This particular topic has been selected because the topic has got
several contents to be researched on, and it is quite interesting.
There is also a big need in the community to be researched.
Reference
Formation Media. 2021. Website Design Warwick | Digital

10. Marketing Warwick | Formation Media. [online] Available at:
<https://formationmedia.co.uk/blog/language-in-advertising-
understanding-its-use/> [Accessed 17 January 2021].
Higher Logic. 2021. The Importance Of Language For Your
Community - Higher Logic. [online] Available at:
<https://www.higherlogic.com/blog/the-importance-of-
language-for-your-
community/#:~:text=Developing%20a%20shared%20language%
20builds,community%20behavior%20with%20positive%20langu
age.> [Accessed 17 January 2021].
Day Translations Blog. 2021. The Relationship Between
Language And Culture Defined. [online] Available at:
<https://www.daytranslations.com/blog/language-and-
culture/#:~:text=Language%20and%20culture%20are%20intertw
ined,without%20accessing%20its%20language%20directly.>
[Accessed 17 January 2021].
Research and Report Writing
In the previous class assessment, I chose language and culture
as the research area I would like to do. Language and culture
are an area of interest. As I had discussed earlier, language and
culture are two different things. Language is a method/
principal that human beings use during communication. Culture
is basically the norms and customs of a particular group of
people or a society. Language is one of the elements in a
culture. The connection language and culture are intertwined.
Language is a key thing in distinguishing a particular group of
people. Language is also the key point of accessing any other
culture. If you start learning another language, it means that you
are getting attached to that particular culture.
The main objective of this paper is to find out the relationship
between culture and language. There are different types of

11. relationships between the both. According to (Kim, 2018) There
are different types of communication within a culture or rather
the society. One of the languages is the paralanguage.
Paralanguage is a “non-lexical component of communication by
speech. Examples are intonation, pitch and speed of speaking,
hesitation noises, gestures and facial expressions. In each
culture/ community, they have the basic gestures they make. All
these gestures have a meaning”. This is according to Oxford
dictionary.
You may find cases where different cultures have the same
gesture but the meaning is different. We learn all these gestures,
expressions and intonations from the people we grow up
together. The language is a one unifying tool in all the cultures.
As I said earlier, the paralanguage varies in different cultures.
You may find gesture that in a particular community it
welcomes people while in another community the same gesture
language causes misunderstandings. This may even cause to rise
of ethnic groups.
According to (Sharifan,2014) paralanguage includes the speed
of speaking, intonations and so many other factors as I had
discussed, if a person is bilingual, that is speaks more than one
language, the person must have noticed the difference between
the two languages. You will notice changes in the speed at
which you are talking. Some language uses a high speed while
others are just neutral. According to (Swiderski, 2013) There
are those languages that even if you don’t understand, you feel
the speed at which the people talk. Such language is not easier
to learn if you are from a different culture. There is then the
language whose speed is just neutral. These languages are easier
to learn and understand Sharifan Explains.
There is a homologous connection between the language and
culture. This has led to the phrase; “language is culture and
culture is language”. This is according to Swiderski, Language
and culture developed a very long time ago. They were
developed even before people could learn how to write. The

12. connection between language and culture is so strong in that if
you don’t know one you can’t know the other. In a wide sense,
to learn the customs of the other culture one must learn and
understand the language of that particular culture. Without
knowing the language, one cannot understand culture. The
relationship is vice versa. Knowing the customs of a culture
without learning their language is senseless. Both language and
culture have a very strong bond between them.
According to (Jiang, 2020) Language and culture have different
effects on how think. Taking a look at a person who was born in
Germany and grew up there, this particular person has different
perceptions of other languages. German person will not think
the same as a Chinese person. The thinking process of these two
persons is affected by the culture.
Contrary to what Jiang had said (Battiste,2020) believes that the
views of a person towards other culture are not impacted by
how we think. Most of the times, the differences are brought
about by the various practices within the culture. Both are from
different culture and view things differently. According to Jiang
Just as the language affects the thinking process, the same way
culture affects the way you perceive your surroundings.
Nowadays the intercultural religions are affected by the
language of different people. This is according to (Hojjier,
2016). Unlike the olden days when transport was not so much
developed, nowadays, people can leave their homes and travel
to different cultures for vacation or even short term stay. People
who go to visit other countries find people who are using
different language from them. The concept behind language and
culture reveals itself in this case.
This case shows how a foreigner may have difficulties trying to
communicate with the people around them. According to
(Kramsch, 2014) the two people will experience
miscommunication as no one understands the other. Though
they may use gestures, remember as I had said earlier, gestures
have different meaning in different culture.

13. The transmission mode of both language and culture is the
same. According to (Elmes, 2017) language is transmitted to a
person on their birth. Although these kids are not able to talk,
they can learn the gestures from the people near them. As they
grow up, they learn their first language from their guardians and
the people near them. They are then taken to classes where they
are taught the deep language of their society.
Just the same way, culture is not taught to the people and also
the people learn the basic customs from the people near them.
In short, we would say, both culture and language are inherited.
Born ids need not be taught the basic customs and practices of a
society because they can see what the people are doing and
copy.
Language sometimes may differ from people in the same area.
This is impacted by social, geographical and functional factors.
This is according to (Shanahan, 2017) Geographical differences
may arise in the area. For example, people form the east may
not have the same language from the people in the western who
are in the same geographical area. Some of the social
differences that impact languages are age, gender, and
occupation. It is so common that youths have their language
which differ from the aged people in the same areas.
The male gender may also have their language which the female
gender will not understand. These are just but a few factors that
affect language. Despite the differences that arise from the
language used by the people, culture unifies all these people.
The people are in the same area and therefore they share the
same cultural practices and believes. Culture is a unifying
subject amongst all the people of the same cultural area.
In conclusion, in a research conducted on Iran and USA,
Hoffman said that Culture and language are the basic and
common part of our living. There may be so many differences
that exist amongst people due to their personalities and
identities but culture unites us all. The Language we share

14. amongst ourselves also unites us.
References
Battiste, M. (2020). Language and culture in modern society.
Reclaiming Indigenous voice and vision, 192-208.
Elmes, D. (2017). The relationship between language and
culture. Annals of Fitness and Sports Sciences, 46(3), 11-18.
Hoffman, D. M. (1989). Language and culture acquisition
among Iranians in the United States. Anthropology & Education
Quarterly, 20(2), 118-132.
Hoijer, H. E. (2016). Language in culture; conference on the
interrelations of language and other aspects of culture.
Jiang, W. (2020). The relationship between culture and
language. ELT journal, 54(4), 328-334.
Kim, L. S. (2018). Exploring the relationship between language,
culture and identity. GEMA Online® Journal of Language
Studies, 3(2).
Kramsch, C. (2014). Language and culture. AILA review, 27(1),
30-55.
Shanahan, D. (2017). Articulating the relationship between
language, literature, and culture: Toward a new agenda for
foreign language teaching and research. The Modern Language
Journal, 81(2), 164-174.
Sharifian, F. (Ed.). (2014). The Routledge handbook of
language and culture. Routledge.
Swiderski, R. M. (1993). Teaching Language, Learning Culture.