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- 1. 2 IRELAND: A CULTURAL ANALYSIS Table of Contents Executive Summary 4 Introduction 4 Brief Discussion of the Country’s Relevant History 5 Geographical Setting 5 Location 5 Climate 5 Topography 5 Social Institutions 5 Family 5 The Nuclear Family 5 The Extended Family 5 Dynamics of the Family 5 Female Roles vs. Male Roles 5 Education 5 Role of Education in Society 5 Pre-School Education 5 Primary Education 5 Secondary Education 5 Higher Education 5 Literacy Rates 5 Political System 5 Political Structure 5 Political Parties 5 Stability of Government 5 Special Taxes 5 Role of Local Government 5 Legal System 5
- 2. Organization of the Judiciary System 5 Social Organizations 5 Group Behavior 5 Customs 5 Social Classes 6 Race, Ethnicity & Subcultures 6 Business Customs & Practices 6 Religion & Aesthetics 6 Religion & Other Belief Systems 6 Aesthetics 6 Visual Arts 6 Music 6 Folklore & Relevant Symbols 6 Living Conditions 6 Diet & Nutrition 6 Housing 6 Types of Housing Available 6 Rent or Own? 6 Clothing 6 National Dress 6 Business Attire6 Recreation, Sports & Other Leisure Activities 6 Social Security 6 Language 6 Official Languages 6 Spoken vs. Written Languages 6 Dialects 6 Sources 6 Executive Summary Introduction Ireland is an island country located in Western Europe. With a population of 5 million and continued growth inevitable, Ireland is quickly becoming a promising prospect for U.S. companies looking to invest internationally. One of the most compelling
- 3. aspects of Ireland is the food. Known for their hearty stews, Shepherd’s pie, delicious seafood and soda bread as well as their famous whiskey and Guinness, it is easy to see why penetrating the culinary market might be a good move for an international investor. Despite being known for their great food and high-quality ingredients, Ireland is not known for having very good Mexican cuisine. Any American tourist or expatriate will say that, despite there being certain Mexican restaurants or chains available in Dublin, the Irish have no idea what good-quality Mexican food tastes like. America has the perfect solution to offer. Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc. is a fast-casual, fresh Mexican food restaurant chain in the United States. Chipotle is known for their fresh ingredients and high-quality Mexican food. Their menu consists of burritos, tacos, bowls and salads. Chipotle is currently the most active in the US but also operate abroad in Canada, England, France and Germany. Founded in 1993 by Steve Ells in Denver, Colorado, Chipotle quickly grew to 16 restaurants by 1998 when McDonald’s Corporation invested. By the time McDonald’s fully divested from the company in 2006, Chipotle had grown to over 500 locations in the US. By October 2014, Chipotle had 17 locations outside of the US and was continuing to expand. By 2015, Chipotle had more than 2,000 locations. There are currently 2,408 active locations worldwide. Chipotle’s US competitors include: · Qdoba Mexican Grill · Moe’s Southwest Grill · Rubio’s Coastal Grill · Baja Fresh Dublin, Ireland currently boasts two restaurant chains that would qualify as competitors for Chipotle if it came to Ireland, and they are called“Boojum” and “Tolteca Mexican Style Grill.” Dubliners have dubbed these chains the “Chipotles of Ireland,” but many American expatriates living in Dublin still claim that
- 4. these chains cannot truly compare to Chipotle in terms of quality. Now, Chipotle has an opportunity to expand into Ireland, and it makes sense geographically considering they are already currently operating many restaurants in the United Kingdom. Opening up a Chipotle in Dublin would allow Chipotle to penetrate the Irish market while also providing high-quality Mexican food and meeting a culinary need. Brief Discussion of the Country’s Relevant History · Celtic tribes arrived between 600 and 150 BC · Invaded by Norsemen in the late 8th century - ended when King Brian BORU defeated the Danes in 1014 · Norman invasions began in the 12th c and set off more than 7 cs of Anglo-Irish struggle - repressions and rebellions · Potato famine in mid-19th century responsible for a drop in population by > 25% through starvation, disease and emigration · Population continued to fall until it began to grow again in the 1960s · One of the youngest populations in the EU · Modern state traces origins to the failed 1916 Easter Monday Uprising that happened and resulted in independence from UK in 1921 · Deep sectarian divides between Catholic and Protestant - Northern Ireland years of violence known as the "Troubles" · Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland in 1998 initiated new phase of cooperation between Irish and British · Neutral in WWII and continues policy of military neutrality · Joined the European community in 1973 and euro-zone currency union in 1999 · Economic boom years of the Celtic Tiger (1995-2007) saw rapid economic growth, which came to an abrupt end during the 2008 meltdown · Economy is still recovering · Population as of July 2017 approximately 5 millionGeographical SettingLocation Ireland is an island located in Western Europe. Five-sixths of
