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1. AGRI MECHAGRI MECH
ISSUE 3 | JULY 2015MONTHLY NEWSLETTER
A.S.SUBBARAO
Sr. MANAGER - AGRONOMY
SBU - SOUTH, AGRONOMY DEPARTMENT
NETAFIM
Sub surface drip irrigation for high
production in Sugarcane crop
BUSINESS CYCLES AND RECESSION
Robert Lucas, Jr.
AMERICAN ECONOMIST, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
NOBEL MEMORIAL PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES (1995)

2. Farm Mechaniza on in my country is always associated with some integral hitches like, fragmented lands, poor
buying capacity of farmers, lack of quality machines for farm opera on, inadequate knowledge of the users
aboutmachinesandinsufficientawarenessbuildingac vi es.
The country's agricultural produc on has stagnated at a me when the broader elements of the economy have
grown. In order to sustain an overall growth rate of 9 per cent it is impera ve for the agricultural sector to grow
at 4 per cent. Though India has achieved self‐sufficiency in food‐grain produc on, the last couple of decades
haveseenthegrowthrateoffood‐grainproduc on(1.5percent)lagbehindthatofpopula on(1.9percent).
Mechaniza on of agriculture is an important factor promo ng to higher output of the agricultural farm and
therebyincreasingtheprofitabilityofthefarmingprac ces.Themechaniza onoffarmisdeterminedbyasetof
inter‐relatedfactorssuchassizeoffarm,irriga on,accesstoins tu onalcredit,governmentextensionsupport
services,experienceofthefarmers.
Though, India is one of the top countries in agricultural produc on, in terms of farm mechaniza on, it is behind
the world average. For instance, the tractor density of India is about 16 tractors for 1,000 hectares, while the
world average is 19 tractors and that of USA is 27. Clearly, there is significant opportunity for mechaniza on of
agriculture.
Indian policy makers have ini ated preliminary support to farm mechaniza on by including it as focus area in
broader schemes such as in Rashtrya Krishi Vikas Yojna and Macro Management of Agriculture schemes,
concerted focus on this sector is s ll lacking. A lot more focus needs to be brought in to further enhance the
growthofthissectorandtaptheimmensepoten alitoffers.
In conclusion, though mechaniza on has improved the state of agriculture in certain parts of the country, it is
s ll a bo om of the pyramid story and it will remain so unless concrete measures are taken to propel farmers
towards adop on of efficient farm mechaniza on prac ces especially in the farm equipment space. Given the
right focus from various stake holders, farm mechaniza on has the poten al to play a cri cal role in increasing
farmproduc vityandimprovingruralemploymentgenera on.
The idea of publishing AGRIMECH was derived from the above resistance which farmers are facing in my
country. It is the unique monthly magazine includes ar cles by interna onal authors on agricultural machinery
manufacturers covering the technologies, personal experiences, business forecast and new ideas for
agriculturalmachineryandfarmequipmentincludingtractors, resanditsalliedindustry.
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farmersallaroundtheglobe.
We believe that there is no top; there are always further heights to reach. Team AGRI MECH is commi ed to
deliver the most relevant and improved informa on of your interest in every issue, which will lead to achieve
thismagazinenewheights.
Wehopethatthismagazinewillcontributetomakeyourbusiness
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3. ContentsContents
05
10
13
20
24
26
30
31
32
Commercial Significance
Of Agriculture
Farm Mechaniza on and its
Importance
Mechaniza on in Ghana: Emerging
demand, and the search for
alterna ve supply models
China Agricultural Equipment
Market
Chinese companies targeting the
Africa agricultural market
Myth‐busting for African
agriculture
India gets its Exhibition Industry
Study report
Bankers in Punjab (India) betting
big on farm mechanization sector
Sub surface drip irrigation
For high production in
Sugarcane crop

5. much poorer than people who work in
other sectors of the economy and that
they represent a significant share, o en
the majority, of the total number of poor
peopleinthecountrieswheretheylive.
Achieving the Millennium Development
Goal (MDG) of halving poverty by 2015
requires finding ways to increase the
incomes of those people. What can
government do to foster that kind of
income growth? Specifically, how can we
improve development co‐opera on,
Contact :
DHARMESH ENTERPRISES PVT. LTD.
B28/B, GR. FLR., GHATKOPAR INDL. ESTATE
L.B.S. MARG, GHATKOPAR (WEST)
MUMBAI, MAHARASHTRA 400086
Mobile : 09323039797
Email : heatgun@vsnl.com
05
factors of produc on
from an agricultural
sector characterized
by low produc vity
a n d t h e u s e o f
tradi onal technology
to a modern industrial
sector with higher
produc vity. Lewis’s
t h e o r y w a s
i n t e r p r e t e d a s
a d v o c a n g
industrializa on and used to jus fy
government policies that favored
protec on for domes c industries and
explicitly or implicitly, taxed the
agricultural sector. That theory and it
implica ons for policy have been largely
debunked by later work and the degree to
which economic policies of developing
countries discriminate against agriculture
has lessened drama cally in recent
decades.
Many recent studies focus specifically on
quan fying the rela onship between
agriculture and poverty. Bresciani and
Valdes (2007) frame their analysis in terms
of three key channels they say links
agricultural growth to poverty: 1) labour
market,2)farmincome,and3)foodprices.
They provide a theore cal framework for
inves ga ngthequan ta veimportance
Dr. Theodore Schultz
Nobel Prize Winner, 1979
in Economics Observing
“Most of the people in the world
are poor, so if we knew the
economics of being poor we
would know much of the
economics that really matters.
Most of the world's poor people
earn their living from agriculture,
so if we knew the economics of
agriculture we would know much
of the economics of being poor”
(Shultz, 1979)
trade and agricultural policy to be er
promote agriculture’s contribu on to
povertyreduc on?
Lewis (1955) was one of the first of many
development economists a emp ng to
explain the paradox. He viewed economic
development as a process of reloca ng
Theodore Schultz was awarded the Nobel
Prize for his work in development
economics of agriculture, began his
acceptance speech for the 1979 Nobel
PrizeinEconomicsobserving:
“Most of the people in the world are poor,
so if we knew the economics of being poor
we would know much of the economics
that really ma ers. Most of the world's
poor people earn their living from
agriculture, so if we knew the economics of
agriculture we would know much of the
economicsofbeingpoor”(Shultz,1979)
World popula on is forecast to grow from
7 to 9 billion by 2050, 1 in 6 is already
hungry and food produc on must increase
by 70–100% if it is to feed this growing
popula on. No single solu on will solve
this problem but recent developments in
the gene c technologies of plant breeding
can help to increase agricultural
efficiencies and save people from hunger
in a sustainable manner, par cularly in
African na ons where the need is greatest.
These advances can rapidly incorporate
new traits and tailor exis ng crops to meet
new requirements and also greatly reduce
the me and costs taken to improve local
cropvarie es.
Thirty six years on we s ll find that people
in developing countries who depend on
agriculture for their living are typically
COMMERCIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF AGRICULTURE

6. of those various channels and then report
findings from six country case studies.
They conclude that when both the direct
and indirect effects of agricultural growth
are taken into account, such growth is
more poverty reducing than growth in
nonagriculturalsectors.
Bresciani and Valdes emphasize especially
that agriculture’s contribu on to poverty
reduc on is consistently greater than is
agriculture’s share of GDP. For their case
study countries, agriculture’s contribu on
came mainly through the labor market
channel. They cau on however that
growth strategies based on such findings
may not be valid in circumstances where
the agricultural output mix does not
feature labor intensive crops and livestock
ac vity. Equally problema c for such a
strategy is that much progress in
agriculture historically has come from the
introduc on of labor saving technical
change.
According to an American economist,
David Gale Johnson, as a country
develops economically, the rela ve
importanceofagriculturedeclines.The
primary reason for this was shown by
the 19th‐ century German sta s cian
Ernst Engel, who discovered that as
incomes increase the propor on of
income spent on food declines. For
example, if a family’s income were to
increase by 100 percent, the amount it
would spend on food might increase by
60 percent; if formerly its expenditures
on food had been 50 percent of its
budget, a er the increase they would
amount to only 40 percent of its
budget. It follows from this that, as
incomes increase, a smaller frac on of
the total resources of society is
required to produce the amount of
fooddemandedbythepopula on.”
In looking back upon the history of the
more developed countries, one can see
that agriculture has played an
important part in the process of their
enrichment. For one thing, if
development is to occur, agriculture
must be able to produce a surplus of
food to maintain the growing non‐
agricultural labor force. Since food is
more essen al for life than are the
services provided by merchants or
bankers or factories, an economy
cannot shi to such ac vi es unless
food is available for barter or sale in
sufficient quan es to support those
engaged in them. Unless food can be
obtained throughinterna onal trade,
a country does not normally develop
industrially un l its farm areas can
supply its towns with food in exchange
development to the extent that it
provides a surplus that may be
converted into the funds needed to
purchase industrial equipment or to
buildroadsandprovidepublicservices.
For these reasons a country seeking to
develop its economy may be well
advised to give a significant priority to
agriculture. Experience in the
developing countries has shown that
agriculture can be made much more
produc ve with the proper investment
in irriga on systems, research,
fer lizers,insec cides,andherbicides.
Fortunately, many advances in
appliedsciencedo not require massive
amounts of capital, although it may be
necessary to expand marke ng and
transporta on facili es so that farm
output can be brought to the en re
popula on.
One difficulty in giving priority to
agriculture is that most of the increase
in farm output and most of the income
gains are concentrated in certain
regions rather than extending
throughout the country. The remaining
farmers are not able to produce more
and actually suffer a disadvantage as
farm prices decline. There is no easy
answer to this problem, but developing
countries need to be aware of it;
economic progress is consistent with
lingering backwardness, as can be seen
in parts of southern Italy or in the
AppalachianareaoftheUnitedStates.
food is available for barter or sale in
sufficient quan es to support those
engaged in them. Unless food can be
obtained throughinterna onal trade, a
country does not normally develop
industrially un l its farm areas can
supply its towns with food in exchange
fortheproductsoftheirfactories.
Economic development also requires a
growing labor force. In an agricultural
country most of the workers needed
must come from the rural popula on.
Thusagriculturemustnotonlysupplya
06
fortheproductsoftheirfactories.
Economic development also requires a
growing labor force. In an agricultural
country most of the workers needed
must come from the rural popula on.
Thus agriculture must not only supply
a surplus of food for the towns, but it
must also be able to produce the
increased amount of food with a
rela vely smaller labor force.
Agriculture may also be a source of the
capital needed for industrial
Dr. David Gale Johnson
American Economist

