Vegetable Production

1. TRAINING
ON
VEGETABLE PRODUCTION

2. • Vegetable Gardening
- Ti kayat na sahwen ket “panagplano ken
panaggaramid iti garden tapnu adda
pagmulaan.
- Ti panag mula iti nateng ket dakkel iti
maitened na kanyatayo.
- Libre ti pagalan iti nasusustansya nga sidaen
nga gulay.
- Makatulong para iti nutrisyon iti bag-bagi
tayo.

3. Step para iti Vegetable Gardening
1. Panangisagana iti Seedling Tray
-2:1:1 nauging nga ipa,
garden soil ken darat
-Mangikabel iti 1 nga bukel
Kada maysa nga abot iti
seedling Tray.

4. • Sibugan kada aldaw. Agsibug iti fungicide
tapnu maiwasan iti panagpatay ti mula.
• Agsibug ken Mangtunaw ti
4 nga kutsara nga crop giant
fertilizer iti 16 nga litro nga
danum mapalabas ti 7 nga
aldaw.
• 10 tbsp/ 16 liter mapalabas ulit iti 7 nga
aldaw.

5. 2. HARDENING/PANAGPATANGKEN ITI
MULA
• 3-6 Days bago imula
Agijay seedling.

6. 3. Panangisagana iti pagpalakayan nga kama.
Mangaramid iti kama nga eksakto
Lang nga pagmurumuran iti bukel.

7. • Panangisagana iti Garden Plots/kama nga
pagmulaan.
- 1 m by 10 meter- rukud
ti kama.
- Gabyunen ken pinuen je
Daga kalpasan iti panagpa-
Lakay kadagiti bukel.
Iksaktun to nga nagtubu ken
dim-madakkel dagijay bukel. Ikkaten dagiti bato
wenu anya man nga rugit
idjay rabaw ti plots/kama
tapnu haan nga makaperdi iti maikabel

8. • 20 to 30 cm ti kangatu na, ken 30 cm ti
kaadayu ti tunggal kama.
• Kabilan ti organik nga abono, kasla kadagiti
takki ti manok, compost, inuging nga ipa ken
dijay basal nga commercial nga abono.

9. • PANAGKABIT ITI PLASTIC MULCH
- Agkayas iti bayug nga
Maaramat nga pag
Step-ler. Iistep-ler je
Pungtu iti plastic mulch
Santu ilapag ken ibuklat
Idjay rabaw ti plot o kama
Kada 25 nga centimetro istepleran je plastic mulch.

10. • Ikabel ti plastic mulch bago iti panagmula.

11. Dagiti Nateng Nga Maimula
• TARUNG/EGGPLANT/TALONG
• Ti tarung ke napintas para
Iti tulang, lappedan na iti
osteoporosis, pababaenna ti symtomas ti anemia,
pampalaing, tumulong nga nalasun at je baby
nu maiyanak. Ken daduma pay.

12. • PANAGMULA TI TARUNG
- 4 weeks mabalin nga
Imula je seedlings nan.
- 5 to 7 days nga ipatang
ken ti mula (hardening)
- 70 cm pagitan ti mula,
- 60 cm pagitan ti iras.
- Kalyen je pagmulaan iti
kagudwa nga dangan ti
Diametro je Abot na ken
kinauneg na.

13. Days after Transplanting Method of Application Fertilizer Material Amount
0, 3, 5 Drench Dissolved CaNO3 or 18-46-0 7.5 g/ 1 L water
7 Side-dress Complete 15.0g/ hill
21 Side-dress Urea 15.0 g/ hill
35 days and succeeding appl'n
at 2-3 weeks interval
Side-dress Equal ratio of Urea and 0-0-60
or Complete
20.0 g/ hill
PANAGAPPLAY ITI ABONO
The following is the recommended fertilization schedule.
Note: 1 tbsp = 10.0 grams
Ibaba ti panagaplaay ti abono nu bumaketen je mula.

14. • PAGPUKSA ITI PESTE TI TARUNG
Shoot and fruit borer (Butbot)
• Cut Worm (limas/ harabas)

15. • Red Spider Mite (Kuto)

16. • Thrips

18. • Bukkalen nga nalaeng je daga ken pinuen,
ikkaten dagiti ruut tapnu awan pagyanan
dagiti insecto.
• Agmonitor nga kanayon, putiden/ikkaten
dagiti nataman nga parte, ikali dagitoy.
• Dalusan ken Agmula ti Marigold.
• Ag-spray iti agas nga adda Carbaryl o
lambdacyhalothrin o methomyl na nga active
ingredient.