- 5. the island is officially the country of Ireland while the northernmost sixth of the island is Northern Island. Northern Island is a separate country, which is officially a part of the United Kingdom. The island of Ireland is 70,273 square kilometers in area, which makes it slightly larger than the state of West Virginia. Climate Ireland has a temperate, maritime climate that is affected by the North Atlantic Current. Ireland boasts mild winters and cool summers, with temperatures rarely rising above 75 degrees Fahrenheit year-round. The island is consistently humid and is overcast about 50% of the time.Topography · Island - 1,448 km of coastline · Mostly flat to rolling interior plains surrounded by rugged hills and low mountains · Sea cliffs on west coast (Cliffs of Moher) · 10.9% forest, 15.4% arable land, 50.7% permanent pasture, agricultural land 66.1% Social InstitutionsFamily The Nuclear Family · Plays a major role in Irish day-to-day lives · Since the foundation of the state, the "family" has occupied a core position in policy & public debates about common good and national identity formation · Family afforded privileged mention and protection in the Irish Constitution of 1937 · State promises to "protect the Family" and recognizes it as having "inalienable and imprescriptible rights, antecedent and superior to all positive law." · Still at the center of social and political debate in the 21st century · Interest groups argue for the preservation of what they view as the "ideal form of marriage and family" while others welcome and promote the emergence of more diverse and alternative family forms · Divorce not legalized until 1995 (narrowly)
- 6. · Reproductive rights remains a contentious issue in Ireland after a clause inserted in the constitution in 1983 to protect the right to life of the "unborn" · At the same time... by the 21st-century, Ireland had relatively high non-marital birth rate compared with other European countries · For much of the 20th century, Ireland was considered a demographic outlier in Europe and the situation was distinctive · Late age of marriage · High rate of non-marriage · High marital fertility rate resulting in distinctly large families · Censorship for sexual and intimate matters and social control (harsh treatment for women who had children outside of wedlock) was another dominant feature · Started modernizing in 1960s · Legalized same-sex marriage in 2015 · Largest proportion of households today are made up of couple households with children, with single adults with no children second · Much higher % of children living in lone parent households than in much of the rest of Europe · Most individuals are still socialized within traditional nuclear family units and develop their identities, sense of self and understanding of life primarily in terms of what happened within their family · Ontological sense of self is developed and maintained in terms of relations with parents and siblings · Most Irish people are bound to their family - considered the center of intimate personal relations through which people create and sustain meaning · Children live with parents until they either leave for university, move in with their partner, or once they have become financially independent (18-19) The Extended Family · Continues to be an essential part of Irish society
- 7. · In the past, extended families would live near one another · This is becoming less common due to ongoing impacts of urbanization · Family remains fundamentally important to the individual · Unique personal relationships that family members share and the support they receive from one another is highly valued Dynamics of the Family · Family patterns today are converging closely to European trends in some arenas (non-marital births, crude marriage rate) but maintaining a distinctive trend in others (low divorce rate, high fertility rate) · Tension between traditional values and modernity in Irish family life and in intimate relationship more generally understood · Parental roles · Marriage & courtship · Traditional family structure of husband, wife and children is the norm · Growing acceptance of other living arrangements - many alternative households (single-parent, couples without children, LGBTQI+ couples with children) · Growing tolerance within Ireland toward choices in family structure Female Roles vs. Male Roles · Gender remains an unrecognized but crucially important framework in shaping young people's lives · Ideals within Catholicism emphasized traditional role of the mother and the dominating beliefs about women in Irish culture · This is changing - gender stereotypes are no longer as strong as they once were in determining a person's role or duty in the family · High cost of living has made it common for both members in a