8. surplus of food for the towns, but it must
also be able to produce the increased
amount of food with a rela vely smaller
laborforce.
Agriculture may also be a source of the
capital needed for industrial development
to the extent that it provides a surplus that
maybeconvertedinto thefunds neededto
purchase industrial equipment or to build
roadsandprovidepublicservices.
For these reasons a country seeking to
develop its economy may be well advised
to give a significant priority to agriculture.
Experience in the developing countries
has shown that agriculture can be made
much more produc ve with the proper
investmentinirriga onsystems,research,
fer lizers,insec cides,andherbicides.
Fortunately, many advances in applied
science do not require massive amounts
of capital, although it may be necessary to
expand marke ng and transporta on
facili es so that farm output can be
broughttotheen repopula on.
One difficulty in giving priority to
agriculture is that most of the increase in
farm output and most of the income gains
are concentrated in certain regions rather
than extending throughout the country.
The remaining farmers are not able to
produce more and actually suffer a
disadvantage as farm prices decline. There
is no easy answer to this problem, but
developing countries need to be aware of
it; economic progress is consistent with
lingering backwardness, as can be seen in
parts of southern Italy or in the
AppalachianareaoftheUnitedStates.
08

10. Mechaniza on of farming during the
20th century led to sweeping changes
in agriculture. Tractors, combines,
harvesters, and other farm machines
h e l p f a r m s p r o d u c e m o r e .
Consequently, the trend since the early
part of the 1900s is that fewer people
can farm more land. Farm equipment is
a major expense for farmers, so it is
difficult for small farms to keep up with
the latest technological innova ons.
Machinery has also become more
complicated and specialized. A simple
tractor used on a small farm for many
different tasks cannot be used
efficientlyonalarge‐scalefarm.
Farm mechaniza on means the usage
of machines and technology in the
agriculture sector. The use of tractor,
tube‐wells and plant protec on
measures are included in the farm
mechaniza on. So in the farm
mechaniza on the use of machinery is
greaterascomparedtothelabor.
Mechaniza on of agriculture is an
important factor promo ng to higher
output of the agricultural farm and
thereby increasing the profitability of
t h e f a r m i n g p r a c c e s . T h e
mechaniza on of farm is determined
by a set of inter‐related factors such as
size of farm, irriga on, access to
ins tu onal credit, government
extension support services, experience
ofthefarmers.
Agricultural chemistry and farm
mechaniza on have developed
together over the last century, and
they have drama cally increased farm
efficiencyandproduc vity.
The Diesel‐oil‐powered tractor was
developed by Benjamin Holt, the
American inventor, in 1904 in
conjunc on with the need for efficient
ap p lica o n tech n o lo gies fo r
agricultural chemicals (fer lizers,
pes cides)andwater.
Today's tractors, cul vators, combines
reapers, irriga on machines,
c o m p u t e r‐ b a s e d a p p l i c a o n
technology, and sophis cated GPS
produc on technology. In some
countries, there are different levels of
mechaniza on and applica on
development available. This difference
can be monitored, especially in the
agricultural business. In other words,
mechaniza on, agricultural business in
each business, depending on the
technical and economic structure is
being implemented at different levels.
In underdeveloped countries, per acre
yield is low because our farmer is not
using the machines and technology in
the agricultural opera on. Keeping in
view the performance of farm
mechaniza on, most of developing
countries has decided to provide loans
to the farmers to purchase of tractors,
farmequipmentandmachineries.
Importance or Advantages of Farm
Mechaniza on
RexBingabing,execu vedirectorofthe
Philippine Center for Postharvest
Development and Mechaniza on
(PhilMech), the agency under the DA
tasked to develop and disperse farm
mechaniza on technologies, said that
mechaniza on can help a ract more
young people to farming, and more
farmers are becoming interested in
mechaniza on.
“Most young people are interested in
new technologies and modern
innova ons.Mostarealsolookingfor
Farm Mechaniza on and its Importance
“ M o s t y o u n g p e o p l e a r e
interested in new technologies
and modern innovations. Most
are also looking for work that is
less labor intensive,” Rex
Bingabing said.
so ware are all enabled by chemical
innova ons, such as petrochemical
fuels,structuralmaterials(metalalloys
a n d a d va n c e d p l a s c s ) , re
t e c h n o l o g y, a n d c o m p u n g
electronics.
Agriculture today applies so ware
that uses GPS signals to guide tractor
drivers along the field while plan ng
and harves ng crops. The so ware
can also be used independently to find
out which area has not been covered
bytheagriculturalmachine.
Agricultural mechaniza on is a
10

12. workthatislesslaborintensive,”hesaid.
He said that by mechanizing farm work,
drudgerycouldbegreatlyreduced,whichwould
makefarmingmorea rac vetotheyouth.
“Many had preferred taking training in
construc on works like welding or metal
fabrica on. But if they will realize that farm
mechaniza on would take away drudgery and
increase their produc vity, they would be
encouraged to engage in farming opera ons,”
Bingabingadded.
“Those who are doing the tradi onal [more on
manual] farming are all over 40. The younger
ones are usually the operators of four‐wheel
tractors, combine harvester and transplanter. It
seems that it’s harder to convince older people
to adopt modern technologies. Young people
aremoreopentoinnova ons,”Bingabingsaid.
The mechaniza on of farm opera ons can
increase produc on by five percent and reduce
postharvestlossestofivepercentto10percent,
or even lower. Post harvest losses in Philippine
farmsareabout15percentto20percent.
“Every me we go around the country for field
inspec ons, the farmers are the ones asking
how to avail of the machineries. In the coming
years, there would be a lot of farmers acquiring
machineries,”Bingabingsaid.
AtrendinAsia
The study Agricultural Mechaniza on at a
Glance Selected Country Studies in Asia on
Agricultural Machinery Development wri en by
Dr. Peeyush Soni of the Asian Ins tute of
Technology in Thailand and Dr. Yinggang Ou
South China Agricultural University in
Guangzhou showed that there is a great
disparity in the mechaniza on level among
Asiancountries.
bo lenecks to perform tasks within op mum
me windows and can influence the
environmental footprint of agriculture leading
tosustainableoutcomes.”
In light of the persistently low mechaniza on
levels in many developing countries and the
tremendous progress and benefits that can be
achieved with the help of Agricultural
Mechaniza on there is widespread consensus
that interna onal actors and governments
should “con nue to encourage farmers to use
agricultural machinery through development
programs and through the provision of
incen ves.”
However, the current levels of commitment and
encouragement by interna onal actors and
governments to promote agricultural
mechaniza on in developing countries are
compara vely low. In fact, notwithstanding its
fundamental importance and poten ally
beneficial role, Agricultural Mechaniza on, in
the words of the FAO, is “the neglected waif” of
agricultural and rural development in
developingcountries.
Mechaniza on remains a somewhat neglected
element of agricultural and rural development
polices in developing countries, par cularly in
Africa. In line with this, only limited progress in
agricultural mechaniza on has been achieved in
terms of increased number of machines and
market expansion in Africa in the past years.
Nonetheless, the predic ons for the next years
arestructurallyposi ve.
Keeping in view the above facts we conclude
that farm mechaniza on increases the
agriculture produc vity. It increases the income,
saving and investment of the farmers. In the
other word we can say that farm mechaniza on
is very useful for the development of agriculture
sector.
The study showed that in countries where
farm mechaniza on level is high, the
“agricultural labor intensity” is conversely low.
Agricultural labor intensity indicates the
numberofworkersinahectareoffarmland.
South Korea, which has been self‐sufficient in
rice and exports various farm products, has an
agricultural labor intensity figure of 1.11.
While no figure for agricultural labor intensity
was given for the Philippines, the figure for
Bangladesh, which is also in the developing
stagesoffarmmechaniza on,was4.69.
While a reduc on in the number of laborers
can happen once farm mechaniza on level
increases, the workers at the fields usually
benefitfromimprovedcondi ons.
“Agricultural mechaniza on plays an
increasingly important role in agricultural
produc on in the Asia‐Pacific region. It
reduces drudgery, increases the safety and
comfort of the working environment; it
enhances produc vity, cropping intensity and
produc on. It increases income for
agricultural workers and then improves social
equality and overall living standards,” the
studysaid.
S u s t a i n a b l e A g r i c u l t u r a l
Mechaniza on ‐ a beneficial, yet
neglectedelementinagendas
Agricultural Mechaniza on is thus well placed
to address many of the most fundamental
farming challenges in developing countries in
a profound and comprehensive manner.
Provided that suitable technology solu ons
are employed, Agricultural Mechaniza on
“removes the drudgery associated with
agricultural labor, overcomes me and labor
12

