This document summarizes changes in agricultural productivity in transition economies. It discusses how agricultural output and productivity dramatically changed in Central and Eastern European countries and the former Soviet Union after the fall of communism in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Initially, market reforms caused a strong decline in agricultural output of 20-50% across countries as input subsidies were cut and output prices decreased. However, productivity, measured by output per worker, increased in Central Europe as many workers left agriculture. Productivity declined more in other regions where fewer workers exited farming. By the late 1990s and 2000s, agricultural output and productivity recovered in most countries as markets and private farming developed further.

1. AGRI MECHAGRI MECH
VOL I | ISSUE 5 | SEPT 2015RNI No. HARENG00941RNI No. HARENG00941
Agricultural mechanization in Peru
By Shimon Horovitz / Agronomist
The rice you trust
By A S Subbarao
Robot farming system in Japan
By Noboru Noguchi - Hokkaido Univ,
(YOUR FARM TECHNOLOGY NAVIGATOR)

2. 05

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4. ContentsContents
06
11
16
17
18
25
27
31
34
Agricultural Productivity in Transition
Economies
Agricultural technology to feed the
world
The Future of Agriculture:
Smart Farming
Agriculture: The Hi: Tech way to farm
Low input production systems: innovation
in mechanization for food security
Crop Scouting: Precision Technology
Uses in Crop Scouting
Agricultural mechanization:
Development of civilization
Agricultural mechaniza on in Peru
36
19 Vision for Tomorrow Requires Solutions
Today 48
Farm of the future
21 50Farm Equipment Safety: Recognizing and
Understanding the Hazards
The Rice You Trust
TAFE Launches ‘Be a FarmDost’ initiative to
recognize farmers
AGCO & Precision Planting agree to bring
Precision Planting Technology to White Planters

5. Editorial Committee
Dr Gyanendra Singh
M.Tech , Ph.D
Member Task Force Committee (Agriculture),
Government of Madhya Pradesh
Member Academic Council, JNKVV, Jabalpur
Dr Shimon Horovitz Roberto
B.Sc. Agronomy
Consultant - Open fields and greenhouses
Jerusalem, Israel
Dr. Joginder Singh Malik
Professor of Extension Education
CCS Haryana Agricultural University
Hisar-125 004 (Haryana) INDIA
Dr. Ghanshyam T. Patle
Assistant Professor
College of Agricultural Engineering
& Post Harvest Technology
Central Agricultural University, Imphal
Manipur (INDIA)
Dr. Said Elshahat Abdallah
Associate Professor
Agricultural Process Engineering
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh Univ.
Kafr Elsheikh 33516, Egypt
DOUGLAS AYIREBIDE ALEKIBA
Production Supervisor
Mim Cashew and Agricultural Products Ltd.,
Mim – Brong Ahafo,
Ghana
Yash Agrawal
Business Development Associate
BIS Research
A. S. SUBBARAO
Sr.Manager - Agronomy
SBU - South
Agronomy Department
NETAFIM, India

6. countries.
ChangesinAgriculturalOutput
In the first years of transi on, gross
agricultural output decreased in all
countries by at least 20%. The
transi on from a centrally planned
economy to a market orientated
economy coincided in all countries
w i t h s u bs i d y c u t s a n d p r i c e
liberaliza on, which in general caused
input prices to increase and output
p r i c e s t o
d e c r e a s e .
P u r c h a s e d
inputs were
n o l o n g e r
affordable at
t h e n e w
rela ve prices
a n d t h e
decrease in
i n p u t u s e
c a u s e d a
decrease in
agricultural
output.
In the Bal c
states and the European C I S
agriculturaloutputdecreasedtoabout
50% to 60% of the pre-reform output.
In Central Europe and Central Asia,
output declined by 25% to 30%.
Output stabilized and started to
recover in the mid of 1990s in Central
Contact :
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Mobile : 09323039797
Email : heatgun@vsnl.com
06
Europe and later
i n t h e o t h e r
r e g i o n s .
C u r r e n t l y
a g r i c u l t u r a l
output is close to
the pre-reform
output level in
mostcountries.
ChangesinAgriculturalProduc vity
Despite a decrease in agricultural
output in total, output per worker in
Central Europe strongly increased
during the past two decades. This
increase was driven by the drama c
decrease in agricultural employment
in the first years of transi on from
centrally planned to more market-
oriented economies. As output
stabilized at the end of the 1990s and
agricultural employment con nued to
decline, the increase in A L P
con nued.PictureIn the Balkan
countries the agricultural sector acted
as a social buffer and absorbed rural
labor in the first years of transi on.
ALP decreased ini ally as much labor
was absorbed in agriculture. In the late
1990s labor began to flow out from
agriculture and this ou low of labor, in
c o m b i n a o n w i t h i n c r e a s e d
investments in the farming and agri-
food industry, resulted in a gradual but
consistentimprovementin ALP.
Agricultural output and produc vity
have changed drama cally in Central
and Eastern European countries
(CEECs) and the Former Soviet Union
(FSU) since the fall of the Berlin Wall,
exactly 20 years ago. Ini ally, market
reforms caused a strong decline in
agricultural output. The extent to which
this output decline was associated with
changes in produc vity depended on
the speed with which labor could exit
agriculture and agricultural factor and
outputmarketscoulddevelop.These,in
turn, depended on the ini al condi ons
and implemented reform policies. As
the ini al condi ons and reform
policies were very different across
countries in the region, produc vity
evolved very differently across
Agricultural Productivity in
Transition Economies
Johan F.M. Swinnen

7. Farther East, ALP strongly decreased in
the first decade of transi on. On
average, ALP decreased by 33% in the
European CIS and 30% in Central Asia in
the first five years of transi on. The
strong decline in ALP was the result of
two effects. First, agricultural output
declined strongly in both regions and
second, the ou low of agricultural
labor was limited, and in some regions
agricultural employment even
increased. From the mid of 1990s,
however, the decline in ALP started to
slow down and since the beginning of
the2000s ALP hasrecoveredslowly.
Everywhereintheregionaverageyields
fell during the first years of transi on
and recovered later. However, the
depth and length of the fall differed
strongly among countries. Average
yields recovered considerably from the
mid of 1990s onwards in countries such
as Hungary, na ons with rela vely
more large-scale farming and
investments in the food industry. In
contrast, produc vity recovered more
slowly in countries such as Romania,
which has a large number of small-scale
family farms with difficult access to
inputs. Yields declined the most in the
European CIS and Central Asia where
yields started to increase only from the
beginning of the 2000s. Importantly,
the recovery of yields in the
European CIS and
Central
Asiawassoslowthattheyonlyrecently
reachedtheirpre-reformlevels.
Of course, par al produc vity
measures might exhibit very different
pa erns than would be found using
measures of total factor produc vity
(TFP), the most comprehensive
m e a s u r e o f p r o d u c v i t y .
Unfortunately, only a few studies have
measured total
f a c t o r
p r o d u c v i t y
( T F P ) , a n d
consequently
o n l y l i m i t e d
comparisons can
b e m a d e
b e t w e e n
countries and
over me, the
a v a i l a b l e
evidence on TFP
i s r o u g h l y
consistent with
the evidence
from the par al
p r o d u c v i t y
indicators.
In Central Europe, TFP grew slightly in
the first years of transi on —0.4%
annually between 1989 and 1992 and
significantly a erwards: by 2.2%
annually between 1992 and 1995 and
by 4.4% annually between 1995 and
1998. Studies find a slowdown of TFP
growth in the period 1998-2001,
probably due to substan al
i n v e s t m e n t s i n
agri
cultural machinery and capital inputs in
thisperiod.
In the Balkan countries, the TFP
evolu on fluctuates much more. TFP
decreased strongly, by 4.1% per year,
from 1989 to 1992. Later there was a
stronger recovery when TFP increased
by 7.5% per year in the period 1992-
1995, but it fell again in the late 1990s
with bad macro-economic policies
resul ng in TFP declines of 1.3%
annually from 1995 to 1998. A er 1998
when a series of important reforms
were implemented in the region, there
was a strong recovery in produc vity:
from 1998 to 2001, TFP grew on
averageby2.3%peryear.
CausesofProduc vityChanges
The produc vity changes—and the
varia ons in them—were caused by a
combina on of factors. In this sec on
we review a few of the main
drivers.PictureFirst, ini al condi ons
affected produc vity in two important
ways. On the one hand, they directly
influenced the impact of reforms; on
the other hand, through ins tu onal
and poli cal constraints, they also
indirectly influenced the choice of the
reform policies. For example, the
collec viza on of agriculture and the
introduc on of central planning
occurredinthe1920sinthe FSU,but
07

8. emergence and dynamics of the new
private farms, but also the preferences
for land reforms: in CEECs households
wanted their land back, while in a large
part of the FSU households had never
owned land since feudalism had
directlyprecededcollec vistfarming.
Another condi on that played an
important role was that in Central
Europe and the Bal c States, countries
were generally richer and agriculture
was less important in the overall
economy, compared to countries in
Transcaucasia and Central Asia, which
were much poorer with rela vely more
important agricultural sectors. The
general economic situa on in a country
influenced the extent to which other
sectorscouldabsorbsurpluslaborfrom
agriculture and the development of the
social safety net system. Finally, the
ou low of surplus agricultural labor
was much stronger in Central Europe
than in other countries in the 1990s, in
part because the social safety net
system was much only a er World War
II in CEECs. Consequently, rural
households in Central Europe had
much more experience with private
farming than their counterparts in
most of the FSU. This difference
affected not only thebe er developed
in Central Europe and the
agricultural sector was
r e l a v e l y
small.
Priceliberaliza onandthesubsequent
decline in terms of trade strongly
affected agricultural produc vity. The
decrease in output prices and the
increase in input prices caused a
decline in the terms of trade.Ini al
condi ons, in par cular resource
endowments and use of technology,
also affected the rela ve efficiency of
farm organiza ons and thus incen ves
f o r f a r
m r e s t r u c t u r i n g . R e s o u r c e
endowments affect the costs and
benefits of shi ing from corporate
farms to family farms. If labor/land
ra os are high, as in countries with
labor-intensive technologies, such as
in Transcaucasia and the Balkans, the
benefits from be er labor governance
by shi ing to family farms from
corporate farms are larger, while the
losses in scale economies of shi ing to
smaller farms are lower. These
p r o d u c v i t y
i n c
en ves resulted in a strong shi to
smallscalefarming.Incontrast,inmore
capital- and land-intensive agricultural
systems, such as in the Czech Republic
and Slovakia, the benefits from shi ing
to family farms were lower so that
large-scale corporate farming
remained more important. In these
situa ons, produc vity gains came
mostly from laying off corporate farm
workers.
Second, reform choices and their
implementa on also ma ered
importantly— and they differed by
c o u n t r y. F o r e x a m p l e , p r i c e
liberaliza on and the subsequent
decline in terms of trade strongly
affected agricultural produc vity. The
decrease in output prices and the
increase in input prices caused a
decline in the terms of trade. This
contributed to a fall in input use at the
start of the reforms, which caused a
decreaseintheproduc vityoflandand
labor. The implementa on of these
reforms differed substan ally between
regions. Governments in Central
E u ro p e a n d t h e B a l c state s
drama cally reduced agricultural
subsidies in the first years of transi on,
whereas in some European CIS and
countries in Central Asia, reforms were
moregraduallyimplemented.
PictureA very important element of the
reform packages was land reform.
There were three types of land reform:
res tu on of land to the former
owners; the physical distribu on of
land to agricultural workers; and the
distribu on of cer ficates to
agriculturalworkers.Thetwofirsttypes
of land reform, res tu on and the
physical distribu on of land, ended up
with rela vely strong and well-defined
property rights. While it was expected
that res tu on of land would lead to a
decrease in produc vity because of the
fragmenta on of land ownership, in
many countries res tu on contributed
to a greater consolida on of land use
because many of the former owners
were not interested in farming
themselves
08
Price liberalization and
the subsequent
decline in terms of
trade strongly affected
agricultural
productivity. The
decrease in output
prices and the
increase in input
prices caused a
decline in the terms of
trade.