19. • PANAGAPIT
- Malpas ti 58 nga aldaw mabalin nga apitinen ti
tarung, depende daytoy iti barayti.
- Nu haan ke 2 to 3 nga weeks kalpasan ti
panagsabung na mabalin nga ipitenen dijay
bunga nga.
- Aggamit iti kutchilyo wennu kartib. Mabalin
nga mamimsan o maminduwa nga agapit kada
maysa nga week.

20. • KAMATIS/TOMATO
• Pampalinnaw iti
panagkita,
• Pampababa iti blood
Pressure ken diabetes.
• Protectaran na ti kidney ken pampapintas
ti kutis.
• Pababaen na ti taba iti bagi.
• Papintasen na ti panag circular ti dara.
• Ken damduma pay..

21. • PANAGMULA ITI KAMATIS
• 15-21 days ti mapalabas
kalpasan iti panag palakay
mabalin nga iyakar je seed-
Lings idjay garden o kama.
Wennu adda ti 5 inches nga
katayagen wennu atlis adda ti 3-5 true leaves.
• 50 cm pagitan ti rows o iras, 70 cm pagitan ti
mula.

22. • PANAGPADANUM
- Padanuman ti mula inggana makarecover.
- Agsibug iti mula nu kasapulan.
• Panangikabel iti Trellis
- Agaramid iti bayug wennu anya man nga mabalin
nga pagtungkal iti mula. Agbilang ti 14 nga
aladaw manipud panagiyakar iti mula, ikabit
dagiti naaramid nga pagtungkal samu igalut je
mula gamit iti liting wennu plastic straw.

23. • PANAG-ABONO
1st sidedressing 2 Weeks After Transplanting 1.0 tbsp (16-16-16) + 1.0 tbsp (0-18-0)/plant
2nd sidedressing 4 Weeks After Transplanting 1.5 tbsp (16-16-16) + 0.5 tbsp (0-0-60)/plant
3rd sidedressing 6 Weeks After Transplanting 1.5 tbsp (16-16-16) + 0.5 tbsp (0-0-60)/plant
1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 10 grams. 14-14-14 may used as substitute
for 16-16-16

24. • DAGITI PESTE KEN SAKIT TI KAMATIS
• Uod ng Kamatis
(Tomato fruit worm)

25. • PANAGAPIT
• Mabalin nga apitin ti kamatis makalipas ti 50 to
55 days.

30. • TRANSPLANTING
• Seedlings should be hardened
5-7 days before transplanting by
decreasing the amount of water
and exposing them to direct sunlight.
This acclimatizes and prepares the
plant to withstand harsh condition in the field.
• Seedlings will be ready for transplanting four
to five weeks after sowing.

31. • Create holes in the plots measuring the
recommended planting distance. A plot contain 2
rows of hole, holes should be in zigzag views.
• Irrigate the field before transplanting. Transplant
the seedlings at 0.70 m between hills by 0.50
meter between furrows. From the seedling tray,
carefully remove the seedlings with the soil and
the roots intact to facilitate crop recovery and
minimize transplanting shock. It is recommended
to do the transplanting in the afternoon.
• When transplanting in beds, distribute each
seedling into the prepared hills and cover with
soil.

32. Days after Transplanting Method of Application Fertilizer Material Amount
0, 3, 5 Drench Dissolved CaNO3 or 18-46-0 7.5 g/ 1 L water
7 Side-dress Complete 15.0g/ hill
21 Side-dress Urea 15.0 g/ hill
35 days and succeeding
appl'n at 2-3 weeks interval
Side-dress Equal ratio of Urea and 0-0-
60 or Complete
20.0 g/ hill
FERTILIZATION
The following is the recommended fertilization schedule.
Note: 1 tbsp is approximately 10.0 grams
Reduce fertilizer application when plants are soon to be terminated.

33. HARVESTING
• Harvest the fruits once they have reached
sufficient size for marketing (usually 2-3 weeks
after flowering). Harvesting is done carefully
by hand or using a sharp knife, with the calyx
attached to the fruit. This could be done once
or twice a week, preferably early in the
morning.