13. agricultural opera ons such as plowing,
harves ng, shelling, and plan ng.
Adop on of mechaniza on by farmers is
an evolu onary process influenced or
induced by a set of country specific agro‐
clima c factors, economic factors and
social condi ons for which the
government’s policy choices have impact.
Because of this, the literature on
mechaniza on in Africa that is dated to the
1970s and 1980s focuses on evalua ng
governments’ early interven ons in
mechaniza on services. The consensus
was that the early push in mechaniza on
failed in Africa due to lack of economic
demand from farmers and the fiscal
burdenofstate‐sponsoredprograms.
However, with the recent emphasis on
agricultural development and public
investment in the sector, some African
countries have started to devote public
resources to promote agricultural
mechaniza on, including through direct
subsidiza on of machinery imports. We
find that demand for certain mechanized
farming opera ons par cularly plowing
has emerged even among smallholders.
The development of the mechanized
service hiring market in which medium
and large scale farmers who are tractor
owners provide hiring‐out services to
small‐scale farmers represents a
promising model for sustainable
mechaniza on.
On the other hand, the specialized service
provisionmodel recently promoted bythe
government seems to be not viable.
Con nuous implementa on of such
model will not only increase the financial
burden to the government, but also
encourage more rent‐seeking behaviors, a
nega ve factor to hurt the private sector
as the leader in developing mechaniza on
supplychain.
Ghana has experienced steady economic
growth since the late 1980s, and the
growth is accompanied by rapid
urbaniza on and rising nonfarm
opportuni es in the rural areas. During
this period, the government of Ghana has
adopted a market‐driven agenda in which
its policies and investments have been
remarkably neutral with respect to the
produc on sectors. Apart from cocoa, the
‘‘winner‐picking’’ type of government
interven on is rarely adopted in the
agricultural sector. However, beginning in
2003, the Government started to
reemphasize the importance of
mechaniza on, directly engaged in tractor
imports, and established subsidized
agricultural mechaniza on service centers
in the last a few years. Several African
countries are considering similar
mechaniza on policies. In Nigeria, for
example, the government is the primary
importer of tractors, which were sold at
subsidized prices to farmers. Similarly, the
Government of Tanzania has sold more
than 5000 sets of imported agricultural
machinery at subsidized prices. The
government of Mali imports tractors from
India, DRC imports tractor and farm
equipment and Cameroon planned to
import tractors from India, all at the
subsidized prices. Many of these imports
and associated policies are facilitated by
lines of credit from the emerging
economiessuchasBrazil,ChinaandIndia.
The records of the Export‐Import Bank of
India show that Angola, Benin, Burkina
Faso, Burundi, Chad, Guinea Bissau and
Swazilandhavereceivedsimilarlinesof
A g r i c u l t u r a l
mechaniza on
r e p r e s e n t s
t e c h n o l o g y
change through
the adop on of
n o n ‐ h u m a n
sources of power
to undertake
Xinshen Diao
Development Strategy and Governance Division
International food Policy
Research Institute, Washington DC, USA
Mechaniza on in Ghana: Emerging demand, and the search for
alterna ve supply models
13

14. credit ranging from $4 million to $110
million from India to purchase agricultural
machinery. While exports through these
credit arrangements with African
countries’ governments are encouraging
these countries to increase agricultural
machinery imports, it is a ques on
whether it also presents poten al
challenges for these countries to be able to
establish a private sector led sustainable
s u p p l y c h a i n f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l
mechaniza on.
Against this background in the recent
development of mechaniza on policy
among African countries, we employ a
methodology that is a combina on of
qualita ve interviews, secondary data
analysis and literature review for a
diagnos c analysis of demand for and
supply of agricultural mechaniza on. We
focus on Ghana and have interviewed
farmers, tractor owners, government
officials, importers and other stakeholders
there. The hypotheses emerging from the
field work were tested and refined by
analyzing both aggregate and household
survey data. A number of small‐scale
surveys or field studies conducted by
IFPRI’s Ghana Strategy Support Program,
including a farm budget survey, a study of
animal trac on use, a survey of input use
for maize and rice produc on, a survey of
government‐supported mechaniza on
service centers and a study of cropping
prac ces and labor requirements for farm
opera ons. Part of the data from a recent
survey of tractor owners and medium and
large scale farmers jointly conducted by
IFPRI and Ghana’s Savannah Agricultural
Research Ins tute (SARI) in October –
December2013isalsoused.
The cross‐country comparison of
agricultural mechaniza on experiences
was developed through an extensive
literature review. Very li le research has
examined the supply side factors of
mechaniza on and those have usually
focused on provision of services alone
rather than the en re supply chain with
serviceprovisionattheend.
Agriculture since 1980s: Is demand for
mechaniza onemerginginGhana?
Since the early 1970s, all over the
developing world, power intensive
opera ons of land prepara on, threshing,
pumping and transport have been largely
motorized via tractors and sta onary
machines. However, Africa is an
excep on.
The early push of tractoriza on by African
governments and some donors largely
failed, and animal trac on was also
processing very slowly in many countries.
Applying the Boserup–Ruthenberg
model, have provided a formal analysis on
the main reasons for the slow progress of
agricultural mechaniza on in Africa. By
examining the exis ng farming systems in
Africa carefully, the authors argue that the
slow transi on from hand hoe to
mechanized plow can be explained by lack
of the evolu on in farming systems. Only
when the systems move from long fallow
to short fallow or permanent agriculture
does plowing become necessary to deal
with grassy weeds and hardening soils
which are difficult to remove with the
hand hoe. Understanding such evolu on
is the first necessary step for be er
assessing possible changing situa on of
demand for mechaniza on in Africa in the
recent years. In the following subsec on
we first inves gate a measure of farming
systems, commonly used by Boserup and
Ruthenberg, for Ghana in the last five
decades.
Long term drivers of agricultural
evolu on
The fundamental contribu on of
Boserup–Ruthenberg theory in farming
systemevolu onistointerpretagricultural
technological changes and prac ces as
endogenous rather than exogenous to the
economic system, that is, such
endogenous progress is influenced by
agro‐ecological condi ons and induced by
changing characteris cs of the socio‐
economic environment with which the
farmers are confronted. According to
Boserup and Ruthenberg, and further
formalized and tested, Binswanger and
McIn re (1987) and McIn re et al. (1992),
the main driving force of the evolu on of
the farming systems towards higher
intensifica on are popula on density and
market access. To assess such evolu on of
farming systems in a stylized way, the R‐
value, which is used both by Boserup and
Ruthenberg in slightly modified form, is
used as an indicator to measure the
intensity of the farming system. In
Ruthenberg (1980), R‐value takes account
of both cul vated and fallowed land, as
well as the number of cropping seasons
per year. According to Ruthenberg, animal
trac on appears only at the short fallow
stage when R‐values rise to above 33%
(i.e., the average fallow period is
shortened to less than two years for each
yearofcul va on).Animaltrac onstarted
to be used when some stumps remain in
the fields under the short fallow system,
but for tractor to be able to operate for
land prepara on, stumps have to be
completely removed, meaning that it may
appear later in the agricultural
intensifica onsequence.
This stylized measure of land use intensity
is used here to assess farming system
evolu oninGhana.TheR‐valuesforGhana
are calculated using the Food and
Agriculture Organiza on’s data on
harvested area and available agricultural
land, which is the sum of arable land and
permanent meadows and pastures.Ghana
is known as a rela vely land abundant
country in Africa, which is captured by a
low R‐value in most years un l the late
1990s.
14