9. and rented the land to the priva zed
coopera veandcorporatefarms.
In the regions that implemented land
reforms by distribu ng cer ficates,
property rights were less-clearly
defined and, at least in the first decade
of the reforms, output and produc vity
were nega vely affected as a result.
Restric ons were placed on selling and
purchasing of land cer ficates, which
significantly slowed down structural
changes and thus produc vity growth.
Second, owners had li le incen ve to
p u t i n e ff o r t a n d u n d e r t a ke
investments because property rights
on specific plots were not clearly
defined. At the end of the 1990s the
situa on started to improve when land
policies were further liberalized, and
limited land transac ons became
possible.
F i n a l l y ,
priva za on of
farms and agri-
food companies
l e d t o
c o n t r a c n g
problems and
disrup ons all
along the agri-
f o o d c h a i n .
Investments by
p r i v a t e
processors and
the reintroduc on of ver cally
coordinated supply chains have been
important in overcoming these hold-up
problems and improving output,
produc vity and quality of agricultural
products. Foreign direct investment
(FDI) in the agri-food sector played an
important role in these developments
through spillover effects on farmers
and local food companies. They have
c o n t r i b u t e d d r a m a c a l l y t o
produc vity and quality improvements
andtechnologytransfers.
FDI rose strongly in
Centra
l Europe and the Bal c states. In the
Balkan states, the inflow of FDI lagged
behind. However, a er substan al
reforms were introduced at the end of
the 1990s, FDI started to increase
there as well. In the European CIS,
Transcaucasia and Central Asia, FDI
inflow has been very low, and
increasedonlyinmorerecentyears.
Pa ernsofProduc vityChange
Ini alcondi ons,reformpolicies
and investments had a large
i m p a c t o n a g r i c u l t u r a l
p r o d u c v i t y c h a n g e s
throughout the region, but
effects varied tremendously
among countries and over me.
We dis nguish four pa erns.
The first group of countries is the
most economically advanced
countries in Central Europe and
the Bal cs, such as
H u n ga r y, t h e C ze c h
Republic, Slovakia and
E s t o n i a w h i c h
implemented radical
reforms. These countries
were characterized by
rela vely high incomes, a
c a p i t a l - i n t e n s i v e
agricultural sector and a
big-bang approach to
reforms and priva za on,
including res tu on of
land to former owners. The loss
from foregone economies of
scale was limited because the
res tu on of agricultural land to
p r e v i o u s o w n e r s l e d t o
consolida on of land in large
farming enterprises. In addi on,
a massive ou low of agricultural labor
occurred early in transi on, facilitated
by a well-developed social safety net
system and radical reforms which
stabilized the macroeconomic
environment. This ou low of labor
caused substan al gains in labor
produc vity early on in transi on.
Later, produc vity gains were
r e i n f o r c e d b y
spilloversfromthelargeinflowof FDI in
the agri-food sector. Investments,
through ver cally integrated supply
chains, improved farmers' access to
credit, technology, inputs and output
markets.
Another pa ern was followed by the
poorer CEECs, including Romania,
Bulgaria, Lithuania and Poland. These
countries were diverse in their ini al
farm structure. Before transi on,
Poland already had mainly small, family
farms, whereas in Lithuania, Romania
and Bulgaria the agricultural sector was
concentrated in large corporate farms.
However, in all of the countries, labor
ou low from agriculture was limited in
the first years of transi on. In these
countries, agriculture served as a social
b u ffe r i n m e s w h e n o ve ra l l
unemployment was high and social
benefitswerelow.
09
The restitution of
land to former
owners constrained
access to land for
young farmers, since
that land was given
to older people who
started farming to
complement their
small pensions.

10. The res tu on of land to former owners
constrained access to land for young
farmers, since that land was given to
older people who started farming to
complement their small pensions.
Because the agricultural sector in these
countries was rela vely capital-
intensive, the break-up of the corporate
farms into small, family farms caused
significant losses in economies of scale
and yielded only limited gains from the
shedding of labor. Ini ally, both output
and produc vity declined. In countries
such as Poland and Lithuania, output
and produc vity started to recover in
the mid-1990s s mulated by FDI. In
Romania and Bulgaria output and
produc vity recovered only slowly, and
at the end of the 1990s they decreased
again as a result of the financial crisis.
From the beginning of the 2000s the
ou low of inefficient labor and the
inflow of FDI started a sustained
recovery.
Third,agroupofpoorTranscaucasiaand
Central Asian countries, such as
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyz Republic
and Tajikistan, followed yet another
p a e r n . T h e s e c o u n t r i e s a r e
characterized by their poverty and the
absence of a good social safety net
system, their labor intensive
agricultural systems and
their slower
progress in overall reforms. In these
countries, agriculture also provided a
buffer role and a labor sink. Reforms
caused a strong shi from large scale
t o w a r d s i n d i v i d u a l
farming—especially when land
distribu on in kind to households was
introduced a er the failure of the
share distribu on system became
evident. The reforms also caused a
substan al inflow of labor into
agriculture, and growth in the
importance of more labor-intensive
sectors, such as hor culture and
livestock. This caused a decrease in
labor produc vity while land
produc vity grew. Although there has
been substan al growth in yields,
labor produc vity is s ll now
substan ally below pre-reform levels
in.
A fourth pa ern is followed by a group
of middle income FSU countries,
including Kazakhstan, Russia and
Ukraine. In these countries, there was
almost no ou low of agricultural labor
and, since output fell substan ally in
the 1990s, agricultural labor
produc vity declined strongly.
Reforms were implemented only
slowly and so budgets con nued,
which favored the large-scale farms
and constrained restructuring, with
limited efficiency gains. Only a er the
Russian crisis in 1998 did the
macroeconomic situa on
improve
with enhanced compe veness of the
domes c agricultural sector through
exchange rate devalua ons and the
inflow of revenues from increasing oil
and mineral prices. This affected in
par cular Russia and Kazakhstan.
Ukraine implemented a series of
important reforms in the late 1990s.
Since then, agricultural produc vity
has increased in these countries as
liquidity in the economy and
investments in agriculture
i n c r e a s e d . S u r p l u s
employment started to
decline gradually. An
important factor in the
growth of produc vity in the
2 0 0 0 s w a s i n c r e a s e d
investments in the food
industry which benefited
agriculture through ver cal
integra on. It has taken
more than 15 years in the
European CIS for labor and
land produc vity to recover
totheirpre-reformlevels.
ProspectsfortheFuture
While the recent past has seen posi ve
developments, the future remains
uncertain. As documented above,
produc vity has increased significantly
throughout the region in the decade
since the Russian crisis in 1998.
However, the global financial crisis has
hit the CEECs and FSU par cularly
hard. Due to a combina on of factors,
some of the countries covered here
have experienced declines in output
and produc vity among the worst in
the world. Governments throughout
the region have tried to offset
reduc ons in private finance and
investment by the expansion of public
supporttoagriculture.
It is unclear at this point to what extent
these more recent setbacks or the
offse ng policy s mulus will have a
las ng effect on the produc vity
developments in the sector, or whether
they will only cause a temporary
interrup on in a long run path of
produc vitygrowthinagriculture.
10

11. Picture of Anne HarrisFood shortages
tendtobeaproblemforthedeveloping
world. Images of famine in Africa or
floods in Asia have tugged at the
heartstrings and loosened the purse
strings of the affluent and influen al
with a growing popula on demanding
more food, and an agricultural
community constrained by lack of land
and water while ba ling demands for
greater sustainability, the challenge of
feeding the world is falling at the feet of
engineers.But that scenario is changing
almost as fast as the global economic
landscape. It is no longer a regional
problem but a very real threat facing
the whole of humanity. To feed the
growing global popula on we will need
to produce 60 per cent more food by
the middle of this century. That is a
challenge that cannot be taken too
lightly given the increased compe on
for ever scarcer land and water. To
compound ma ers, agriculture
i s u n d e r g r e a t
pressur
popula on is growing, adding 35 per
cent more mouths by the middle of the
century. At the same me the average
person is ge ng richer," he says. Richer
people eat more food and more
resource-intensive food: beef, for
example, converts plant nutrients to
muscle at about a quarter the
efficiencythatchickensdo.
"Richer people ea ng both more and
more luxurious food is en rely human
and has been a hallmark of our
behavior throughout history, but it
contributes to a projected demand
growth of about 60 per cent by mid-
century if current trends con nue,"
Bentonadds.
Demandsonnature
The World Wildlife Fund's 2012 'Living
Planet' report suggests that "if
everyone lived like an average resident
of the USA, a total of four Earths would
be required to generate humanity's
annualdemandonnature".
11
etoincreaseitssustainability.
The solu ons are, as always,
complicated, mired in economic,
poli cal and social wrangling. But one
thing is apparent: technology has a key
role to play. Engineering is o en
overlooked as part of the solu on, but
the roles it can play are profound – on
the farm and throughout the supply
chain.
The UK has recognized the danger and
is mobilizing its poli cal will allied with
i t s re s e a rc h a n d te c h n o l o g y
ins tu ons. Global Food Security is a
m u l -
a g e n c y
p r o g r a m
b r i n g i n g
together the
r e s e a r c h
interests of
the research
c o u n c i l s ,
e xe c u v e
a g e n c i e s
a n d
government
department
s. To drive
the program forward it appointed a
global food security champion two
years ago. Professor Tim Benton, from
the University of Leeds, is an
interdisciplinary scien st focusing on
the rela onship between food
produc onandtheenvironment.
" T h e h u m a n
Agricultural technology to feed the world
Anne Harris
With a growing population
demanding more food, and an
agricultural community
constrained by lack of land and
water while battling demands
for greater sustainability, the
challenge of feeding the world
is falling at the feet of
engineers.