34. B. TOMATO/KAMATIS
• The health benefits of tomatoes
include improved eye sight, good
stomach health, and reduced blood
pressure, as well as relief from diabetes, skin problems
and urinary tract infections. Furthermore, tomatoes
can increase digestion, stimulate blood circulation,
reduce cholesterol levels, improve fluid balance,
protect the kidneys, prevent premature aging, and
reduce inflammation and related conditions.
• Tomatoes consist of a large number of antioxidants
that have been proven to fight different forms of
cancer. It is a rich source of vitamins and minerals
and exerts a protective effect against cardiovascular
diseases.

35. PLANTING/TRANSPLANTING
• Seedlings can be transplanted 15-21 days after
sowing when the seedlings are about 5 inches
tall or when seedlings have at least 3-5 true
leaves.
• Transplanting can be done anytime of the day
especially in cool areas or when the tomatoes
have been hardened. In hot areas/days,
however, planting is usually done late in the
afternoon around 3:00 PM when the heat is
less intense to minimize transpiration of the
seedlings which permit them to recover faster.

36. • Press the soil around the plant base for faster
root establishment. Irrigate the field as soon as
possible.
• Scatter Furadan around the base of the plants to
control sucking and chewing insects. Damping off
and other fungal diseases attacking the roots can
be prevented by drenching with fungicide.
• In 1 meter wide beds with double rows, planting
distance is 0.5 m between hills and 0.75 m
between rows. In areas using the single row
system, the distance between rows is about 1.5
meters while the distance between hills is 0.4 m.

37. WATERING
• Water newly transplanted seedlings daily until
they have recovered (1-2 weeks).
• After seedling recovery, irrigation maybe done
only when the soil gets dry which is usually at 7-
10 days interval depending on soil type and
weather conditions.
TRELLISING
• This is usually done 2 weeks after transplanting or
just before flowering. Any system of trellising
with the use of available materials (bamboo, ipil-ipil,
etc.) can be adopted as long as the fruits are
raised from the soil to prevent fungal disease
development especially on the fruits.

38. FERTILIZATION
1st sidedressing 2 Weeks After Transplanting 1.0 tbsp (16-16-16) + 1.0 tbsp (0-18-0)/plant
2nd sidedressing 4 Weeks After Transplanting 1.5 tbsp (16-16-16) + 0.5 tbsp (0-0-60)/plant
3rd sidedressing 6 Weeks After Transplanting 1.5 tbsp (16-16-16) + 0.5 tbsp (0-0-60)/plant
1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 10 grams. 14-14-14 may used as substitute for 16-16-16
Fertilization may vary depending on soil analysis and stand of the crop.

39. HARVESTING
• Harvesting of tomatoes can be done anytime
of the day but it is best harvested in the
morning when there is less transpiration and
moisture loss of the fruits. Tomato fruits
should kept under shade right after picking.
Harvest the fruits at a 3-4 day interval. AT least
7-8 harvests can be done using a determinate
type.

40. C. SWEET PEPPER
• All peppers are rich in vitamins A, C, and K, but
red peppers are simply bursting with
them. Antioxidant vitamins A and C help to
prevent cell damage, cancer, and diseases related
to aging, and they support immune function.
They also reduce inflammation like that found
inarthritis and asthma. Vitamin K promotes
proper blood clotting, strengthens bones, and
helps protect cells from oxidative damage.

41. • Red peppers are a good source of the
carotenoid called lycopene, which is earning a
reputation for helping to prevent prostate
cancer as well ascancer of the bladder, cervix,
and pancreas. Beta-cryptoxanthin, another
carotenoid in red peppers, is holding promise
for helping to prevent lung cancer related
to smoking and secondhand smoke.

42. TRANSPLANTING
• Under good condition, four weeks-old
seedling with 4-5 true leaves is ready for
transplanting. Transplant late in the afternoon
• Irrigate immediately to establish good root-soil
contact
• If there is intense heat, fill the hole with soil
up to the level of plastic mulch.
• Make holes just before transplanting; 2 rows
at around 50cm apart at 45cm between hills.

43. IRRIGATION
• Sweet pepper is less tolerant to drought.
Irrigate weekly during dry season. Closer
interval when evaporation is high or when
crop is flowering and/or setting fruit.
• Furrow or Drip irrigation is recommended. If
overhead irrigation is used, avoid late
afternoon or evening irrigation.
• On rainy season, drain fields quickly after
heavy rain

44. FERTILIZATION
Two weeks after transplanting
• 1.5 bag 46-0-0 or 3.25 bags 21-0-0 per
hectare. Apply 10 grams in small hole near the
base and cover with soil.
Four weeks after transplanting
• Mix 0.5 bag 46-0-0, 2 bags 18-46-0, 2.5 bags 0-
0-60 and apply 10 grams per hill. Dibble a hole
10 cm from the base of the plant, place the
fertilizer mix and cover with soil.