16. This is consistent with the argument, i.e.,
the farming systems characterized by the
low R‐values for Ghana indicate that at this
stage farmers in general did not have
enough demand for plowing nor
tractorizedlandprepara on.
WhiletheBoserup–Ruthenbergmodeland
the R‐values calculated based on this
model emphasize the endogenous change
in farming systems in responding to the
changesineconomicandsocialcondi ons,
if the evolu on is only characterized by
land use intensity, agriculture has yet to
transform from a natural resource‐based
to a science‐based system. Thus, most
agriculturaleconomistsrefertothistypeof
evolu on through land use intensity as
agricultural extensifica on instead of
intensifica on. Obviously, land use
intensity measured by increased R‐values
is only a necessary but not sufficient
condi on for assessing the demand for
mechaniza on. Once African farmers have
moved beyond the long fallow farming
system, the economic decisions at farmer‐
level for technology adop on, including
mechaniza on, become more diverse and
are influenced by many factors beyond
popula on density and agro‐ecological
condi ons.
Opportunity costs for agricultural
produc on
The easiest way to show the impact of
urbaniza on on rural wage rate is to
display trends for changing urban and rural
real wage rate over me. Unfortunately,
such data does not exist in Ghana as the
country has never systema cally collected
both labor and wage data. With such data
constraint, we apply micro level data to
indirectly measure the impact of
urbaniza ononagriculturallaborcost.The
first indicator is a measure of rural
households’ nonfarm employment
opportuni es, which would lead to
increased opportunity cost for agricultural
labor.
In 2005‐06 there were about 40–45% of
total households residing in the rural
areas, of which more than one‐third with
at least one family member primarily
engaging in nonfarm ac vi es. The share
is lower than the na onal average in the
north and in the regions with higher land‐
labor ra o and is higher in Greater Accra
and other regions in the south. Among
such rural households almost 60% of
working family members primarily
worked in the nonfarm sector and the
share can be as high as 74% in Western
region. The number of agricultural
workers per household, for the rural
households with at least one family
member primarily engaged in non‐
agriculture, is much smaller than that for
the other group of rural households
without such nonfarm opportunity.
Obviously, labor opportunity costs for
rural households already engaging in
nonagricultural ac vi es are much higher
than those without such engagements.
Thus, labor‐saving technology, especially
the technology subs tutable for power
intensive ac vi es and ac vi es that can
become bo leneck for farming is
expected to be a rac ve to rural
households with nonagricultural ac vi es
aspartoffamilyemploymentpor olio.
Agricultural mechaniza on: alterna ve
supplymodels
Demand for mechaniza on does not
always lead to an adequate supply
response, par cularly when such demand
comes from small‐scale farmers. While
many small‐scale farmers in Ghana are
ready to pay for hired services at the
market price, they are s ll unlikely to pay
the prices for full ownership of tractors.
Purchasing a tractor is an investment
decision, and returns to it are unlikely to
cover the cost of the investment for many
small farmers, i.e., for small‐scale farmers,
it is not just an issue of lack of financial
support. Governments in Africa, including
Ghana, o en use this as an argument to
jus fy a subsidized mechaniza on
program. However, there is a risk that a
subsidized program can restrain the
machinery supply from the private sector,
which makes the program o en
unsustainable. Indeed, the literature
provides overwhelming evidence that
public sector‐led early efforts in Asia and
Africa in the 1970s and 1980s failed to
facilitate sustained adop on of
mechaniza on. Reviewing 38 public
mechaniza on programs in 21 countries
across Asia and Africa, only 2 programs
were deemed to have been successful and
they were for land rehabilita on and
leveling using bulldozers, rather than
provision of tractor services. Under most
programs, the service charges were o en
set to cover only the opera ng costs,
undercu ng private providers and
resul ng in weak capacity along the supply
chain.
Unfeasible opera onal model for
AMSECs
The AMSEC scheme was designed to
establish specialized services in
mechaniza on without considera on of
whether it is profitable. In Ghana, the
AMSECs are mainly to provide plowing
services locally and demand for other
mechanized opera ons is yet to develop. It
is not surprising that many AMSECs are
unable to follow the repayment schedule,
and some have been allowed to default on
repayment, leaving the government
responsible for the repayment of
concessionalloans.
16

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20. In Ghana, like China, there are
opportuni es to increase u liza on by
migra on across regions. South Ghana has
two cropping seasons and the north has
one,which,intheory,canleadtheincrease
in the number of opera onal days through
migra on and hence makes it possible for
tractor investment profitable. However,
experience from China shows that the risk
from the coordina on failure is high for
individual entrepreneurs in migra on
when farmers are small. In prac ce, there
is li le evidence of AMSECs doing it
(although there evidence of this prac ce
byprivatetractorowners).
Conclusions
e examine the demand for mechaniza on
of agricultural opera ons in the context of
the evolu on of farming systems and
induced technology adop on. Ghana’s
farming systems have undergone
significant changes in the last 30 years.
Land expansion in responding to increased
market demand for agricultural products
has led to rising land‐labor ra o and
increased numbers of medium‐ and large‐
scale farmers. In combina on with the
rising wage rate and increased
opportuni es for rural workers in nonfarm
sectors, it has induced the demand for
labor‐saving technology and demand for
certain mechanized farming opera ons,
par cularly plowing, has emerged even
among small‐scale farmers.Most tractors
imported by the private sector are
secondhand at much lower prices than
the new ones, indica ng the price
sensi vity for tractor buyers, while such
lumpy investments have yet to receive
18
any financial support from either the
government or private financial sector.
India’s experience shows that through
government support to financial
ins tu ons, domes c banks (par cularly
development banks) can provide longer‐
term lending to enable the private sector
to invest in agricultural development,
including in mechaniza on. Policies and
interven ons to assist the private sector
in overcoming market failures in credit
markets have been documented for
other Asian countries too. Will Ghana’s
government be able to indirectly
promote mechaniza on through the
engagement of the financial sector
instead of establishing AMSECs? This is a
policy op on that deserves more
research.

22. AnOverview
China has the largest market for
agricultural machinery in the world. The
industry had a total produc on value of
$38.4 billion as of 2012. Agricultural
machinery favors a much higher growth
rate than other sectors of the machinery
industry. Among the 12 sub‐agricultural
sectors, feed machinery, stockbreeding
machinery, and agricultural machinery
components fare the best and maintain
stronglong‐termgrowthprospects.
An ongoing trend is the increasing ra o of
overseas enterprises becoming more
integrated into the Chinese market. Thus
far, there are 147 interna onal
agricultural machinery companies in
China, which makes up 8% of all
agricultural machinery companies in
C h i n a . T h e s e i nte r n a o n a l
businesses opera ng in China create
12.06% of the total produc on and
contribute to 55% of the agricultural
machineryexportsfromChina.
Agricultural machinery subsidies,
w o r k f o r c e r e d u c o n , a n d t h e
improvement of farmers’ purchasing
power are the main driving forces behind
the rapid development of China’s
agricultural machinery industry. Since the
Chinese government first implemented
subsidy policies in 2004, the scope of
subsidies has grown to include 12
categories and more than 175 types of
agricultural machinery. In 2012,
government‐designated subsidies for
purchasingagriculturalmachineryreached
$3.5 billion (52 mes the amount in 2004).
During the past nine years, the Chinese
c e n t r a l g o v e r n m e n t d e d i c a t e d
approximately $12 billion for agricultural
machinery subsidies, contribu ng to the
overall demand for agricultural machinery
of$51billionata1to4.2ra o.
There is a clear disparity between China’s
agricultural machinery manufacturing
technologies and those of developed
na ons, par cularly in the area of
intelligent control. For the past several
years, China’s agricultural manufacturing
industry has relied largely on the
produc on of small‐scale,low‐endtomid‐
range machinery. Mass‐produc on
machineries concentrate their opera ons
on small‐power tractors, combines, and
othersmall‐to‐medium‐sizedmachines.
Opportuni es
MarketEntry
There are no specific market‐access
restric ons. However, subsidy policies do
pose a challenge to U.S. exporters. The
compe on between local Chinese
suppliers of low‐end and mid‐range
equipment is fierce. This leaves the high‐
end technology/equipment market as a
prac caltargetforU.S.manufacturers.
In2005,theChinesegovernmentbeganto
subsidize agriculture machinery for
farmers. The government does not
subsidize all equipment; only what it
determines to be eligible for “government
promo on.” Eligible categories include:
tractors, harves ng machines, planters,
land prepara on machines, crop care
machines, and dairy machines. Provincial
and local governments decide on which
equipment they want to subsidize. There
arenosubsidiesforimportedproducts.
MarketDemand
Domes c agricultural machinery
produc on and sales maintained strong
growth, but not for all sectors. Sales of soil
llage machinery, grain combines, rice
transplan ng and corn harves ng
machinery were 1,578,000 units, 222,000
units, 97,000 units, and 52,000 units
respec velyin2012.
In 2012, for agricultural machinery
industry sales, Shandong Province ranked
first with a 22% share; Henan
Province ranked second with 19%;
Jiangsu Province ranked third with
10%; and Zhejiang Province ranked
fourth with 6%. Large‐scale
enterprises (with sales revenue of at
least $3.2 million) produced the
majority of China’s agricultural
machineryinthesefourprovincesalone.
According to the China Agricultural
Machinery Distribu on Associa on
(CAMDA), the agricultural machinery
industry’s top five manufacturers
comprised only 24.8% of the industry
marketsharesin2011.
MarketObstacles
U.S. companies should establish a clear
strategy to handle the challenges of
protec ng their IPR in a complex, legal
environment. More specifically,
companies should learn how to conduct
their business transac ons to minimize
risks of intellectual property the in the
mosteconomicalandcosteffec veway.
20
Data Source: China Customs, Zeefer Consul ng
Unit: USD Millions
China Agricultural Equipment Market