12. “if everyone lived like an average
resident of the USA, a total of four
Earths would be required to generate
humanity's annual demand on
nature".Growing more is not as
straigh orward as it has perhaps been
in recent decades. Benton points out
that there is no more land available,
perhaps even less. Then there is
increasing compe on for water; by
2050 over 50 per cent of the world's
popula on may exist in areas where
demand has outstripped supply.
"Agricultural produc on currently uses
about 70 per cent of the world's
available fresh water, and clearly
societal and economic use of water (by
industry) also exerts a growing demand
on a finite supply," he adds. "Thus, any
increase in produc on to meet an
increase in demand cannot rely on a
propor onal increase in water use in
manyareasoftheworld.
“Agricultural produc on currently uses
about 70 per cent of the world's
available fresh water, and clearly
societal and economic use of water (by
industry) also exerts a growing demand
on a finite supply”.Finally, much of the
global produc on growth in recent
decades has been underpinned by the
use of a broad range of agro-
chemicals, including
synthe c
fer lizers and pes cides. "These can
have nega ve environmental impacts
and in some areas there is a
considerable need to reduce their use
for that reason," Benton con nues.
"Synthe c nitrogen fer lizer also
requires significant energy to
manufacture, contribu ng to
agriculture's large greenhouse gas
footprint [of 20-30 per cent of global
emissions]; and again, there is a need
to minimize greenhouse gases to
prevent extra climate change – which,
itself, is likely to act as an increasing
constraintonproduc ongrowth.”
The recent history of agriculture has
been that it has not properly valued
the natural capital that underpins a
range of important local and planetary
func ons, and, indeed, subsidizes
agricultural produc on: soil
biodiversity helps with soil fer lity and
carbon storage, vegeta on and soils
filter and clean water providing access
to fresh water; insects pollinate crops,
increasing yields, and others may be
thenaturalenemiesof pests and so
on. "In addi on to
the constraints on
produc on growth
due to climate, water,
land and resource
a v a i l a b i l i t y ,
agriculture needs to
b e c o m e m o r e
e nv i ro n m e n ta l l y
friendly to ensure its
own sustainability,"
Benton con nues.
"This is the no on of
' s u s t a i n a b l e
intensifica on' which
is about growing
yields on the exis ng area of
agricultural land whilst reducing
environmentalimpacts.”
Theroleofengineering
Engineering is important in all aspects
of the supply chain: produc on,
transport, logis cs, processing,
manufacture, storage, packaging,
retail, consump on and waste
disposal. "There is scope to use exis ng
technologies, based on previous
innova on,togreateffectbyincreasing
theirdeployment,suchas RFID boluses
that can monitor stomach pH and
temperature in ca le to op mize
welfareandproduc on,"Bentonsays.
"There is, of course, a huge opportunity
to transfer technology and innova on
from other sectors into the food supply
chain, such as robo cs, or remote
sensing, into agriculture. And there is a
considerable role for both sustaining
and disrup ve innova on to shape the
food supply chain, parts of which are
under-considered from an engineering
perspec ve. This is especially true in
agriculture, seen as a 'low-tech'
industry without sufficient 'pull' to
warrant strong interest from the
broaderengineeringcommunity.
"Partofthislackofa en onwasdueto
the percep on that the green
revolu on in the 1960s and 1970s had
solved the problem, which has been
overturnedsincethefoodpricespikein
12
"if everyone lived like an
average resident of the USA,
a total of four Earths would
be required to generate
humanity's annual demand
on nature".

13. 13

14. 2007/08 and some of the global
ramifica ons of this," Benton adds.
"Globally, the need for investment in
engineering applica ons to agriculture
and food has increasingly been
recognized.”
Thecompletecycle
"Ask the man in the street about
agricultural engineering and they
immediately think of tractors and
p l o u g h s a n d m ay b e co m b i n e
harvesters,"
"In fact engineering and technology
appliestothewholespectrumfromthe
soil and the water, which is the whole
basis of crop produc on right through
to maintaining the quality of the
products and mee ng the needs of the
supermarkets”."Ask the man in the
street about agricultural engineering
and they immediately think of tractors
and ploughs and maybe combine
harvesters," Peter Redman of
professional body the Ins tu on of
Agricultural Engineers explains. "In fact
engineering and technology applies to
the whole spectrum from the soil and
the water, which is the whole basis of
crop produc on right through to
maintaining the quality of the products
and mee ng the needs of the
supermarkets.
"It deals with everything
from growing,
h a r
ves ng, maintaining, storage,
protec on from disease – they all have
engineering inputs. Almost without
excep on the development of new
science in agriculture will need
engineering to deliver it. What are
bringing it all into focus is the
recogni on of global food shortages,
changes in diet, limita on of land, and
the scarcity of water."PictureThe UK's
response has included the recent
publica on of the agri-tech strategy
recognizing the importance of
agriculture and food as an industrial
sector and s mula ng its growth. This
is coupled to recogni on also within
the higher-educa on community and
the funders of research that this area
needs more support than in recent
decades. "That the IET is also
recognizing the importance of the
area, and s mula ng interest from the
community is really very welcome –
given the huge societal challenge
created byfood insecurity we need the
brightest and most innova ve minds
to engage with this area,"
B e n t o n
concludes.
The first role for agricultural
engineering was the replacement of
labor. It replaced the drudgery or made
tasks possible that weren't before.
"This is a weather-dependent industry
and some mes we get a very small
window of opportunity so you have to
have the capacity to deal with that
opening," Redman con nues. "Having
established the replacement of labor it
now became a ma er of adding
precision and intelligence to the
processes while also managing this
withlessenvironmentaldamage.
"The other area where engineering has
played a key role is the reduc on of
waste and pollu on. It has been a
gradual process; precision agriculture
hasnothappenedovernight.”
Lackinginresearch
The fear is that the UK has neglected its
agricultural engineering research for so
long that it now has to catch up. In days
gone by Silsoe Research Ins tute,
formerly the Na onal Ins tute of
Agricultural Engineering was a world-
renowned organiza on providing
innova on, research and technology
aroundtheglobe.
"They don't have an undergraduate
teaching ability, so that feedstock of
c a p a c i t y h a s b e e n s e r i o u s l y
undermined," Redman says. "What is
needed now is firstly the recogni on of
that deficiency and secondly the
invita ontothemarketplacetoplaya
14
“Agricultural production
currently uses about 70 per
cent of the world's available
fresh water, and clearly
societal and economic use
of water (by industry) also
exerts a growing demand on
a finite supply”.

15. part in revitalizing that. I personally am
not in favor of crea ng another piece of
infrastructure that is specific to
agricultural engineering – it is
important that engineers work
alongsideother technologists."
This gap in exper se and engineers
suggests that the market has failed in
itsrole,butRedmanexplainsitissimply
a ma er of different priori es. "The
market does its job," Redman argues.
"It does it progressively. There are
pieces of innova on that have
been delivered such
a s t h e
h i g h - s p e e d
t r a c t o r a n d
robo cmilker.
"If there's an
immediate and
commercial need
for a product the
m a r k e t i s
prepared to take
the risk. Where
the market isn't
prepared to take
the risk is in some
of these 'blue-sky'
innova ons; that
are where there
needs to be some
i n p u t f r o m
government and
t h e y h a v e
responded with the agri-tech strategy
ini a ve.
"The theory is that there will be
funding for catapults and issue-based
ini a ves. The one thing that funding
packages requires is that government
funding is matched pound for pound
byindustry”.
Sensingtheway
" T h e r e a r e m a n y w a y s t h a t
engineering is helping agriculture but
there is much more that we can do if
we add intelligence such as sensors,"
Redman says. "The capability of
sensing is driving lots of the
innova on,
but sensing
i n t h e
biological
processes,
b e c a u s e
agriculture
takes place
out in the
fi e l d .
Precision
a n d
sensing are
vital, but
only if
that is coupled with an understanding
of what you need to sense and why. It's
not just a ma er of informa on but
energy informa on."PictureOne area
that is garnering a good deal of interest
is computer vision and machine
guidance for weed control. "There is a
problem with the use of pes cides
par cularly if the crop is going to be
consumed directly, such as in salad,"
Redman explains. "What we need to do
is control the weeds using the
minimum amount of chemicals. So first
we need to be able to differen ate
between the plant and the weed. If we
can do that we can direct a mechanism
to take out the weed or spray it with a
nyamountofchemical."
With the plants iden fied the next task
is delivering just the op mum amount
of chemical. "We are concerned with
aerodynamics, the behavior of crops,
the crea on of small amounts of
material delivered precisely. The other
part of that is again sensing whether
the crop is exposed to disease or pest
a ack."
There is also research required in soil
and water management. It is important
to avoid compac ng soil as that
prevents oxygen ge ng in and water
flowing through it. 'Controlled-traffic
farming' is being developed, using a set
wheel-base and GPS tracking to keep
the traffic in one lane and cause less
damagetothefieldasawhole.This
15
"Ask the man in the street about
agricultural engineering and
they immediately think of
tractors and ploughs and
maybe combine harvesters,"
"In fact engineering and
technology applies to the whole
spectrum from the soil and the
water, which is the whole basis
of crop production right through
to maintaining the quality of the
products and meeting the
needs of the supermarkets”.