45. Six weeks after transplanting
• apply 2 bags 46-0-0 or 4.5 bags 21-0-0
whatever fertilizer is available. Place in a hole
10cm from the base and cover with soil
1. Repeat application if in 2 weeks interval if
plants are still vigorous and healthy to prolong
harvest period
2. Apply foliar fertilizer to boost plant and
further increase yield.

46. TRELLISING & WEEDING
• Construct trellis using bamboo poles or stake
at 2.5 meters apart on both sides of the bed.
• Attach G.I. wire to bamboo post and tie
sagging stems and branches on G.I. wire using
twine or blue string.
• Do hand weeding when needed.

47. HARVESTING
• Harvest in the morning. Depending on the
market requirements, harvest green or
breaker stage at 3-4 days interval.

49. D. AMPALAYA/BITTER GOURD
The fruit is composed of a mixture of flavonoids
and alkaloids which make the pancreas produce
insulin that controls the blood sugar levels in
diabetics. Aside from its touted medicinal value,
it's also a very wonderful source of vitamins A, B
and C, iron, folic acid, phosphorous and calcium.

50. PRE-GERMINATION
• Moisten a clean piece of cloth made up of cotton.
Water must be just enough to wet the cloth.
Make sure that it is not too wet or too dry. Lack
of water inhibits imbibitions, while too much
water can cause fungal infection which may lead
to rotting of seeds.
• Spread the seeds in the moistened cloth and roll
it. Place it in dark and properly ventilated area.
• Keep the cloth moist at all times and make sure
that it is not too wet.
• After 5 days, sow the seeds in the field or on
seedling trays at 2cm deep.

51. SOWING IN TRAY
• It is recommended to use high quality seedling
medium such as peat moss. Or prepare a seedling
medium by mixing garden soil, sand, and
compost at a 2:1:1.
• Fill the holes of the trays with the seedling
medium and then water.
• Make a hole 2 cm deep and carefully sow the
seeds. Cover lightly with soil just enough to cover
the seeds.
• Keep the trays in a secure and well lighted area,
preferably under the sun but with black net on
top.

52. • Keep the trays in a secure and well lighted area,
preferably under the sun but with black net on
top.
• When needed, fertilize seedlings by dissolving 30
grams of calcium nitrate in 16 L water and drench
seedlings (avoid splashing the leaves to prevent
leaf burning). Initial drenching can be done when
2 true leaves appear and can be repeated weekly
if necessary.
• Eight to ten days after sowing, seedlings are
hardened for 3 days by exposing the seedlings
directly under the sun, giving less water and no
more fertilization.
• After hardening, seedlings are now ready for
transplanting.

53. TRANSPLANTING
• Water the seedlings in the tray in the morning.
• Start transplanting late in the afternoon (2 PM
onwards) to avoid extreme heat and high
temperature during noontime minimizing
transplanting shock.
• Push out the seedling lightly by pressing the
bottom of the seedling tray. Avoid pulling out
hardly that will cause damage to the roots of the
seedlings.
• Transplant the seeds into planting hole.
• Water or irrigate newly transplanted seedlings
daily for 2 weeks after transplanting or until the
seedling are well-established in the field.

54. TRELLISING
• Start putting up the trellis two weeks after
emergence. Do not delay trellising because
plants grow very fast. Using Bamboo/Ipil-
Ipil/Kakawati poles, erect the trellis
approximately 2 meters in height and about
2.5 meters spacing along rows. Poles are then
interconnected with G. I. wires (#16) then grid
of blue string or trellising net (fish net) are
vertically placed along posts in rows where
vines could climb and horizontally on top
where vine could crawl side ways.

55. PRUNING
• The practice of pruning differs from place to place.
Pruning is done by cutting the lateral branches when
the plant reaches the height of 1.5 – 2m. After
which, succeeding laterals are allowed to grow on
the overhead trellis.
Advantages:
• Less expense for trellising materials (almost no side
trellis).
• Good fruit quality.
• Generate extra income from pruned tops.
• Longer life span of the crop.
Disadvantages:
• Delayed harvesting since only fruits from the
overhead trellis are allowed to develop.
• Additional labor cost on pruning.