23. Qk;ns %
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dj nsrk gSA ftlls yxHkx 40ø Mhty dh cpr vkSj 60ø
le; dh cpr gksrh gSA
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esa yxHkx 10 ls 15 fnu dk le; yxrk gS ijUrq xksfcUn
jksVksosVj ls [ksr cqvkbZ ds fy, rqjUr rS;kj gks tkrk
gSA
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rqjUr rS;kj dj nsrk gS] ftlls fiNyh Qly dh feV~Vh dh
ueh csdkj ugha tkrh] bl izdkj ty izcU/ku esa enn
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rqjUr blls tqrkbZ fd;k tk ldrk gSA xhyh feV~Vh esa
tqrkbZ bldk vkn'kZ mi;ksx gS] lkFk gh ,lh voLFkk
The content of this catalogue is only giving information to the end user without engagement from our side.
The Company can modify the specifications of the total machine & its components without notice.
Tractor Power
Overall Width
Tillage Width
Gear Box Speed
Side Transmission
P.T.O. Speed (RPM)
Rotor Speed (RPM)
No. of Blades
Gear Box
Overload Protection
30 to 35 H.P.
150 cm
120 cm
Single/Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
36
Shear Bolt
35 to 45 H.P.
180 cm
150 cm
Single/Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
42
Shear Bolt
45 to 55 H.P.
205 cm
175 cm
Single/Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
48
Shear Bolt
55 to 70 H.P.
230 cm
200 cm
Single/Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
54
Shear Bolt
70 to 75 H.P.
255 cm
225 cm
Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
60
Shear Bolt
GI - 120 GI - 150 GI - 175 GI - 200 GI - 225
rduhdh fo'ks"krk,a %
xUuk dikl dsyk dkuZ LVkDl lw[kh&xhyh t+ehu
vf/kd` r foØsrk %
Rotor Speed (RPM) for Multi Speed Gearbox
160
16 17 18 19 2015 20 19 18 17 16 15 13 22
180 200 225 252 282 232
Tractor PTO 540 (RPM) 1000 (RPM)
vf/kd` r foØsrk %
GOBIND
n kgjk ckx+] gSnjx<+ jksM
ackjkcdh ¼;w0ih0½( A Unit of Gobind Alloys Limited )
An ISO 9001:2008 Company
gobindindustries.co.ininfo@gobindindustries.co.in
+91-7705900901, 903, 904, 906, 923
9415049542, 941504862, 9415049543
Gobind Industries
( A Unit of Gobind Alloys Limited )
An ISO 9001 : 2008 Company
Dasharabagh, Haidergarh Road, Barabanki (U.P.)
Sugarcane Cotton Banana Corn Stalks Wet & Dry Field
ADVANTAGE:
 Gobind Rotavator is better than other agricultural equipments to prepare the soil in just one or
two times of cultivation, and also it save the 40% diesel and 60% time.
 Traditional method takes minimum 10-15 days to prepare seed bed where as by Gobind
Rotavator soil is immediately available for sowing.
 Gobind Rotavator can immediately prepare the soil moisture of previous crop does not go
waste, thus helps water management.
 Cultivation of soil can be done immediately after the rain because it is the ideal use for
Rotavator, it also push the tractor forward in soil.
 Gobind Rotavator is beneficial for the land of reaped sugarcane, bananas, jute, dried grass
and other corps.
SALIENTFEATURES:
 Gear Box: Heavy duty export quality gear box, and it have longer service life.
 Box Frame: It have heavy duty square pipe and made up from heavy plates.
 Trailing Board: It have automatic spring which helps in to have a quality cultivation of soil, and
its pressure balance the wet soil .
 P.T.O. Shaft:- Water proof cross with protection guard.
 It have double spring multi lip oil seal.
 Tiller Blades : Blades made up from advanced imported parts which easily cultivate the soil
without heavy load and also helps in smooth running.
 Side Transmission: Side gears made out of best quality steel & properly heat treated technology
which gives the regular functioning with longer life.
gobindindustries.co.ininfo@gobindindustries.co.in
For Dealership and Distributorship Enquiry :
Lalit Sachedva
+91 9643040547
sachdeva.lalit2015@gmail.com
The content of this catalogue is only giving information to the end user without engagement from our side.
The Company can modify the specifications of the total machine & its components without notice.
Tractor Power
Overall Width
Tillage Width
Gear Box Speed
Side Transmission
P.T.O. Speed (RPM)
Rotor Speed (RPM)
No. of Blades
Gear Box
Overload Protection
30 to 35 H.P.
150 cm
120 cm
Single/Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
36
Shear Bolt
35 to 45 H.P.
180 cm
150 cm
Single/Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
42
Shear Bolt
45 to 55 H.P.
205 cm
175 cm
Single/Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
48
Shear Bolt
55 to 70 H.P.
230 cm
200 cm
Single/Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
54
Shear Bolt
70 to 75 H.P.
255 cm
225 cm
Multi
Gear
540/1000
220
60
Shear Bolt
GI - 120 GI - 150 GI - 175 GI - 200 GI - 225
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Rotor Speed (RPM) for Multi Speed Gearbox
160
16 17 18 19 2015 20 19 18 17 16 15 13 22
180 200 225 252 282 232
Tractor PTO 540 (RPM) 1000 (RPM)
GOBIND
varjk"Vªh; ekudksa ds vuqlkj fufeZr
jksVksosVj
gj fdlku dk liuk xksfcUn jksVksosVj gks viukgj fdlku dk liuk xksfcUn jksVksosVj gks viukgj fdlku dk liuk xksfcUn jksVksosVj gks viuk
de
[kir
vf/kd tqrkbZ Approved by Government of India
Mcy fLizxa
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CysM ds lkFkCysM ds lkFk
vf/kd bVkfy;u
CysM ds lkFk
Approved by Government of India


"A Dream of Every Farmer""A Dream of Every Farmer""A Dream of Every Farmer"

LOW
CONSUMPTION
MORE PLOWING
jksVksosVj
OIL FILLED
GEAR
DRIVE
!
WARNING
Check oil level before
using machine tighten
all bolts everyday

24. Land use efficiency is not high, the lack of
la b o r, low level o f a gricu lt u ra l
mechaniza on caused food crisis.
Currently, African countries vigorously
promote the development of agricultural
mechaniza on, opportuni es for Chinese
enterprises.
Agriculture occupies an important posi on
in African economies in sub‐Saharan
African countries to GDP ra o up to 33%
with an average contribu on of
agriculture. At the same me, water
resources, rich Africa, species‐rich, fer le
land, is very conducive to agricultural
produc on.However,duetothefoodcrisis
in Africa is the primary government.
Inefficient use of land, labor shortage in
produc on, low level of agricultural
mechaniza onisthemainproblem.
According to the sta s cs agency, such as
the World Bank, the world has not opened
a total land area of wasteland 60% are
concentrated in Africa, the poten al of
agriculture‐related jobs and hundreds of
millions of dollars. Meanwhile, the land
has been reclaimed tractor Africa was only
10%,irrigatedlandaccountsforonly4%.
In terms of agricultural mechaniza on,
although many African countries
vigorously promote the development of
agricultural mechaniza on, agricultural
produc on in some countries also
establishedplants,butonlyafewcountries
can assemble tractors, tractor market in
most countries has mainly relied on
imports. Analysts pointed out that less
machinery and equipment manufacturing
industry is an issue of economic
development in Africa, but also to final
product manufacturing capabili es
includes an opportunity for China's
developingcountryintheworld.
"IntoAfrica"intensive
In recent years, the main supplier of
agricultural machinery in China has been
m o r e a n d m o r e a e n o n a n d
commitment to the African market, the
construc on machinery industry, has
become a public water point, the meat
and potatoes of Africa, Liao on this huge,
beau ful land, contains unlimited
businessopportuni esandmoney.
As the birthplace of China's first tractor,
the first round and the first military off‐
road vehicles, China First Tractor Group
into the "non‐heavy industry African
market in 1992, in August 2009, a trailer
andtheAfricanDevelopmentFund,jointly
organized by China Investments Limited. "
Inthenon‐heavyindustrialestablishment,
the original pure import and export trade,
as a "first industry investment follow‐up"
mode of opera on. Investment and trade
o f a g r i c u l t u ra l m a c h i n e r y a n d
construc on machinery in Africa as the
core, has been established in Algeria,
Egypt, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Kenya, Angola
and South Africa assembly plants and
service centers in seven African countries,
In addi on to China First Tractor, Foton
Lovol also in the Middle East, Africa
market posi oning as a strategic market,
Chery Heavy Industries started "into
Africa" strategy, plans to build the $ 260
million investment in Africa, seven
countries of the three modern agricultural
machinery operators center. They believe
that "package" to provide customers with
completesolu ons,Africanagriculture.
Since many African countries would be
European colonies and the development
of the na onal agricultural markets is
heavily dependent on government
investment and interna onal economic
aid. In this historical background and
geographical advantages, African
agricultural products imported from
several major developed markets UK,
France, Germany, Italy and United States.
But since the 1990s, China's agricultural
products gradually enter the market and
Africa,salesincreasedsteadily.
Into the African market, Chinese
enterprises to ac vely agriculture
according to local condi ons, to provide
agricultural equipment product por olio
"localiza on", improved products to meet
the needs of the African market. Most of
the land in Africa in sight of students, it is
full of "deep‐rooted" trees and shrubs,
must increase efforts to avoid damage to
the plow. Equipment for a tractor to the
blade disc plow, can easily mowing tractor
doesnotaffectperformance.
Drag the original produc on of small mesh
mill, processing cassava bad taste.
Therefore, the product of rapid
improvements, increasing the screen, the
par cle size of the spread of cassava rights,
millsalessuddenlyopened.
Wuzheng Group in Ghana received the
order,establishedthe"Africanexportscar"
project team, responsible for the en re
order,sampledesign,verifica on,program
produc on, packaging and a series of
work.
Technical staff is the engine, cab, chassis
and body details and Ghana to send
technical personnel to communicate with
each other, according to the requirements
of the product has been improved, and
individuallydesigned.
Given the short‐termproducts and the lack
of effec ve demand situa on, while
implementa on of the "difference" of the
marke ng strategy, Chery Heavy Industries
in the sale of small tractors, plan ng and
harves ng machinery markets in Africa
"General" products, according to the local
farming high African market requirements
in order to promote regional, high
horsepower tractors and agricultural high
bridge type tractors, as well as exis ng
products, the introduc on of specially
adapted for local agricultural produc on.
"Adap ve innova on" agricultural
standardized services to op mize
customerservice.
Chinese companies targeting the
Africa agricultural market
24