16. method also looks at reducing the soil
load from machines by increasing their
surface area. This can be done either by
using a track instead of wheels or by
making sure that re pressures and
loading are appropriate without losing
trac on.
When it comes to water, quan ty is the
key. "You need to have water available
to the crop when it is growing,"
Redman says. "That means that you
need water storage. You need to know
when the crop is going to make use of
that water so it is a ques on of
understanding the soil condi on and
how much the crop needs. Then you
need to apply just the right amount of
water without any waste – precision
irriga on. A lot of these technologies
have been developed for more arid
areas of the world that can be brought
backtomoretemperateregions.”
As for the future Redman believes that
changes will be incremental. "I think
the farm of the future will have some
robo c devices; it will be collec ng
dataacrossthewholesystemincluding
the marketplace. It will include
informa onaboutthestatusofthesoil
in rela on to weather and disease
forecas ng. All of these data streams
will be combined to enable the farm
land to be managed more strategically
and how to manage it at a day to day
basis.”
The quest to secure the food supply will
be an ongoing process. In previous
decades we have been somewhat
complacent, assuming that access to
food is only a real issue for the poorest
in the developing world. However, as
we are increasingly recognizing, the
me for complacency is over and this is
agrowingissueforeverysociety.
16
The Future of Agriculture: Smart Farming
Federico Guerrini
The agricultural sector is going to face enormous challenges in order to feed the
9.6 billion people that the FAO predicts are going to inhabit the planet by 2050: food
production must increase by 70% by 2050, and this has to be achieved in spite of
the limited availability of arable lands, the increasing need for fresh water
(agriculture consumes 70 per cent of the world's fresh water supply) and other less
predictable factors, such as the impact of climate change, which, according a
recent report by the UN could lead, among other things, to changes to seasonal
events in the life cycle of plant and animals.
One way to address these issues and increase the quality and quantity of
agricultural production is using sensing technology to make farms more
“intelligent” and more connected thorugh the so-called “precision agriculture” also
known as 'smart farming'.
It's something that's already happening, as corporations and farm offices collect vast amounts of information from
crop yields, soil-mapping, fertilizer applications, weather data, machinery, and animal health. In a subset of smart
farming, Precision Livestock Farming (PLF), sensors are used for monitoring and early detection of reproduction
events and health disorders in animals.
Typical monitored data are the body temperature, the animal activity, tissues resistivity, pulse and the GPS
position. SMS alerts can be sent to the breeder based on predefined events, say, if a cow is ready for reproduction.
The European Union has sponsored several projects on the topic during the Seventh Framework Program and,
now, during Horizon 2020. The currently running EU-PLF project for instance, is designed to look at the feasibility
of bringing proven and cost-effective Precision Livestock Farming tools from the lab to the farm.
Several private companies are also starting to be active in this field, such as Anemon (Switzerland), eCow (UK),
Connected Cow (Medria Technologies and Deutsche Telekom. Smart fishing is at initial stage with some projects in
Europe, South Korea, NorthAmerica and Japan.
“Precision agriculture is not new. The agricultural vehicle manufacturers (John Deere, CNH Global, Class and
others) have been involved in this segment for some time. Initially, it was about position technologies
(GNSS) mainly, but it is becoming more complex moving towards the idea of a connected
harvester,” Beeachm Research's principal analyst, Saverio Romeo tells me.”

17. farming opera ons from their
onboard computers; they hardly even
have to steer,” explains Professor
Stefan Bö nger from the Ins tute of
Agricultural Engineering at the
University of Hohenheim. Liberated
from monotonous work in shi s
las ng 12-14 hours, farmers can now
concentrate on op mizing the
workflow. Just like modern cars, the
onboard computers in farmers'
tractors display important informa on
on speed, fuel consump on and the
status of the sowing opera on.
Onboard computers can also control
agricultural implements a ached to
the tractor, such as plows or planters.
Previously,
each piece
o f
machinery
had its own
s e t o f
controls.
Not so long
ago, farmers
would have
to drive over
t h e
m e a d o w,
stop each
me the baler finished pressing or
rolling a bale, and unload it by hand
before driving on again. Modern
balers, on the other hand, can
calculate the speed of both tractor and
17
baler, bring them both to a halt at the
right moment and dump the bales on
their own – the whole process is
automated. “The growing use of hi-
tech farm machinery is enabling
farmers to work more efficiently and
more economically,” says Hermann
Beck, head of ZF's Off-Highway
Systemsbusinessunit.
Smartall-in-onesystem
One important prerequisite for
agricultural innova on is the seamless
interconnec on of the individual
applica ons to form a single smart,
streamlined, all-in-one system.
Modern agricultural machines have
two different interfaces for enabling
the individual subsystems to talk to
each other. The first interface, known
as the CAN bus system, is primarily
used to control internal systems such
asengineandtransmission.
By contrast, the second system
(ISOBUS)workscloselywithfarmers,
The big tractor stops on the edge of the
plowed field while the farmer types
final instruc ons into the onboard
computer. It's a perfect day for plan ng
the spring wheat – as the farm's
opera ng system had already
calculated, based on meteorological
d a ta , s o i l s a m p l e s a n d g ra i n
characteris cs. At last, with a couple of
clicks, the farmer enters the speed
se ng and launches the sowing
program. For the next few hours, he'll
leave most of the work to the tractor's
onboard systems. Using laser scanners
and GPS, the tractor will find its way
around the field almost unassisted. The
farmer can concentrate en rely on the
sowing process, without having to
worryaboutclutchorgearshi s.
PictureWhat once sounded futuris c is
rapidly becoming rou ne. “Modern
farmers sit in the cockpits of their farm
machines and monitor the
p r o g r e s s o f
Agriculture: The Hi-Tech way to farm
A growing world population, the
impact of climate change and
dwindling resources are among
the major challenges now
facing the agricultural industry.
Along with the development of
new crop types, state-of-the-art
agricultural machinery offers
the best hope for the future.

18. the groundwater. Now researchers at the
University of Bremen have come up with a
possible solu on. The soil in the field is
analyzed using a small chemical
laboratory.
ZF technologyinagriculture
ZF engineers built the company's first
tractor transmission back in 1937; today,
almost all of the major manufacturers of
agricultural machinery rely on ZF's
con nuously variable transmissions
(CVTs). Over the decades, these systems
have made huge strides in terms of
sophis ca on and performance.
18
Nowadays, farm machines producing up to
650 horsepower run smoothly on ZF's
heavy-duty CVTs. Just like driver-assist
systems, modern powertrain technologies
take the strain out of farmers' daily work –
and because they maintain a
perfect balance between engine
speed and gearing, they also
reduce fuel consump on. In
mes of scarce resources and
high oil prices, that's an
important cost considera on for
farmers.
C u n g c o s t s , r e d u c i n g
workloads and protec ng the
environment are by no means
the only reasons why the use of
hi-tech systems in farms is
exploding. “Already, farmers in
Germany and France are harves ng four or
five mes as much wheat from their fields
as farmers in the U.S. or Russia,” says
Bö nger. “Using modern systems, we're
further increasing produc vity and crop
yields,” he adds. This high efficiency is
immensely important in interna onal
compe on – not least because farmers in
Russia and the U.S. have on average 3 to 4
mesandmuchacreageavailabletothem.
enabling them to control, for example,
plowingorsowingimplementsdirectlyfrom
their onboard computers. But smart
communica on between systems extends
far beyond the farm vehicle itself. Currently,
farmers have high hopes for
developmentworkinprogresson
so-called “slave systems”,
whereby the main farm machine
acts as the lead vehicle,
interac ng with a flock of smaller,
(semi-) autonomous, unmanned
vehicles.
A n o t h e r m a j o r t h e m e
preoccupying agricultural
visionaries is “precision farming”.
Typically, this vision of the future
involves agricultural machines
that not only know precisely
where they are in the field, but also how
much seed and fer lizer they need to
distribute in each part of the field. Gauging
exactly how much fer lizer to apply has
always been one of farming's most
problema c challenges. Fer lizer in the soil
is mobile: it's difficult to tell whether crops
are receiving enough nitrates, or whether
the nitrogen is making its way straight into
Low input production systems: innovation in mechanization for food security
Gajendra Singh - Doon University, India
With growing population food security remains a major challenge in many countries
in Asia. As poverty is quite prevalent more than half the malnourished and under
nourished people live in Asia. The share of agricultural labor is decreasing and
urbanization is increasing. The share of agricultural sector in GDP is decreasing
faster than decrease in agricultural labor force. In most countries power availability
per hectare is increasing rapidly and this varies from region to region in the same
country. The level of mechanization varies from crop to crop within same country.
The labor productivity has increased with increased level of mechanization.
Main challenges for mechanization include:
1) Small land holdings (average size is only about 1 ha) and majority of the farmers
have low investment capacity.
2) The use of sub-standard manufacturing technology producing poor quality
products performing poor quality work, giving poor fuel economy and resulting in
injuries and fatal accidents.
Present low level of mechanization in many countries provides opportunities for growth by improved efficiency of
utilization of machines available with farmers through custom hiring to neighbor farmers and or through larger
operational holdings. There should be greater regional cooperation in information sharing, collaborative R&D,
harmonization of standards, capacity building and trade and investment facilitation. There is a need for
favorable government policies and manufacturing processes need improvements to produce
quality machines with improved safety standards.
There is need to develop and / or adopt low energy consumption
machines and practices like no-till drills / planters
and conservation agriculture.

19. Two weeks ago, I joined my dad, Frank,
on a trip to Lancaster County, Pa., where
he received a soil health award from a
farm associa on and spoke at its annual
field days event. We added a day to our
trip to see three farm equipment
dealers in the highly compe ve, and
concentrated,area.
It was an interes ng trip in numerous
ways, including the diverse equipment
and number of short lines carried
uniqueterritoryassignmentsandvaried
customer base (Amish farmers next to
sophis cated corn growers and animal
producers). But it was the drive out to
see long me contributor Dave Dum and
Don Hoover at Binkley & Hurst (B&H)
that proved the most
thought-provoking for
t h e fl i g h t
home.PictureWhen we
arrived at the Li tz, Pa.
store (B&H has 6 ag
loca ons), Dum met us
in the parking lot and
said Hoover wanted to
meet with us before we
touredtheshop.
Usually, these site visits
consist of us asking a
few ques ons to get a
feel for the market
before a tour. But at this mee ng, the
tables were turned and we were
being interviewed on an
i n d u s t r y
And even
w h e n
remaining
farm kids do
c o m e o f
workforce
age, many
have seen
enough of
t h e i r
p a r e n t s '
tailings to
d e s i r e a
different lifestyle; more in line with their
millennial peers. Those workforce
preferences (B&H even had an applicant
ask for the en re summer off) are going
to be harder for a
dealershiptosa sfy.
Outdated views of the
i n d u s t r y a n d i t s
a d v a n c e m e n t a n d
e a r n i n g p o w e r
c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e
problem, including
u nfo re s e e n s p o t s .
H o o v e r r e c e n t l y
discovered a community
college's report of
industry posi ons was
ci ng income for a farm
equipment tech that
was decades old — about 50% of what
today's techs are earning. “No wonder
some haven't been looking at careers in
farm equipment,” he says, no ng the
myriad industries, including large
companies, compe ng for the very
sametalent.Cau onarynote:
wide topic that this group of managers
had been rolling up its sleeves on. And
we spent 90 minutes or so on it.
HoovercalledhisExecu veLeadership
Team together to meet with us along
with a few others, including nephew
Kur s Eby (a college junior and B&H
intern represen ng the student's
viewpoint), to talk to us about future
talent — a topic that can be easily
d i s m i s s e d w h e n l a y o ff s a t
manufacturers and, to a lesser extent,
dealers, con nue to make headlines.
Hoover and his team are concerned
about where tomorrow's talent (in all
job func ons) will be drawn from.
They wanted to know how much of a
concern it is for dealers in other states
and also what progressive dealers (like
our Dealership of the Year Alumni) are
doingtocontendwithit.
PictureFewer independent farms
today mean fewer farm kids in
the talent pool.
19
Dr Mike Lessiter
Vision for Tomorrow Requires Solutions Today

