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1. MUHAMMAD RIZWAN
ROLLNO# 7343
GEOLOGY(B)
UNIVERSITY OF HARIPUR

2. THE NITROGEN FAMILY
The nitrogen family consists of the five elements that make up
Group 15 of the periodic table: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic,
antimony, and bismuth. These five elements share one important
structural property: they all have five electrons in the outermost
energy level of their atoms. Nonetheless, they are strikingly
different from each other in both physical properties and chemical
behavior. Nitrogen is a nonmetallic gas; phosphorus is a solid
nonmetal; arsenic and antimony are metalloids; and bismuth is a
typical metal.

3.  NITROGEN
 Nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas with a melting point of −210°C
(−346°F) and a boiling point of −196°C (−320°F). It is the most abundant element
in the atmosphere, making up about 78 percent by volume of the air that surrounds
Earth. The element is much less common in Earth's crust, however, where it ranks
thirty-third (along with gallium) in abundance. Scientists estimate that the average
concentration of nitrogen in crustal rocks is about 19 parts per million, less than
that of elements such as neodymium, lanthanum, yttrium, and scandium, but
greater than that of well-known metals such as lithium, uranium, tungsten, silver,
mercury, and platinum.

4.  The most important naturally occurring compounds of nitrogen are
potassium nitrate (saltpeter), found primarily in India, and sodium nitrate
(Chile saltpeter), found primarily in the desert regions of Chile and other
parts of South America. Nitrogen is also an essential component of the
proteins found in all living organisms.
 Credit for the discovery of nitrogen in 1772 is usually given to Scottish
physician Daniel Rutherford (1749–1819). Three other scientists, Henry
Cavendish, Joseph Priestley, and Carl Scheele, could also claim to have
discovered the element at about the same time. Nitrogen was first
identified as the product left behind when a substance is burned in a
closed sample of air (which removed the oxygen component of air).

5.  USES
 The industrial uses of nitrogen have increased dramatically in the past few
decades. It now ranks as the second most widely produced chemical
in the United States with an annual production of about 57 billion pounds (26
billion kilograms).
The element's most important applications depend on its chemical inertness
(inactivity). It is widely used as a blanketing atmosphere in metallurgical processes
where the presence of oxygen would be harmful. In the processing of iron and
steel, for example, a blanket of nitrogen placed above the metals prevents their
reacting with oxygen, which would form undesirable oxides in the final products

6. PHOSPHORUS
 Phosphorus exists in three allotropic forms (physically or chemically
different forms of the same substance): white, red, and black. The white
form of phosphorus is a highly active, waxy solid that catches fire
spontaneously when exposed to air. In contrast, red phosphorus is a
reddish powder that is relatively inert (inactive). It does not catch fire
unless exposed to an open flame. The melting point of phosphorus is
44°C (111°F), and its boiling point is 280°C (536°F). It is the eleventh
most abundant element in Earth's crust

7.  Phosphorus always occurs in the form of a phosphate, a
compound consisting of phosphorus, oxygen, and at least one more
element. By far the most abundant source of phosphorus on Earth is
a family of minerals known as the appetites. Apatite contain
phosphorus, oxygen, calcium, and a halogen (chlorine, fluorine,
bromine, or iodine). The state of Florida is the world's largest
producer of phosphorus and is responsible for about a third of all the
element produced in the world

8.  Phosphorus also occurs in all living organisms, most abundantly in
bones, teeth, horn, and similar materials. It is found in all cells,
however, in the form of compounds essential to the survival of all
life. Like carbon and nitrogen, phosphorus is cycled through the
environment. But since it has no common gaseous compounds, the
phosphorus cycle occurs entirely within the solid and liquid (water)
portions of Earth's crust

9. USES
 Uses. About 95 percent of all the phosphorus used in industry
goes to the production of phosphorus compounds. By far the most
important of these is phosphoric acid, which accounts for about 83
percent of all phosphorus use in industry. A minor use is in the
manufacture of safety matches

10. PHOSPHORIC ACID
 Phosphoric acid. Phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) typically ranks about
number seven among the chemicals most widely produced in the United
States. It is converted to a variety of forms, all of which are then used in
the manufacture of synthetic fertilizer, accounting for about 85 percent
of all the acid produced. Other applications of phosphoric acid include
the production of soaps and detergents, water treatment, the cleaning and
rustproofing of metals, the manufacture of gasoline additives, and the
production of animal feeds

11. ARSENIC &ANTIMONY
 Arsenic and antimony are both metalloids. That is, they behave at
times like metals and at times like nonmetals. Arsenic is a silver-gray
brittle metal that tarnishes when exposed to air. It exists in two
allotropic forms: black and yellow. Its melting point is 817°C (1502°F)
at 28 atmospheres of pressure, and its boiling point is 613°C
(1135°F), at which temperature it sublimes (passes directly from the
solid to the vapor state

12.  Antimony also occurs in two allotropic forms: black and yellow. It is a silver-
white solid with a melting point of 630°C (1170°F) and a boiling point of 1635°C
(2980°F). Both arsenic and antimony were identified before the birth of modern
chemistry—at least as early as the fifteenth century.
 Arsenic is a relatively uncommon element in Earth's crust, ranking number 51 in
order of abundance. It is actually produced commercially from the flue dust
obtained from copper and lead smelters (metals separated by melting) since it
generally occurs in combination with these two elements.
 Antimony is much less common in Earth's crust than is arsenic, ranking number
62 among the elements. It occurs most often as the mineral stibnite (antimony
sulfide), from which it is obtained in a reaction with iron metal

13. USES
 Arsenic is widely employed in the production of alloys (a mixture of
two or more metals or a metal and a nonmetal) used in shot, batteries,
cable covering, boiler tubes, and special kinds of solder (a melted metallic
alloy used to join together other metallic surfaces). In a very pure form, it
is an essential component of many electronic devices. Traditionally,
compounds of arsenic have been used to kill rats and other pests,
although it has largely been replaced for that purpose by other products.

14.  Antimony is also a popular alloying element. Its alloys can be
found in ball bearings, batteries, ammunition, solder, type metal, sheet
pipe, and other applications. Its application in type metal reflects an
especially interesting property: unlike most materials, antimony
expands as it cools and solidifies from a liquid. Because of that fact,
type metal poured into dies in the shape of letters expands as it cools
to fill all parts of the die. Letters formed in this process have clear,
sharp edges

15. BISMUTH
 Bismuth is a typical silvery metal with an interesting reddish tinge
to it. It has a melting point of 271°C (520°F) and a boiling point of
1560°C (2840°F). It is one of the rarest elements in Earth's crust,
ranking 69 out of 75 elements for which estimates have been made. It
occurs most commonly as the mineral bismite (bismuth oxide),
bismuthinite (bismuth sulfide) and bismutite (bismuth oxycarbonate).
Like arsenic and antimony, bismuth was identified as early as the
fifteenth century by the pre-chemists known as the alchemists.

16. USES
 Nearly all of the bismuth produced commercially is used for one
of two applications: in the production of alloys or other metallic
products and in pharmaceuticals. Some of its most interesting alloys
are those that melt at low temperatures and that can be used, for
example, in automatic sprinkler systems. Compounds of bismuth are
used to treat upset stomach, eczema (a skin disorder), and ulcers, and
in the manufacture of face powders

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