25. +91 9317750109 | agro1@swanindia.com | www.swanindia.com

26. improved seed is low. Post‐harvest losses
arehuge.
Yet according to a new project “Agriculture
in Africa – Telling Facts from Myths,” the
evidence upon which we base our
decisions and views about agriculture and
farming systems in sub‐Saharan Africa is
ofteninadequateoroutofdate.
The project seeks to tell facts from myths
about African agriculture using the Living
Standards Measurement Study ‐
Integrated Surveys on Agriculture, or
LSMS‐ISA, a household survey project
working to collect up to date agricultural
data. It tests the validity of 15 commonly
believed statements; statements that,
although commonly accepted, may no
longer be valid given Africa’s rapid
economic growth and the new era of high
food prices, amongst other driving forces
of change. To date, surveys have been
conducted in six countries — Ethiopia,
Malawi, Niger, Nigeria, Tanzania and
Uganda — representing 40 percent of the
populationinsub‐SaharanAfrica.
We took a look at the preliminary findings
to see where many of us may have been
going wrong…or right. Here are some new
facts about African agriculture that you
maynotknow.
FACT #1: Inorganic fertilizer in Africa is
being used on staple crops, not only
exportcrops.
Fertilizer use is claimed to be dismally low
in sub‐Saharan Africa and poor soil health
isaseriouschallengeacrossthecontinent.
However, the six countries examined are
making progress to increasing fertilizer
use, and not only on so‐called “cash
crops.” In fact, according to the
preliminary findings of this project,
inorganic fertilizer use is as high on maize
dominated plots destined for export as on
farm plots used for sustenance. For
example, Malawi uses 135 kilogram per
hectare on maize farms compared to the
146 kg/ha household average and Nigeria
uses 123 kg/ha compared to 128 kg/ha,
respectively.
The issue of soil health in Africa has been
undermuch scrutinyinrecentweeks,with
thelaunchoftheInternationalYearofSoil,
as declared by the Food and Agriculture
Organization and the publication of the
Montpellier Panel’s report “No Ordinary
Matter: Conserving, Restoring and
Enhancing Africa’s Soils.” If we are to make
interventions for improved but targeted
use of fertilizer in Africa, it is essential to
have more up‐to‐date information on
whichtobaseourrecommendations.
FACT #2: Uptake of improved seed
v a r i e t i e s i s a l r e a d y h i g h , b u t
mechanisationandirrigationislow.
According to the project findings, Ethiopia
is showing the lowest uptake of improved
seed, with 26 percent and Malawi is
showingthemostprogresswith56percent
uptake in the households surveyed. Given
the difficulties in fully capturing data for
improved seed use, these are likely
underestimates. However, a limited use of
mechanization and irrigation was found to
stillbe true,with an average of 5 percent of
the households surveyed for the LSMS‐ISA
showingsomesignofirrigation,withonly2
percent of the cultivated land under
irrigationbysmallholders.
The findings show that there is still a need
to invest in the distribution and adoption
o f i m p r o v e d s e e d s , a l o n g s i d e
improvements in irrigation in machinery.
Whilst under certain circumstances,
irrigation can help to raise yields by 50
percent, investing in farm machinery has
benefits both on and off the farm. Farm
machinery can boost yields, reduce the
time it takes to harvest crops, add value to
farm products with the development of
manufacturing capacity and generate
employment opportunities for machine
operators, repairs and servicing.
Strengthening entrepreneurship in African
agricultureshouldstillbeahighpriority.
26
I f y o u k n o w
anything about
A f r i c a n
agriculture, many
commonly held
beliefs about the
sector will easily
spring to mind.
Most farmers are
women. Uptake
of fertilizer and
Emily Alpert
Deputy Director at Agriculture for Impact
United Kingdom
We often hear that women are
responsible for 60-80 percent
of the agricultural labor supplied
on the continent of Africa. This
initially seems shocking until
you consider the data was
sourced in the 1970s.
Myth-busting for African agriculture

27. con nent of Africa. This ini ally seems
shocking un l you consider the data was
sourcedinthe1970s.
In fact, results from the household surveys
found that women make up between 24
percent of the labor force in Niger and up
to 56 percent in Uganda, or 40 percent on
average across the six countries —
considerably less than the previous
es mate. The results show more male
involvement in non‐edible crops, except in
southern Nigeria, where female
involvementreaches61percent.Thestudy
also found that women are rela vely more
involved in harves ng and less so in land
prepara on in the countries in which men
havethehighershareofagriculturallabor.
Findings showed that on average, the
produc on gap between male and female
managed plots is 25 percent. Furthermore,
closingthegendergapinagriculturewould
only raise agricultural produc vity by 6.3
percent (at most 25 percent of plots are
managed by women). Using this
informa on to help inform public policy
debates and funding alloca ons, let’s
consider the need to double yields by 2050
to meet the demand of growing
popula ons. If total agricultural supply is
the only objec ve, then this research
suggests that closing the gender gap alone
won’tgetusthere.
However, if the objec ve is food and social
security, gender equality, land rights and
improved child nutri on, to name a few,
then focusing on women has been
repeatedly found to be vital and there is
therefore a serious and ongoing need to
engage and work with female farmers,
f o c u s i n g s t r o n g l y o n f e m a l e
empowerment.
Donewtruthsleadtonewmyths?
Without current and accurate data, we —
the research and policy community — run
the risk of throwing limited financial and
human resources at interven ons that are
either no longer relevant or possibly
designed to fail. There is also the risk,
however, that new “truths” could lead to
new “myths.” Keeping in mind that the
findings so far only cover six countries, the
playbook should not be en rely rewri en,
yet. Maybe it should be revised for the six
countriesalreadyexamined.
However, to avoid running the risk of
crea ng new myths, first and foremost,
we should stop generalizing about Africa.
It is a con nent, not a country and it
requires a differen ated narra ve. With
56 countries and a mul tude of cultures,
a tudes, religions and languages,
agricultural development planning in
Africa needs to embrace, not shy away
from,thesedifferences.
Growing interest from governments, the
private sector and donors over the last
decade mean that billions of dollars are
again being invested in African
agriculture. The LSMS‐ISA offers new,
robust data that are open access and can
establish baselines using a bo om‐up
approach. Genera ng more reliable
evidence will enable policy‐makers to
makebe erdecisionsgoingforward.
Truth be told, hopefully we are now at the
beginning of building a new story, a more
complex and differen ated one than we
havenow.
27
Stephanie Brittain
Project and Communications
Officer at Agriculture for Impact
United Kingdom
FACT #3: Men
take on more
f a r m i n g
responsibili es
than previously
thought.
We o en hear
that women are
responsible for
60‐80 percent
o f t h e
a g r i c u l t u ra l
labor supplied
o n t h e
PRABHAT FERTILIZER
& CHEMICAL WORKS
Bio-fertilizers
Micronutrients
Organic Fertilizer
Bio-control Agents
Organic Plant Growth Promoters
Prabhat Fertilizer & Chemical Works
Village Kurali, Indri Road, KARNAL
+91 184 2389444, 2389666
info@prabhatagri.com
www.prabhatfertilizer.com
Manufacturers of:

30. NEWS UPDATES
Bankers in Punjab (India) be ng big on
farmmechaniza onsector
Aggregate credit poten al for farm
mechaniza on has been assessed at INR
2892 crore for 2015‐16 Popularity of farm
equipment, such as laser leveler, paddy
transplanterandharvester,amongfarmers
of Punjab has opened a plethora of
opportuni es for bankers. With the
increasing need for precision implements
and machinery other than tractor, there is
an immense poten al for enhanced credit
flowinthesector.
The aggregate credit poten al for farm
mechaniza on has been assessed at INR
2,892 crore for the state for 2015‐16,
according to state focus paper prepared by
the Na onal Bank for Agriculture and Rural
Development.
E a r l i e r, i n t h e s t a t e , t h e f a r m
mechaniza on has been effec vely a
‘tractoriza on’ process. The state has one
tractor for every nine hectares of net‐
cul vated land, against the na onal
average of 62 hectares, with 18 per cent of
thetractorsusedinthecountry.
Though mechaniza on in agriculture has
grown steadily during the past three
decades, the sector faces problems due to
declining average size of land holding and
sca ered farms, which restrict the scope
forlargescalefarmmechaniza on.
With twice the number of tractors
required, the sector is experiencing a
situa on of over capitaliza on and under‐
u liza onoffarmmachinery.
However,theintroduc onanduseofother
farm equipment, such as power llers,
tractor drawn implements, reapers,
threshers, cleaners/graders, zero‐ ll
seed‐cum‐fer lizer drill, raised bed
planters,reapersandrotavators,havealso
increased significantly over the past few
years,makingitana rac vesectorforthe
banks. The emerging areas that need
a en on include mechaniza on of labor‐
intensive opera ons like paddy
transplanter, co on picking, sugarcane
harves ng, and introduc on of crop
residue management and propaga on of
water conserva on technologies through
theuseofsuitableequipment.
The present focus of farm mechaniza on
in the state is resource conserva on
technologies (RCT) through the use of
laserlandlevelers,zero lldra andhappy
seeders. With the increasing need for use
of precision implements and machinery
other than tractor, there is an immense
poten al for enhanced credit flow under
thesector.
According to experts, in Punjab, the high
wage rates and non‐availability of farm
labor necessitate promo on of farm
mechaniza on, as mechanized farming
reduces costs and drudgery, ensures
meliness of opera ons and augments
efficiencyandprofitabilityofagriculture.
Rice procurement may dip in cyclone‐hit
states
Some, including Tamil Nadu and Madhya
Pradesh, set to post an increase The
unprecedented rain and three cyclones
that hit the coastal eastern belt in
NovemberandDecembermighttakeatoll
on paddy procurement in those parts in
2014‐15.
The procurement was projected to touch
35 million tons due to a good monsoon
comparedto34.04mtin2012‐13.
However, some states expect rises. An
official in the agriculture department in
Bhopal said Madhya Pradesh (MP) was set
to post a significant rise due to more
plan ng and the Rs 150 a quintal bonus by
the state government above the Centre's
minimumsupportprice. MP mightprocure
1.6 mt compared to 1.3 mt a year ago.
Bihar expects to get more. And, 2012‐13
was a drought year for Tamil Nadu when
400,000 tonnes were procured; this year's
expecta onis1.5mt.
As the fourth advanced es mates of the
ministry of agriculture are yet to come,
procurement agencies are relying on the
ini al es mates from the food secretary in
the preparatory mee ng on winter crops.
Sources in the Food Corpora on of India
said actual procurement might surpass the
es mates.
DA farm mechaniza on to boost
Philippinefarming
BUTUAN CITY, With the inten on of
boos ng rice produc on in the Philippines
through developing its agricultural
technology, the Department of Agriculture
(DA) partners with the Philippine Center
for Post‐harvest Development and
Mechaniza on(PhilMech).
PhilMech has launched its research
program called Agrinova on and has
produced innova ons such as Rice
Transplanter, Compact Corn Mill, Cassava
Digger,andmanymore.
“With Agrinova on, we are addressing the
country’s agricultural problems by
maximizing what is already there,” said
PhilMech Applied Communica on chief
and Science Research Specialist Rodolfo P.
Es goyduringhisvisitinButuanCity.
30