20. Check and correct the numbers used by
instructors in your area. With several
a c q u i s i o n s s i n c e t h e n e w
management group took over in 2006,
Hoover says the company survived on
hard-working and capable techs who
farm themselves, and who appreciate
the scheduling flexibility and freedom
B&H affords them to look a er their
own farms. But, he knows this model
isn't a long-term solu on for the next-
level support that'll be required. “The
technology will move faster than a
dealershipwillbeabletokeepup.”
Asked about the age breakdown on his
payroll and when the situa on is going
to hit “code-red,” Hoover answered in
the past tense. “It was about 2012,” he
says. “A lot of people have about 10
yearsle .”
With a talent vacuum just years away,
perhaps our recrui ng pitches should
talk about the amount of gray hair in
the industry. While it'll be hard to
compete with big business on wages,
r e r e m e n t s w i l l b r i n g q u i c k
advancement opportunity to those
willingtograbit.
In our previous careers, Execu ve
Editor Dave Kanicki and I
served at separate
m e s
create and protect prac cal, job-ready
curriculums. And while scholarships
certainly don't ensure career choices, a
significant number of today's
contributors had earned scholarships
and learned about the industry through
theorganiza on.
Is it me for our industry to organize
around this issue and get serious —
with an industry wide effort — about
securing the nex t genera on
workforce? Let's get some dialog going
on what our industry can and ought to
do today, to be prepared for the needs
of tomorrow.Companies with vision
end up crea ng their own problems to
solve, and B&H is “on it.” Not only are
they brainstorming out-of-the-box
ideas, but also how to collaborate with
the very dealers they compete with for
both sales and talent. The three
compe ng dealer groups in the area
met on the issue, and agree a unified
effort has merit. “We've got to find a
be er path,” says Hoover. “It's a crisis
anditisn'tgoingtogetanybe er.”
Is it me for our industry to organize
around this issue and get serious —
with an industry wide effort — about
securing the nex t genera on
workforce? Let's get some dialog going
on what our industry can and ought to
do today, to be prepared for the needs
oftomorrow.
on a board of trustees of the Foundry
Educa onal Founda on (FEF), an
organiza on created to address the
same issues we're talking about here
and to proac vely work to get a shot
at a rac ng talent to a compara vely
smaller industry segment compe ng
with higher profiles and sexier
industries.
The FEF began with a small campaign
of pledges from companies in 1947 to
a ract technical manpower to the
foundry industry, and grew into a fully
s u p p o r te d , N o r t h A m e r i c a n
associa on (in an industry with fewer
enterprises than the dealer industry).
Not only does it present scholarships
to students at 19 colleges and
universi es at a unique na onal event
each year that exposes the top
industry execu ves to students and
faculty, but it also provides support
for the instructors that
h e l p s
20
Is it time for our industry to
organize around this issue and
get serious — with an industry
wide effort — about securing
the next generation workforce?
Let's get some dialog going on
what our industry can and
ought to do today, to be
prepared for the needs of
tomorrow.

21. Machinery such as tractors and power
tools, pose the greatest injury risk on
the farm. Na on-wide in 1990 there
were 1,300 deaths and 120,000
disabling injuries in the profession of
agriculture. Of these deaths and
injuries, 46% of the injuries and 64% of
the deaths were tractor and machinery
related (1,3,6). It is important to be
safety conscious when dealing with any
job that requires the use of machinery.
Sta s cs show that the majority of
machinery related accidents occur as
the result of human negligence. Errors
include taking shortcuts to save me,
failure to read the operators manual,
ignoring a warning, improper or lack of
instruc on and failure to follow safety
rules.
The most commonly u lized pieces of
equipment around the farm are
tractors, trucks, wagons, mowers,
spreaders, grinders, blowers, augers,
post hole diggers, shredders, balers,
rakes, combines, and all-terrain
vehicles (ATVs). No ma er how
different they are in structure, they all,
if used improperly or carelessly, can be
fatal. 50% of total farm fatali es involve
and 14% are machinery related. A
b r e a k d o w n o f t h e
m a c h i n e r y
related fatali es are as followed; 34%
corn pickers, 11% silage handling, 11%
hay baling, 11% manure handling, and
33% other miscellaneous farm
machinery.
Safety sta s cs show that the majority
of farm-related injuries occur between
10 a.m. and noon, with the period
between 3 and 5 p.m. second highest4.
It has been established that these me
periods are when fa gue is most likely
to occur, and
concentra on is
not as sharp. It is
a good prac ce
to take periodic
breaks to lessen
f a g u e .
Climbing down
off the tractor
a n d w a l k i n g
around for a
c o u p l e o f
minutes will
h e l p r e l i e v e
s t r e s s a n d
boredom.
Children have the highest rate of
machinery-related injuries and
fatali es. Workers over the age of 65
do not have an excessive number of
injuries, but the likelihood of an injury
being fatal is the greatest. Between
1985 and 1989, 50% of total
f a r m
fatali es involved children under the
age of 14 and workers over the age of
65. In over of the age of 65 groups, two-
thirds of the fatali es were tractor
related. The majority of child deaths
resulted being extra passengers on
machinery and being run-over. The
most common injuries in children
involving equipment include: corn or
grain augers, tractors, ATVs, power
take-offs, belt or chain a achments,
hay balers, and pitch-forks. Because of
the seriousness of machinery-related
accidents, many injuries result in
permanent disabili es; such as the loss
of an arm, leg, fingers, toes, or a
decreased range of mo on. More than
three-quarters require surgery or
an bio c treatment for bacterial
infec onorboth.
21
Farm Equipment Safety:
Recognizing and Understanding the Hazards

23. Machinery and Equipment Storage
Buildings
There are numerous precau ons that
should be observed when storing
machinery on the farm. Precau ons
include:
 Buildings where machinery and
power tools are stored should be
located far enough away from
structures that house livestock and
hayincaseoffire.
 Fuel storage tanks
should preferably be
l o c a t e d b e l o w
g r o u n d , a n d a
minimum of 40 feet
from the nearest
s t r u c t u r e . F u e l
cannot be stored in
the same structure
as machinery or
power tools. Tanks
should be properly
vented. If above
ground, the area
around the tank
should be free of
li er, weeds and any
fuelspillsthatcouldaidinstar ngor
accelera ng the spread of a fire.
Fuel tanks should be adequately
protected from being struck by
machinery. An approved 10 B:C fire
ex nguisher should be located near
allfuelpumpsandtanks.
 ∙ Electrical lines
c o m i n g
into the building
should be high
e n o u g h t o
f a c i l i t a t e
e q u i p m e n t
p a s s i n g
underneath.
 Electrical systems
in machine sheds
s h o u l d b e
sufficient for the
power tools and
equipment that will require the use
ofelectriccurrent.
 Electric outlets should be of the
three-pronggroundedtype.
 Machinery storage buildings should
notbeusedtostoredebris.
 Doors on machine sheds should be
wideenough for machinery to safely
pass through without being caught.
Doors also need to pull or slide open
and close freely in case of an
emergency.
 Exitsshouldbeclearlymarked.
 Doors should be lockable to keep
outchildrenandunwantedvisitors.
 Floor surfaces should be level and
smooth, free of bumps and
protrudingrocks.
 Equipment should be parked so
there is enough space for a
person to
walkcompletelyaroundit.
 Buildings should have adequate
ven la on for the star ng or
running of an engine within the
structure. (Note - engines should
not be le running inside a building
for a prolonged period of me
unless exhaust is properly being
ventedexternally).
 All tools and accessory equipment
should be kept picked up and stored
in their proper place, e.g., air hoses,
oilcans,spare res,jacks.
 Keys should always be removed
from all equipment or machinery to
prevent children or unauthorized
peoplefromstar ngthem.
 Do not allow non-employees inside
the machine shed. Children should
never be allowed to play around or
inside the machine shed or on farm
machineryitself.
It is important to be
able to recognize
poten al hazardous
areas on machinery.
These areas include:
pinch points, shear
p o i n t s , c u n g
points, crush points,
wrap pints, and
springs.
 Pinch Point is an
area where two
rota ng surfaces
meet such as
fe e d ro l l e rs ,
gears or a belt
running around a pulley. Extremi es
can be caught in pinch points
directly, or be drawn in by loose
fi ng clothing that has become
entangledintherota ngparts.
 Shear Point is an area where the
edges of two surfaces come
together in a manner so as to cut a
so er material placed between the
surfaces. Shear points are found on
shrubbery shears or grain augers.
The resul ng injury is usually
amputa on.
23