56. FERTILIZATION
Application Method Timing of
Application
Chicken/cow dung
(kg)
Calcium Nitrate
(kg)
14-14-14
(kg)
00-60
(kg)
46-0-0
(kg)
Spread/incorporate During bed
preparation
8250
Basal (incorporate in
beds)
During bed
preparation
300 300
Drench 7 DAT* 2.5
Drench 14 DAT* 5 50
Side dress # 1 21 DAT* 10 50
Side dress # 2 35 DAT* 150 10 50
Side dress # 3 49 DAT* 150
Side dress # 4 63 DAT* 100
Side dress # 5 77 DAT* 100
TOTAL 8250 7.5 800 20 150

57. IRRIGATION/WATER MANAGEMENT
• Irrigate only when necessary since bitter
gourd does not like too much water. During
dry season, it is advised to irrigate plants 3-5
day interval. A good drainage is best especially
in the lowland areas.
WEED CONTROL
• Weeds are controlled by the use of plastic
mulch, however, on uncovered areas, weeds
will still grow and needs to be pulled-out or
sprayed with herbicides.

58. HARVESTING
• Marketable fruits can be harvested at around
45-50 days after sowing. Fruits that are fully
developed are thick, green, and juicy. Harvest
frequently with an interval of 2-4 days since
the fruit ripens easily. Cut the fruit stem using
a sharp knife or scissor. It is best to harvest the
fruits early in the morning.

59. E. OKRA
Okra might not be the most conventional
vegetable in the garden, but its rich content of
vitamins and minerals, including vitamins A, B,
C, E, and K, as well as calcium, iron, magnesium,
potassium, and zinc. Furthermore, okra contains
high levels of mucilaginous fiber.

60. Okra contains a very high content of vitamin A,
as well as antioxidant components like beta
carotenes, xanthein, and lutein. Vitamin A
antioxidants are also able to protect skin health,
by promoting quicker healing, reducing the
appearance of scars and acne, and eliminating
wrinkles.
High in vitamin C content that boost general
immune system. Okra is a good source of
potassium, which is an essential aspect of
human health. Potassium is necessary to
maintain proper fluid balance in the body,
because it balances sodium.

61. TRANSPLANTING
• Make plots 1 m wide for two row planting.
Distance between rows is 0.75 m. Apply 1
kg/m2 fully decomposed chicken manure. For clay
soils, incorporate rice hull and composed
liberally.
• Plant Okra by direct seeding. Soak the seeds in
the warm water overnight to the hasten
germination.
• Air dry .
• Soe 2-3 seeds/hill, 1 cm deep with a distance of
20 cm between hills and 25 cm between rows.
Maintain only 2 seedlings/hill. Pull out excess
seedling and repalnt missing hills.

62. FERTILIZATION
• Apply 1kg/m2 fully decomposed chicken
manure during bed preparation. At planting
19g/hill 14-14-14 as basal fertilization. Thirty
days after emergence, sidedress with 10 G/hill
46-0-0.

63. WATER MANAGEMENT
• Water the plants regularly. Use furrow irrigation or
depending on the soil moisture and season.
PEST AND DESEASE MANGEMENT
Major pest of okra are
green leafhoppers,fruit
and stem borer, jassid
and stink bug. To minimize
pest incedent, avoid
monocropping.

64. • Plant different crops like
corn and legumes arund the
area.
• Grow aromatic crops such
as marigold,ginger,basil,
lemon grass and, alluim to
repel insects.
• Grow flowering plants like
sunflower, cosmos, as border rows
to attract beneficial insects.
powdery mildew

65. • Spray pesticide with
recommended rates
• To control disease
such as Cercospora blight,
powdery mildew, and
fruits rot.
Fruit Rot
Remove infected plants parts, spray with
compost tea and tea manure, prune excess
leaves to improve air circulation, and water in
the morning. Intercrop with marigold to
minimized root damage due to nematodes.

66. HARVESTING
• Okra pods are ready for harvest when these
about 10-12 cm long or while the pod is
young,tender and snappy. Use sharp knife or
pruning shears during harvesting. The young pods
should be gathered everyday.
• To facilitate harvesting and control, prune all
the leaves below the lowest fruit at regular
intervals. A well manage okra can be harvested
40 - 45 times in one cropping season.

67. End…………………………….

68. THANK YOU
AND
GODSPEED!