31. The latest survey undertaken by PhilMech
showed a significant development and an
increase in figures in the mechaniza on
level of farms in the Philippines as more
farmers showed willingness in adop ng
farm machinery with the assistance of DA
through their Rice Mechaniza on
Program. “Some of these machines have
beenreadilyavailableinLuzon,butmostof
them are s ll prototypes. We are s ll
invi ng manufacturers to help us produce
thesemachines,”saidEs goy.
With these developments, PhilMech is
confident that the mechaniza on level of
farms in the country will reach an increase
ofatleast60percentmoreby2016.
India gets its Exhibi on Industry Study
report
IEIA releases the industry mapping
through TradeFairTimes ‘Exhibi on
Industry in India‐ Facts and Figures’ – An
absolute abstrac on study on Indian
Exhibi on sector was released on 8th May
2015 by Mr. J. S. Deepak, IAS, CMD of India
Trade Promo on Organiza on and
Addi onal Secretary of Ministry of
Commerce, Government of India at IEIA
Open Seminar cap vated at Greater
NOIDA, NCR.The study report is an
a ereffect of 10 years of pan India analysis
by M Q Syed and his aggrega on at
TradeFairTimes, the most read monthly
publica on on TradeFair Sector in Asia,
which M Q Syed has been publishing since
2005.
On account of Indian Exhibi on Industry
Associa on (IEIA), TradeFairTimes took
the ac on to map the absolute exhibi on
sector of India in 2005 and completed the
saidreporton30thApril2015
IEIA, ge ng the acme physique of Trade
Fair Organizers of India had mandated
TradeFairTimes to backpack out the
mapping for the country’s most ac va ng
economic area i.e. exhibi ons and Trade
Fairs.
The revela ons of the abstrac on surprise
worldwide Organizers, govt, and
clandes ne area with its exclusive
findings.
T h e a b s t r a c o n r e v e a l s t h e
admeasurement of Indian Exhibi on
Sector a whopping INR 94 thousand crore
market with acquirement from exhibi on
sales in a year called at INR 10,600 crore
an investment of more than INR 83,000
croreisunderwayinthirteenci esofIndia
toassembleabovesixlacsquaremetersof
theindoorexhibi onspace.
According to the report, there are 950
exhibi on organizers in India who
organized3,569exhibi onson77subjects
in 88 ci es amid September 2013 and
August2014.
About 4,43,000 sqm of congenital indoor
exhibi on Space is currently accessible in
India and over 83,000 crore of investment
is planned to advance an added six lakh
above square meters of Space beyond 13
ci es totaling to eleven lac above square
meters of indoor Exhibi on Space ge ng
accessibleby2022.
The ancillary services for exhibi ons is
calculated to be of INR nine hundred
twenty5crores.
As per the study, the Indian exhibi on
industry has been steadily growing at
about15%.
In band with projected bread‐and‐bu er
advance of Indian Economy by 7.5% by
IMF, the abstrac on sets an ambi on for
the exhibi on industry to accomplish
exhibi on space sales of INR Fi een
Thousand Crore by the end of 2017
budgetary year; breeding business
enquiriesaccount INR 120,000crore.
Rakesh Kumar, President at Indian
Exhibi on Industry Associa on a er the
release of the abstrac on said, “This is a
moment of sa sfac on and fulfillment for
IEIA to unlock its dream objec ve on
IndianExhibi onSector”.
Kumar conveyed acknowledgment for M
Q Sye d a n d h i s a g g re ga o n a t
TradeFairTimes, which took, added
afflic on to carry out the analysis and
aggregatethestudyreport.
31
w w w . n m a g r o . c o m

32. SUB SURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION
FOR HIGH PRODUCTION IN
SUGARCANE CROP
The Sugarcane farmer faces new challenges due to
the non availability of labors for cane cultivation
particularly for harvesting the cane crop. The cost
of harvesting alone takes away 30 per cent of the
total income and forces the farmers to go for less
labor intensive crops. Hence to make the cane
cultivation a more profitable one, introduction of
mechanization is the only option and sub surface
drip fertigation offers the best scope for mechanized
cane cultivation besides favoring higher cane
productivity with less resources.
Why use Subsurface Drip Irrigation?
Higher Yields : Water and nutrients delivered directly to the root zone
promote healthy plant growth and reduce plant stress.
Healthier, Better Quality Crops : Soil and foliage are kept dry, reducing fungal diseases caused by
surface or overhead irrigation.
Safe and Efficient Delivery of Fertilizers & Insecticides : Chemicals are directly applied to the roots
w i t h
subsurface drip, reducing chemical pollution from leaching into the aquifer.
Fewer Weeds : A dry soil surface reduces germination of weeds.
Substantial Water Saving : Water loss due to evaporation, surface runoff or wind interference
is eliminated.
Fewer Chemicals : Fungicides and insecticides are not washed off by irrigation water and direct
delivery through the system reduces wastage.
Improved Soil Aeration : Fine soil particles are not washed down, decreasing soil compaction and
improving root growth.
Dry Soil :Surface with a dry soil surface, cultural operations and harvesting
can take place while the system is operating.
Less Salts : Less water also means less salt in the soil or the aquifer.
A Longer or Extended Irrigation System Life : The turbulent flow
drip emitters and tubing are made with durable polymers. When
placed underground the irrigation system is protected from damage
caused by ultraviolet light, temperature fluctuations and damage due to
cultural operations. Plus DRIPNET PC deters clogging.
Less Animal, Human or Mechanical Damage : No sprinkler heads, pipes or
surface drip lines that can cause injury, or be subjected to damage by
vandalism, animals or harvesting activities in the field.
Lower Maintenance Cost : The system is installed permanently below cultivation
depth, and requires no handling.
Labor Savings : Easier fertilizer application, less weed and disease control
and less maintenance means less handling.
Underground Lateral
A.S.SUBBARAO
Sr. MANAGER - AGRONOMY
SBU - SOUTH
AGRONOMY DEPARTMENT
NETAFIM
32

33. How does SDI work?
Forces controlling the movement of water are mostly due to the capillary forces which are equal in all
directions, and gravity which is constant and downwards. The capillary force decreases as soil wets.
Hence in dry soil the capillary force is much greater than the gravitational force and tends to move water
equally in all directions. As the soil becomes wetter, the soil pores become saturated and the capillary
force is weakened allowing gravitational forces to dominate and the water moves mainly downwards.
This rather simple and basic concept implies that irrigation water should be applied in short pulses so
that the movement of the water in the soil is controlled mainly by the capillary action.
Advantages of Subsurface Drip System to Sugarcane
Field Preparation and SDI System Injection
Drip Product Recommendations and Dripperline Injection
Full mechanization is possible in sugarcane cultivation with SDI system. SDI system favors more
ratoonability. 40 - 45% water saving, greater water application uniformity. Scope to use degraded
and marginal quality water. Higher fertilizer use efficiency by fertigation. High yield per unit amount
of fertilizers and possibility to use chemigation. Saves energy and labor. Long life of drip system, no
sunlight effect on drip pipe life. No damage to drip laterals by agro machinery and no theft problem.
Drip line position will not change from the row. Higher net returnsa
Deep ploughing and fine tilth is very important to
install SDI system. Plough the field with chisel
plough to a depth of 30 cm in the drip laying
areas. After ploughing, the field should be
prepared with disc plough followed by rotavator
and bring the soil to fine tilth. Apply 10 tones of
FYM / Acre at the time of last ploughing.
TM
DripNet PC anti-Siphon Pressure compensating dripperline should be
used for SDI as the drippers are self cleaning, no discharge variation for
pressure range from 5 mtr to 25 mtr order to have equal quantity of water
and fertilizer at every point in the plot, longer permissible laterals lengths and
high resistance to clogging. Paired row system of planting should be
adopted. Drip line spacing 1.8 m is most preferable. Spacing of pair and
seed - (0.4 + 1.4) x 0.15. Emitter spacing & flow - 40 cm in order to
maintain complete wetted strip. Dripper discharge of 1.6 lph and 2 lph is
highly recommended to maintain uniform field capacity zone in different
soils. Depth of lateral installation in SDI - 0.15 m. Use Netafim subsurface
laying machinery for drip line injection for uniform depth. Dripper position
should be upward direction while installing. This ensures that the silt in the
system would settle at the bottom of the lateral and would not have any.
Influence on the dripper itself. Make sure that the dripper pipe doesn’t twist
around during installation.
Injection speed should not exceed 6 km/h. After completing one line,
TM
DripNet PC should be cut at the end of line from the laying machine. Don’t
allow that tractor to go to next line with out cut of the dripperline. Other wise
dripper position will vary in the soil. Mark the set rows at the time of drip
line injection. In plots with larger length, initially install the dripperlines and
place the sub main in the middle and attach the dripperlines later. Make sure
the main line has practical isolation points installed. Before closing the
submains flush the system for testing the leakages.
Consideration of Important Points at the Time of Dripperline
Injection
33