24.  Cu ng Point is found on machinery
designed to cut such as mowers and
harvesters. The blades move with a
rapid mo on o en unseen by the
eye. Injuries are of the same nature
asthosecausedbyashearpoint.
 Crush Point occurs when two
objects are joined; either with both
ends moving towards each other or
with one being sta onary. Fingers
and hands are o en injured by
crushing between a draw bar and
wagon hitch. Numerous fatali es
occur when people helping the
o p e r a t o r o r t h e o p e r a t o r
him/herself is crushed between
pieces of equipment or equipment
and a solid object such as a wall or
tree.
 Springs are found on numerous
pieces of farm machinery. When a
spring is compressed, 'energy' is
'stored'withinthespring.Whenthe
spring is expanded, the energy is
released. The larger the spring the
greater the amount of energy
produced. When springs break they
explode with great force and can
inflict serious damage. It is
important to inspect springs
regularlyforcracksandwear.
 Wrap Point is any moving point on a
piece of equipment where clothing
or long hair may become entangled
suchasaPowerTakeOff(PTO)sha .
A wrap point grabs the vic m and
actually wraps him/her around the
moving part or it can also draw the
vic m into the machine. Tangled
clothing can wrap ght enough to
crush, amputate or suffocate the
vic m. All wrap points on machinery
shouldbeshieldedifpossible.
24
Sustainable Development
The world is in transition to one in which there will be more people, greater consumption of materials and resources,
more global interdependence, and a need to reduce poverty without destroying the environment. Over the past two
decades, “sustainability” has become a principal concept in integrating technological, economic, social, and
political issues to address environmental protection and economic development. The future depends on
harnessing the power of modern technologies, consistent with the interests of the poor and hungry and with respect
for the environment. Agriculture, as a source for food, natural raw materials for bio industries, and energy, will
increasingly be a major driver of this transition. “Definitions” abound for sustainable development. I prefer to think of
it as a “process” of redirection, reorientation, and reallocation—an evolving process rather than a static definition. I
see sustainable development as a fundamental redesign of technological, economic, and sociological processes
to address change. To get beyond the various images of sustainable development, there is a need to develop a
“science” of sustainability and systems of implementation. This leads me to suggest that the process of transition to
a sustainable world will include:
Streamlining processes and reusing materials with a goal of zero waste.
Embracing new technologies of information science, biotechnology (genomics and integrative molecular biology),
and advanced materials to reduce environmental problems while increasing economic productivity.
Utilizing renewable resources for energy to reduce or eliminate our dependence on fossil fuels.
Developing sustainable communities based on the efficient use of space, increased conservation of materials and
energy resources, and reduced transportation.
Improving community livability and developing more efficient administrative and planning processes to
demonstrate ecological living that is economically and socially desirable.
Developing sustainable agriculture as a principal component of sustainable communities where use of fossil fuels,
insecticides, herbicides and inorganic fertilizer is minimized or eliminated.
Focusing on newer and innovative sustainable enterprises such as bio-based industrial products.
The challenge is to rethink how the material needs of society can be met by using agriculturally based systems.
This rethinking involves an integration of science and engineering with an emphasis on ecological processes and
socioeconomic phenomena. Technologies such as biotechnologies, information systems, and control and
management systems will play a key role in inventing new processes and ensuring their effective
and efficient execution (at the highest possible quality and lowest cost).
Norman R. Scott
Department of Agricultural and
Biological Engineering
Cornell University

25. orherplants.
Crop and field scou ng are crucial for
each stage of the crop lifespan. Pre-
seeding field scou ng can show a
farmer weed popula ons, including
what weeds are growing and what
growth stage the weeds are in. When
it's me to seed, field scou ng can
show the farmer informa on to lead
them to choose what seed depth or
seed rate they should plant at, as well
as early indicators of seed treatments
or selec on. A er the seeding is
completed, frequent scou ng will help
to show farmers damaged seeds, early
signs of pests, and many other factors.
When crops begin to germinate and
become established and rooted,
con nued scou ng can help
Crop Scouting:
Precision Technology Uses in
Crop Scouting
25
to prevent weed damage, pest
damage, and post-spray pes cide or
fer lizer performance. It is important
to keep scou ng on regular intervals
through the plant's life, as this scou ng
could reveal pest issues, soil moisture
issues, and a variety of other risk that
could be fought against. Crop Scou ng
tells farmers a huge amount about
their plants, and can help them to
improve yield, and maximize
cropefficiency.
As precision agriculture
technologies have advanced,
farmers have been helped
greatly when it comes to crop
scou ng. For example,
instead of field notebooks,
there are several different
m o b i l e a p p s t h a t a r e
compa ble with different
types of mobile devices,
including tablet computers
and smartphones that help
farmers keep accurate logs of
their fields, while also giving
themtheopportunitytocross
compare these notes with previous
years or different areas of the fields.
Also with the advancement of Global
Posi oning Systems (GPS) and
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs),
farmers don't even need to walk
through their fields. These new
technologies can help to show farmers
informa on that humans cannot see
with the naked eye, as well as
accuratelypin-pointwheretarget
Crop scou ng, also known as field
scou ng, is the very basic ac on of
traveling through a crop field while
making frequent stops for observa ons.
Crop scou ng is done so that a farmer
can see how different areas of his or her
field are growing. If there are problems
during the growing season, the farmer
can work to mi gate them so those
problems do not affect yield at harvest
me. Should problems go
unno ced or uncared for
during the growing season,
they can poten ally limit the
total yield, thus reducing the
revenue from the sale of the
crop or other inten ons for
the crop, such as livestock
feed.
There are many different
methods of crop scou ng.
While the tradi onal methods
can include walking through
the field and observing plants
manually, par cular pieces of
equipment are s ll used,
including field notes so the farmer can
keep account of plants and areas that
need more a en on, a pocket knife and
bags for sample taking, and finally a
hand magnifica on lens so the farmer
can get a close look and be er
idea of the health
of his
Crop Scouting:
Precision Technology Uses in Crop Scouting

26. areasaretoprovideassistance.
GPS UseinCropScou ng
Global posi oning systems are an
extremely useful tool when it comes to
the advancement of crop scou ng in
precision agriculture. Crop scou ng has
always relied on farmers remembering
where they have scouted and taking
note of that, although with the use
of GPS, farmers now have an
accurate recording of up to one
foot of where they have been. With
this precise loca on data they can
make notes and have specific
loca ons of where pests, poor soil
temperature or moisture are
located. With the preciseness of
global posi oning systems farmers
can also accurately mi gate threats
thattheyfindintheirfields.
GPS has now been incorporated
into many different pieces of
technology which help farmers to
scout their fields much more
efficiently and accurately. An
example of these technologies
includes different apps that are
available for tablets or smartphones.
These apps help farmers to not only
mark their exact loca on in a field, but
also make field notes, compare notes
from previous years and more. These
apps can help to show a farmer
whereexactlyonan
aerial
photo of their farm
target areas of issue
are, as well as helping
farmerstomakefuture
decisions based on
past crop issues they
havehad.
UAV inCropScou ng
UAV's are one piece of
technology that have
been developed and
p e r f e c t e d f o r
agricultural purposes
in the past 10 years.
UAV'salsoknown
as unmanned aerial vehicles, are
constantly being perfected and
developed to be more efficient, easy to
use, and effec ve. Two main models of
UAV's used in agriculture are the fixed
wing pla orm, which is very similar to a
plane, although it is scaled down and
controlled with a remote control or
GPS. The second model is the mul -
copter - this model is similar to a
helicopter although it generally has
more propellers - some mul -copters
have anywhere between 4 – 8
propellers. The more propellers that
are added to a mul -copter typically
provide more stability and power to the
machine, this makes it easier to fly and
maneuver in different weather
condi ons. Typically
m u l -
copters are preferred on smaller farms
where landing space is limited, while
planes are usually be er suited for
extremelylargefarms.
UAV's have assisted the agricultural
sector by combining their technology
with that of infrared cameras. These
two pieces of technology combined
mean that a farmer can get a bird's eye
view of his or her farm and see their
crops from a whole new perspec ve.
UAV's are also capable to use these
infrared cameras to render a variety of
different informa on, including: what
species are in their fields (weed and
crop scou ng), moisture levels of the
soil or plants, plant development
stages, plant health, and much more.
These UAV's give farmers a more
holis c view of what is happening in
their fields and with the use of these
UAV's, farmers are able to be er
understand their crops not just on a
field by field basis, but on a plant by
plant basis. This is because some UAV's
are carry cameras capable of showing
onepixelasonefootofland,thismeans
that the farmer can see each foot of
land on their field and understand a
wide range of informa on about that
par cular piece of field. UAV's are
helping farmers to undertake more
accurate farming prac ces and with
thisprecisioncomesbe eryield.
26

27. technological innova on so it may be
considered the mother of all future
innova ons.
A second major step took place in
M i d d l e A g e w i t h s i g n i fi c a n t
improvements in the agricultural
techniques and technologies. The
development of handcra s and
processing of iron improved the
produc on of agricultural implements
such plough and hand tools as well as
animal trac on techniques with horse
shoesandharnesses.
Then with the advent of the Age of
Enlightenment in 1700 which extends
the applica on of the analy cal
Agricultural mechanization:
Development of civilization
27
method and mark the beginning of
m o d e r n s c i e n c e , a g r i c u l t u re
undergoes a major transforma on of
both the farming system and the
technical means that from “tools”
evolve into “machines” in the modern
sense.
Thus began the drama c development
of mechaniza on of the last three
centuries that led to increase by more
than a thousand mes the produc vity
of human labor thus reducing
employees in agriculture to 12% of
a c v e p o p u l a o n i n m o r e
industrializedcountries.
Nowadays agricultural mechaniza on
is facing two major challenges: from
one side to produce food supplies for a
growing popula on that is expected to
rise to 10 billion in a few decades and
on the other hand protect and
preservetheenvironment.
An addi onal global strategic role of
mechaniza on is its key role in the
improvement of economic condi ons
of the less developed countries: a low
level in agricultural engineering in
generallyassociatetoahighlevelof
The long journey of human civiliza on
began 10.000 years ago when humans,
un l then hunter-gatherers, thanks to
theadventofagriculturehadaccesstoa
food surplus that led to the forma on of
permanenthumanse lements.
From then un l three centuries ago the
development of human society was
based on technical development of
tools and facili es dedicated to primary
economic sector and therefore it can be
said that the “agricultural engineering”
- in its earliest and simplest
forms-wasthefirst
o f
“The development of
handcrafts and processing
of iron improved the
production of agricultural
implements such plough
and hand tools as well as
animal traction techniques
with horse shoes and
harnesses”.

28. Look under the bonnet of a Kubota and you will find something very special.
Three words that convey trust, quality and engineering excellence, Mode in
Don’t compromise. For your own peace of mind, insist on 100% Kubota.
Contact your local Kubota dealership or contact on
+91 9940337618 | Email: madalasagar.s@kubota.com
For Earth, For Life
www.kubota.com

29. p o v e r t y w h i l e a g r i c u l t u r a l
mechaniza on can reduce the number
of people working in
agriculture and increase the
GDP ofthecountry.
T h e e x c e p o n a l
development of agricultural
machinery industry of the
last decades is based on a
growing globaliza on and
on a worldwide networking
and coopera on in order to
reduce the produc on costs
andtoincreasethequality.
Driving forces of modern
farm machinery are automa on and
electronics with enormous progress in
diffusion of IT technologies that have
led to tremendous improvement in
both efficiency and produc vity of
machinery and environmental
protec on during opera ons as has
o en been discussed in the Club of
Bologna.
The contribu on of
mechaniza on to the
goal of feeding the
planet in the near future
must also focused on the
development of simple
and cheap machines for
developing countries in
o r d e r t o i m p r o v e
e ffi c i e n c y o f t h e
agricultural systems,
reduce malnutri on and
improve the economic
condi onsofthosecountries.
Robot farming system in Japan
Noboru Noguchi - Hokkaido University, Japan
Agriculture in developed countries after the Industrial Revolution has tended to
favor increases in energy input through the use of larger tractors and increased
chemical and fertilizer application. Although this agricultural technology has
negative societal and environmental implications, it has supported food for
rapidly increasing human population. In western countries, “sustainable
agriculture” was developed to reduce the environmental impact of production
agriculture. At the same time, the global agricultural workforce continues to
shrink; each worker is responsible for greater areas of land. Simply continuing the
current trend toward larger and heavier equipment is not the solution. A new
mode of thought, a new agricultural technology is required for the future.
Intelligent robotic tractors are one potential solution.
In Japan, the number of farmers is decreasing and aside from the fact the problem in aging farmers. In the
near future, Japan farmers will decrease rapidly that will result to shortage in food production. That is why
researchers in Japan are doing a research about robot farming system which is one of the possible
solutions to solve the food shortage production.
This presentation will give the application of robot vehicles in agriculture using new technologies. The
robot framing system will fully automate the farming from planting to harvesting until to the end user of the
products. A robot tractor and a planting robot will be used to plant and seed the crops using navigation
sensors. It includes a robot management system, a real-time monitoring system, a navigation system,
and a safety system. In the robot farming system, the robot vehicles receive a command from the control
center and send information data through a wireless LAN or packet communication. The robot vehicles
such as a robot tractor and a robot combine harvester can perform its designated tasks and can work
simultaneously with each other. The operator at the control center can analyze the data sent by the robot
vehicles in a real-time basis and can immediately send the necessary information to the farmers,
retailers, and producer's cooperation, etc. Also, the operator can see the real-time status of the
robot vehicles using a GIS while their performing its task.
29

31. 31
Agricultural mechanization
in Peru
By Shimon Horovitz / Agronomist
An experience to make your soil preparation in a short and in an efficient way:
I am an Israeli Agronomist and spent a
year in Peru and wish to elaborate here
theideaIimplementedthere.
It is an idea I know from Israel but I did
try to show it in in Peru in 2006 and
2007 where I was a consultant to a
company selling seeds of Israeli Co on
to farmers and later helping them with
loansandadvice.
Smallholders:
The farmers in Peru are small holder
farmers. They have a 2 ha Farm usually.
Imetfewfarmerswith10or20hafarm,
Very Few farms had 50 ha and more
than that. I saw 3 farms of 500 ha in the
northofPeru.
Soil:
Soil is a saline soil as it is a desert area,
pHisusuallyabove7.8.
Water:
The irriga on is mainly by flood, the
watercomesfromareservoir,whenthe
lever of the reservoir is down then
water for the fields are stopped un l
lever of the reservoir is back to a
minimum. That is leaving the farmers
some meswithoutwaterfor30days.
Lackofmachinery:
The small farmer can hire machinery
from a government office at
the edge of the
town
they live nearby. The machinery is
simple containing some disc plows disc
harrowsandsoillevelers.
History:
Part of the problem of the machinery
started a er in 1968, when Peru took
(na onalized) the big farms from the
owners and gave 2 ha to every man in
Peru.
Costsofthemachinery:
When I asked about their ability to Use
a Sub-soiler or a
rooter they said “it
is too costly ”!
Later they told me
the cost is high for
one me and they
usually do it 2
mes, (once across
theother)
T h e m t h e y
men onthereisan
extra obstacle
here; as the soil is
so it consumes
more water then
what they can afford, as the water is
countedperseason.
Background:
I arrived to the idea that if I wish to help
them I need to have a “sub-soiler that
can ridge at the same me, in this way
you make the ridges exactly on
top of the path
that the sub
soilerdid.
This way you
have the soil
so exactly
u n d e r t h e
place of the
plants in the
future. You do
not need to sub soil all the field, (and
notunderthetractor’swheelplace).
You want the soil to be so and easy to
enter by the roots only where they are,
whichisunderthetopoftheridge.
Imadesomemoreresearchspeakingto
fa r m e rs a n d A g r o n o m i s t s t o
understandbe er:
As farmers tend to save on soil
prepara on,mostofthefarmersdonot
prepare the soil in the best way, most of
them irrigate before the soil
prepara on as the soil is hard and very
drya ertheformercrop,thesoil
Picture show two implements in Peru first on the left is the leveler and in the back the
Disc Harrow. A tractor can pull these two at one go to the field on roads.

33. prepara onrou necontain:
It is a known rou ne to do: irrigate before
allac vi es.
a) Plough
b) DiscHarrow
c) Leveling
As a “three passes basic rou ne”. But I
guess some of the farmers do only part of
thislist:
a) Partofthemwilluseaplough.
b) They all use a “Disc Harrow” in
theirfields.
c) Some or most of them will use a
soil leveler, as most of them use flood
irriga onanditisrecommended.
Farmers of Co on today were rice growers
yesterday.
Irriga ng the field is in a method which is
known for rice, in flooding method. With
high borders so water will remain inside
theirrigatedfield.
They do their prac ce in a short me as not
to lose too much of the humidity for the
seeds to germinate, subsequence - they
willmakeaditchinthesoilsotheseedswill
findsomehumidity.
In the south of Peru I saw this done by
planter: some mes the ditch is made by
animal.
ThefieldsIsaw(mostofthem)werenot
planted nice and the crop was not
evenly germinated, such a field can’t be
sustainable. The poor performance is
part of lack of knowhow and bad
prac ces.
Ifyouusebe erprac cesyoucanreach
abe erstart:
In contrast here is a field I managed the
soil prepara on; you may see that the
croplooksgoodandhomorganic.
Here we made ridges and irrigated
them and later we disked harrowed the
field one me and use planter that placed
the seeds on the flat soil but exactly where
the center of the ridge used to be so the
soilisveryhumid.
Explana on:
The ridge gets
drybutthecenteroftheridge,furtherinto
itiss llhumid,sotheideaoftheridgeisto
help us keep part of the ridge wet for
longer me and s ll be higher and further
fromthe“hard-pan”.
The base of my idea is “Make ridges
beforeirriga on”.
The second commandment I say is use
“fixed tracks”. Meaning try keep the crop
on the same track all the years. Keep the
place that the tractor compacted to be
again the path where the tractor will go
again. The place where the tractor
compacted once is not fer le as the other
areawhereitwasnotcompacted. Thesoil
that was alive one year will remain
alive next year. The soil
unde
r the tractor’s wheel is
“dead”(kindof).
As an example of the
idea – in the picture we
s e e t w o t ra c t o r s
working one behind
the other, the first one
is carrying a sub-
spoiler and the second
is carrying a ridger, but
this is with 2 tractors,
while my idea was to
put 2 implements
t o g e t h e r o n o n e
tractorononeframe.
To use the idea to the
maximum I made an
implement:
T h e i m p l e m e n t I
promoted in Peru is coming to do the job in
one path, use sub soiler and use ridges and
use“fixedtracks”.
HereinthepictureistheimplementImade
and promoted between the farmers I met.
Thenextpictureshowanimplementwhich
was “downsized” so a smaller tractor can
dothejob.
The tractor is making ridges in a field
one next to the other. Only a er
comple onIwillirrigatethisfield.
I add a drawing here to show the idea
oncemore:
The bed should be a bit higher from the
rest of the area, so water can go to the
lowareaandleavetheplanttoaerateits
roots and get more air. You can leave
the bed in the same place next your or
next season, this is the main idea of
“fixed-tracks”.
I am adding here few more diagrams in
ordertomakemyselfcleareroftheidea:
The way I show is to plant on the ridge and
not in the furrow. When soil had become
dry and no rain will come then we cut and
throw the dry soil from the top to the
furrow, then we see the center humid soil
of the center of the ridge and plant there. (
it may become a flat field now but the
seedsareplacedinahumidzone.)
33
Irrigation was with flood methods that make the crop suffer some days from over
watering and sometime too long intervals. The picture shows a field being irrigated by
flood irrigation.
Part of the people make a furrow like seen in the picture with a mule or a horse and
later put the seeds by people into the furrow where it is a bit more humid.

34. You can see the borders of the fields is a
ridge of soil to border the water not to
go to another field in the flood
irriga on.
The seeds are placed low and too close
tothe“hardpan”. Thismeanstheroots
will not develop nicely as they can’t
grow deep as the hard pan will not let
rootsgodeep. Whenrootsareshallow
the ability of the co on plants (or
others) will suffer when water is too
much as water are put a lot as there is
no assurance when the farmer will get
his next irriga on. As some me the
interval between 2 irriga ons may
reach to 25 of more days which is a bit
too much so the plants will shade the
flowers and buds, and the yield will be
low.
Downsizing:
The implement we made started the
job with a 240 hp tractor but soon later
the tractor had to go to
otherjobs.
In order to adopt the
implement to a smaller
tractor, we down sized
the nes so a 115 hp
tractor will be able to
dothejob.
There was a me we
used the idea on 2
tractors going exactly one a er the
other,
The first tractor went ahead with a sub-
soiler and the second one came right
behide in its footprint and made the
ridges.
34
Here in the picture is the implement I made and
promoted between the farmers I met.
The next picture show an implement which was
“downsized” so a smaller tractor can do the job.
Looking from the back at the “subsoiller – ridger “ implement Looking from the other side at the smaller “subsoiller–ridger implement”
Farm of the future
Giuseppe Gavioli – CNH
The evolution of the farms in the next 30 years will be impressive. There are
several external drivers that will have a very strong influence on the farm of the
future such as: the increase of food demand for growing world population and for
growing individual food consumption, the need to increase productivity and
efficiency of production on current crop land and to cultivate new land, the
availability of new technologies for farm tools, the pervasive presence of
information and data. The farming activities will also have to be increasingly
sustainable for the environment.
Farmers will interact more and more with global crop and food markets, which
will increasingly drive farm medium to long term strategy, while they will be
strengthening links and connections with local farm communities and groups,
leveraging on local and regional networks for energy production and sharing,
logistic optimization, information and services.
Farm of the future
Giuseppe Gavioli – CNH
The evolution of the farms in the next 30 years will be impressive. There are
several external drivers that will have a very strong influence on the farm of the
future such as: the increase of food demand for growing world population and for
growing individual food consumption, the need to increase productivity and
efficiency of production on current crop land and to cultivate new land, the
availability of new technologies for farm tools, the pervasive presence of
information and data. The farming activities will also have to be increasingly
sustainable for the environment.
Farmers will interact more and more with global crop and food markets, which
will increasingly drive farm medium to long term strategy, while they will be
strengthening links and connections with local farm communities and groups,
leveraging on local and regional networks for energy production and sharing,
logistic optimization, information and services.