34. Once the system is in full operation, check all pressures and flow rates, paying attention to the
farthest points in the system. Make sure operation specifications are met. Set the controllers,
fertigation pumps and test their operation
Dripperline installation
depth 15 cm from
ground surface
Dripperline installation
depth 5 cm from setts
planting depth
Planting of Cane Sets
Irrigation Management
Weed Control
Fertigation
Select healthy sets from 7 to 8th month old seed crop. Prepare the two budded sets and plant the
sets @ 6-7 sets per running meter in one row. It is desirable to prepare the sets just before planting.
Soak the sets with carbendazim and Chloropyriphos solution for the control of diseases. Sett should
be placed 5 cm above the drip line, i.e., drip line depth 15 cm seed depth 10 cm.
Germination irrigation is more important to ensure uniform field
emergence and optimum plant density. Irrigate the soil immediately
after planting till the wet band is achieved 25cm on either side of the
dripperline. Repeat the process by monitoring the soil moisture until
establishment is over. Follow recommended field irrigation schedule
given by Netafim Agronomy Officer. Daily irrigation is most preferable
before ripening stage. Maintain 2-3 days irrigation interval at tillering
stage, i.e., 45 - days after sowing. At grand growth stage schedule
irrigation on daily basis. During ripening and maturity stage increases
the irrigation interval to 2 - 3 days.
Pre emergence application of Atrataf (Atrazin) @ 1.25 kg/ha. Apply herbicide immediately after
germination irrigation for higher efficiency.
Subsurface irrigation has the ability to apply precise amounts of
irrigation water directly to the plant roots. When fertilizers are
injected into the water supply they too are delivered directly to the
plant roots. In this manner, subsurface drip irrigation has the potential
to deliver low fertilizer rates over extended time periods, with
increased nutrient efficiency, and lower cost per harvested unit. It is
highly recommended to make the soil analysis before the planting
season to estimate the nutrient requirement. Recommended
fertilizer dose 110:45:60 kg of N:P205:K20/Ac. Apply 50% P205 as
Basal fertigation and remaining 50% P205 and 100% N&K20 as
fertigation. In low fertility status condition increase the dose by
25%, like wise adjust the fertilizer dose in highly fertile soils. Apply
Fertilizers as fertigation at weekly intervals. Daily Fertigation gives
better results, Apply Micronutrients as per local recommendation and
DriplineWetted
Bulb
Nitrogen
Potassium
Phosphorus
Micro Elements
NN
KK
PP
++
=
=
=
=
Fertigation precisely delivers the plant
nutrients via irrigation system in the crop
root zone according to the crop demand
during crop growing season
34

35. need based. It is recommended to apply 25kg Micro Nutrient mix as basal application. Follow
integrated plant protection techniques for disease & pest controls. Fertigate the Nitrogen up to 180
days and Potash up to 210 days of crop age. Good management of the amount of water and fertilizers
applied are essential for a successful SDI system. For example the concentration of phosphorous is
generally low at greater depths so it is quite likely that it will be necessary to apply more phosphorous
with SDI. Salt management may be important under some conditions.
Inter Cultivation and Weeding
Harvesting
Maintenance of SDI System
Acid and Chlorination
Rodent Control
Netafim Experience in Sub Surface Drip Irrigation
Take up Earthling up operation at 60 & 90 th days of crop age to minimize the crop lodging and ESB.
Ensure no damage is done to the dripperlines while harvesting the cane by cutting at proper height with
harvester. Care should be taken of heavy machinery not trampling on the buried drip lines.
It is recommended to carry the water analysis before the commissioning of Irrigation system.
Immediately after installation carry out flushing of mains, submains & dripperlines. Check the pressure
before and after filtration unit for the pressure loss. It should not be more than 5 m. Check the pressure
in the last lateral to maintain a minimum of 0.6 kg/cm2. Check the vacuum in the ventury. Monitor the
flow rate in the water meter as per the system capacity.
Calibrate the irrigation system for the
Acid and Chlorine injection, based on
the water analysis data. Monitor the
laterals for root intrusion problem in the
th th
4 , 5 months and in the last irrigation.
For root intrusion problem apply
Triflurolen 1ml/ 8drippers. Sugarcane Grown With
Sub surface Drip Irrigation
SDI Sugar Cane
Harvested by Machine.
Rodents might cause problem for SDI. Check the rodent menace and take prophylactic measures to
minimize the problem.
Netafim installed worldwide 20,000 ha of SDI systems in sugarcane since last 10 years. In India SDI
systems are installed by Netafim over 5000 ha, mainly in Tamil Nadu State.
35

36. “There must in fact
be two types of
recessions, with
o n e ( m o r e
f r e q u e n t , l e s s
severe) type caused
by "real shocks",
a n d t h e o t h e r
(rarer, more severe)
type caused by
"financialshocks".
Mr Lucas wouldn't be alone in thinking that
"financial shocks" are responsible for
different sorts of downturns and recoveries
than are normally observed (though many
would disagree that "real shocks" are
responsible for the others". Today's
recessionhasaffectedallovertheworld.Due
to the economic slowdown many companies
loses their contract, probably it influence the
employees and fails to get enough money
and losing jobs. So in our daily ac vi es it
affects different problems in life and our
lifestyle turns very worse.Maybe this me is
different. Given the empirical challenge
presented by macroeconomic analysis, it's
probably worth assuming that this me isn't
different un l and unless you can decisively
reject that hypothesis. It's just too easy to
come up with just‐so stories for single
episodes; once one starts falling for such
seduc ons, one may become forever lost in
an empirical wilderness where nothing can
be known with any certainty. It's best to
pretend that reality isn't like that; if it isn't
then you're in the right and if it is then it
won't ma er because policy prescrip ons
areuseless.RobertLucas,Jr.
American economist, University of Chicago
Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
(1995) The Na onal Bureau of Economic
Research (NBER), founded in New York in
1 9 2 0 , p i o n e e r e d r e s e a r c h i n t o
understanding the repe ve sequences
that underlie business cycles. Wesley C.
Mitchell, one of its founders, first
established a working defini on of the
business cycle that he, along with Arthur F.
Burns(1946),latercharacterizedasfollows:
“Business cycles are a type of fluctua on
found in the aggregate economic ac vity of
na ons that organize their work mainly in
business enterprises: a cycle consists of
expansions occurring at about the same
me in many economic ac vi es, followed
by similarly general recessions, contrac ons
andrevivalswhichmergeintotheexpansion
phase of the next cycle; this sequence of
changes is recurrent but not periodic; in
dura on business cycles vary from more
than one year to ten or twelve years; they
arenotdivisibleintoshortercyclesofsimilar
character with amplitudes approxima ng
theirown.”
Whatisarecession?
When A dras c slowing of the economy,
where gross na onal or domes c product
has fallen in two consecu ve quarters. A
recession would be indicated by a slowing of
a na on's produc on, rising unemployment
and falling interest rates, usually following a
decline in the demand for money. A popular
dis nc on between recession and
depression is: 'Recession is when your
neighbors lose his job; depression is when
youloseyours.
Whatcausesit?
An economy which grows over a period of
me tends to slow down the growth as a
partofthenormaleconomiccycle.
A recession normally takes place when
consumers lose confidence in the growth of
theeconomyandspendless.
This leads to a decreased demand for goods
and services, which in turn leads to a
decrease in produc on, lay‐offs and a sharp
rise in unemployment. Investors spend less
as they fear stocks values will fall and thus
stockmarketsfallonnega vesen ment.
Indian economy 'faces slowdown not
recession'
India is a different economy and known as
one of the most promising economies in
terms of growth and investment.India, with
$1.1 trillion or the second largest GDP
among the world's developing economies is
treading on the right path of sustained
progress and development. While most
Western economies are heading toward
recession, the Indian GDP growth is likely to
witness a slowdown from 9 percent last year
to 6.5 to 7.5 percent by the year‐end.The
Indian economy is immune to the global
mortgage crisis, failures of banks in the West
andliquiditycrisis.
"Indian economy is based on robust
fundamentals and enjoys the status of one of
the most dynamic and growing economies in
theworldwithover9percent GDP lastyear."
India itself is a biggest consumer market with
300 million of middle class and the lowest
debt ra o of 22 percent of the GNP. The
country enjoys the highest savings rate of 28
percentofthe GDP.”
Conclusion
We won't be in the state of recession, but we
will take a bigger hit than we took in 2008.
Since no new money will be pumped in, the
economy won't jump like it did. Both, white
and black money in circula on will be hit and
infla onwillgoup.
People without jobs will have to work harder
tofindthemoraddafewskills(cer fica ons)
to show their credibility. And the ones with
job will have to work harder and add skills
along.
We will s ll be on the safer side. Thanks to
our values which guide us to save more and
investlessunlikethe US.
Hold that wallet ght, pull the purse strings
hard, we are in for a rough ride and it is not
goingtobepre y.
36
BUSINESS CYCLES AND RECESSION

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