35. Qk;ns %
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esa ,d ;k nks gh tqrkbZ esa t+ehu dks cksus ds
fy, rS;kj dj nsrk gSAftlls yxHkx 40ø Mhty dh cpr
vkSj 60ø le; dh cpr gksrh gSA
 ikjEifjd rjhdksa ls [ksr dks cqvkbZ ds fy, rS;kj
djus esa yxHkx 10 ls 15 fnu dk le; yxrk gS ijUrq
xksfcUn jksVksosVj ls [ksr cqvkbZ ds fy, rqjUr
rS;kj gks tkrk gSA
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rqjUr rS;kj dj nsrk gS] ftlls fiNyh Qly dh feV~Vh
dh ueh csdkj ugha tkrh] bl izdkj ty izcU/ku esa
enn Hkh djrk gSA
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ckn rqjUr blls tqrkbZ fd;k tk ldrk gSA xhyh
feV~Vh esa tqrkbZ bldk vkn'kZ mi;ksx gS] lkFk
The content of this catalogue is only giving information to the end user without engagement from our side.
The Company can modify the specifications of the total machine & its components without notice.
Tractor Power
Overall Width
Tillage Width
Gear Box Speed
Side Transmission
P.T.O. Speed (RPM)
Rotor Speed (RPM)
No. of Blades
Gear Box
Overload Protection
30 to 35 H.P.
150 cm
120 cm
Single/Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
36
Shear Bolt
35 to 45 H.P.
180 cm
150 cm
Single/Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
42
Shear Bolt
45 to 55 H.P.
205 cm
175 cm
Single/Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
48
Shear Bolt
55 to 70 H.P.
230 cm
200 cm
Single/Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
54
Shear Bolt
70 to 75 H.P.
255 cm
225 cm
Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
60
Shear Bolt
GI - 120 GI - 150 GI - 175 GI - 200 GI - 225
rduhdh fo'ks"krk,a %
xUuk dikl dsyk dkuZ LVkDl lw[kh&xhyh t+ehu
vf/kd` r foØsrk %
Rotor Speed (RPM) for Multi Speed Gearbox
160
16 17 18 19 2015 20 19 18 17 16 15 13 22
180 200 225 252 282 232
Tractor PTO 540 (RPM) 1000 (RPM)
vf/kd` r foØsrk %
GOBIND
n’kgjk ckx+] gSnjx<+ jksM
ackjkc dh ¼;w0ih0½
( A Unit of Gobind Alloys Limited )
An ISO 9001:2008 Company
gobindindustries.co.ininfo@gobindindustries.co.in
+91-7705900901, 903, 904, 906, 923
9415049542, 941504862, 9415049543
Gobind Industries
( A Unit of Gobind Alloys Limited )
An ISO 9001 : 2008 Company
Dasharabagh, Haidergarh Road, Barabanki (U.P.)
Sugarcane Cotton Banana Corn Stalks Wet & Dry Field
ADVANTAGE:
 Gobind Rotavator is better than other agricultural equipments to prepare the soil in just
one or two times of cultivation, and also it save the 40% diesel and 60% time.
 Traditional method takes minimum 10-15 days to prepare seed bed where as by
Gobind Rotavator soil is immediately available for sowing.
 Gobind Rotavator can immediately prepare the soil moisture of previous crop does not
go waste, thus helps water management.
 Cultivation of soil can be done immediately after the rain because it is the ideal use for
Rotavator, it also push the tractor forward in soil.
 Gobind Rotavator is beneficial for the land of reaped sugarcane, bananas, jute, dried
grass and other corps.
SALIENTFEATURES:
 Gear Box: Heavy duty export quality gear box, and it have longer service life.
 Box Frame: It have heavy duty square pipe and made up from heavy plates.
 Trailing Board: It have automatic spring which helps in to have a quality cultivation of
soil, and its pressure balance the wet soil .
 P.T.O. Shaft:- Water proof cross with protection guard.
 It have double spring multi lip oil seal.
 Tiller Blades : Blades made up from advanced imported parts which easily cultivate the
soil without heavy load and also helps in smooth running.
 Side Transmission: Side gears made out of best quality steel & properly heat treated
technology which gives the regular functioning with longer life.
gobindindustries.co.ininfo@gobindindustries.co.in
For Dealership and Distributorship Enquiry :
Lalit Sachedva
+91 9643040547
sachdeva.lalit2015@gmail.com
The content of this catalogue is only giving information to the end user without engagement from our side.
The Company can modify the specifications of the total machine & its components without notice.
Tractor Power
Overall Width
Tillage Width
Gear Box Speed
Side Transmission
P.T.O. Speed (RPM)
Rotor Speed (RPM)
No. of Blades
Gear Box
Overload Protection
30 to 35 H.P.
150 cm
120 cm
Single/Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
36
Shear Bolt
35 to 45 H.P.
180 cm
150 cm
Single/Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
42
Shear Bolt
45 to 55 H.P.
205 cm
175 cm
Single/Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
48
Shear Bolt
55 to 70 H.P.
230 cm
200 cm
Single/Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
54
Shear Bolt
70 to 75 H.P.
255 cm
225 cm
Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
60
Shear Bolt
GI - 120 GI - 150 GI - 175 GI - 200 GI - 225
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Rotor Speed (RPM) for Multi Speed Gearbox
160
16 17 18 19 2015 20 19 18 17 16 15 13 22
180 200 225 252 282 232
Tractor PTO 540 (RPM) 1000 (RPM)
GOBIND
varjk"Vªh; ekudksa ds vuqlkj fufeZr
jksVksosVj
gj fdlku dk liuk xksfcUn jksVksosVj gks viukgj fdlku dk liuk xksfcUn jksVksosVj gks viukgj fdlku dk liuk xksfcUn jksVksosVj gks viuk
de
[kir
vf/kd tqrkbZ Approved by Government of India
Mcy fLizxa
vf/kd bVkfy;uvf/kd bVkfy;u
CysM ds lkFkCysM ds lkFk
vf/kd bVkfy;u
CysM ds lkFk
Approved by Government of India


"A Dream of Every Farmer""A Dream of Every Farmer""A Dream of Every Farmer"

LOW
CONSUMPTION
MORE PLOWING
jksVksosVj
OIL FILLED
GEAR
DRIVE
!
WARNING
Check oil level before
using machine tighten
all bolts everyday
35

36. 36

37. 37

38. 38

39. 39

40. 40

41. 41

42. 42

43. 43

44. 44

45. 45

46. 46

47. MUMBAI: Mahindra & Mahindra
(M&M) on Thursday signed a
definitive agreement to acquire
33 per cent in Mitsubishi
Agricultural Machinery Co (MAM)
for $25 million or Rs 160 crore.
The world's largest tractor
maker by volumes will gain a
significant voting stake
in the subsidiary of
M i t s u b i s h i H e a v y
Industries through
fresh issue of common
shares and Class A
(nonvoting) shares of
M i t s u b i s h i A g r i
Machinery. The deal is
t o b e c l o s e d b y
October 1, with funds infused by
Mahindra going into expanding
the capital base of the Japanese
company.
The acquisition will help the
Mahindras work closely to devise
an appropriate product portfolio
strategy for the overseas
markets. Apart from penetrating
deeper into the US market, this
tie-up will help M&M reach out
more effectively to markets of
China, South East Asia and
eastern Europe.
It will also provide a platform for
both to leverage technology and
product development
synergies. Both
part
ners will work towards common
s o u r c i n g t o b r i n g d o w n
expenditure.
The Mahindras have an old
association with Mitsubishi
Agricultural Machinery. The
latter has been supplying
tractors to M&M's US subsidiary,
in addition to sharing technical
license for walk-behind rice
trans-planters and a tractor.
" F r o m a b u y e r - s e l l e r
relationship, we now have a
deeper bond with MAM. It will
help in leveraging our future in
markets like the US," Pawan
Goenka, executive director of
M&M, told ET.
M i t s u b i s h i A g r i c u l t u r a l
Machinery had revenues of $408
million in 2014-15 and with
M&M's equity infusion; it will
mostly be debt free. MAM makes
losses at the net level, but a
higher capacity utilization of
the plant will help the company
m a k e i t p r o fi t a b l e . T h e
Japanese firm has a roster base
of 1,700 employees.
Goenka said the company needs
to get a better balance in terms
of its volumes spread, with 90
per cent of its business coming
from India. Acquisition of stake
will help it increase its presence
in overseas markets.
Goenka also pointed out that
despite being the
largest selling tractor
company in the world;
M&M was at number 5
in terms of revenues. A
p u s h o n f a r m
machinery business
globally is the key to
climb up the revenue
ladder.
"Tractors only make up for one
third of global farm machinery
business while implements and
machineries like rice-planters
make for a big business. In case
of Mahindra, almost 95 per cent
of business comes from selling
tractors. With this tie-up with
Mitsubishi, we would like correct
that position by focusing more on
farm mechanization," he said.
Mahindra is also likely to launch
a lighter tractor in India with the
help of Mitsubishi next year,
which will help the company
cater to a 20,000 units per
annum market for orchards.
47
M&M to acquire 33% stake in Mitsubishi Agricultural Machinery
Company for Rs 159.24 crore
NEWS

48. COIMBATORE: To give school
students a true experience of
what an average farmer has to go
through daily, Tractor and Farm
Equipment Ltd today launched
its 'Be a FarmDost' initiative
here, providing them with kits
containing seeds and other
material like an institutional
manual.
The initiative was aimed to
celebrate the farmer and bring
back the farming community
into the social consciousness and
to encourage students to
understand the importance of
farmers, Sunitha Subramanyam,
Senior Deputy General Manager,
Corporate Communications, said
at the launch at National Model
Higher School, here.
Through this initiative, the
company wanted to reach
20,000 school children in
Coimbatore by distributing
FarmDost kits, which contain
seeds, a packet of cocopeat, a
friendship agreement, a
f a r m d o s t s t i c k e r, a n
institutional manual, besides
letters to them and their
parents, requesting child's
involvement in this, she said.
Once students participate by
cultivating seeds from the
kit,they are expected to click
pictures of the farming process
regularly and post it on FarmDost
website, Sunitha said.
The pictures will later be
promoted as Be a #FarmDost
Page-Facebook. Com/foremost
and the top three students from
each city will be awarded Best
#FarmDost student award, she
said.
After covering the initiative in
Coimbatore, Madurai and Trichu,
it would be held in Chennai
schools, somewhere in mid of
August and awarding ceremony
will be held during September.
Another award 'Thank You
Farmers Student' award will
encourage students to meet,
interact and thank farmers in an
innovative way, Sunitha said.
32
Tractor and Farm Equipment Ltd launches 'Be a FarmDost' initiative to
recognize farmers
NEWS