- 8. couple to work · Gender equality more common in urban areas · Rural areas are more conservative and maintain traditional views regarding household and gender roles · Women often stay home to care for children and household · Married women have a considerably low participation rate in the labor force compared to other European countries · 1937: Women given very specific familial role in the State's legal framework - Constitution still states that "woman by her life within the home gives to the State a support without which the common good cannot be achieved." · By early 1980s, women with young children were participating in the labor force in rapidly increasing #s, homosexuality was decriminalized, cohabitation was in evidence alongside conventional marriage, contraception was legalized and accessible, and martial separation legislation had been introduced Education Role of Education in Society · Education is compulsory for children in Ireland from 6-16 or until students have completed 3 years of second-level education · Education system is made up of primary, second, third-level and further education · State-funded education is available at all levels, unless you choose to send your child to a private institution Pre-School Education · Usually provided by privately funded childcare facilities or providers · Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) Scheme provides a free year of early childhood care and education for children of pre-school age · Some pre-school initiatives are focused on at risk children and are funded by the Department of Education and Skills
- 9. Primary Education · Children do not have to attend school until the age of 6, but it is usual for children to begin school the September following their fourth birthday · 4-year-olds and 5-year-olds are enrolled in the junior or senior infant classes · Curriculum follows these areas: · Language, math, social skills, environment and scientific education, arts education including visual arts music and drama, physical integration, social personal and health education · Generally privately owned by religious communities (or boards of governors) but are State-funded · Goes from Junior infants (4 years) - Sixth Class (age 11/12) Secondary Education · Provided by different types of post-primary schools, such as: · Secondary, vocational, community and comprehensive schools · Secondary schools are privately owned and managed - in most cases, the trustees are religious communities or boards of governors · Vocational schools are established by he State and administered by vocational education committees · Community & Comprehensive schools are managed by boards of management of differing compositions · Consists of a 3-year junior cycle (age 12 to 14) followed by a 2-year or 3-year senior cycle depending on whether an optional transition year is taken following the Junior Certificate Exam · Transition year follows the Junior Certificate Examination · One-year school-based program between Junior and Senior Cycle · Designed to act as a bridge between the two by facilitating the smooth transition from the more dependent learning of the Junior Cycle (middle school) to the more independent self-
- 10. directed learning required for the Senior Cycle · Areas of study include: Environmental studies, English, math, gaelic, PE, psychology, work experience, mental health matters · During the final two years in the Senior Cycle, students take one of 3 programs, each leading to a State Examination · Established Leaving Certificate, the Leaving Certificate Vocational Program or the Leaving Certificate Applied Higher Education · University Sector, Technological sector and the Colleges of Education are substantially funded by the State · # of independent private colleges · 7 Universities, which are autonomous and self-governing - they offer degree programs at bachelor, masters and doctorate level · Technological sector includes institutes of technology which provide programs of education and training in areas such as business, science, engineering, linguistics, and music to certificate, diploma and degree levels · Colleges of Education specialize in training for first-level teachers - offer a 3-year bachelor of education degree and a postgraduate diploma · Training of second-level teachers usually involves completing a primary degree in university or other third-level institution followed by a one-year higher diploma in education Literacy Rates · 1 in 6 Irish adults has difficult understanding basic written text · 1 in 4 find it difficult to do simple math · Adults aged 25-34 have the highest literacy mean score in Ireland while adults aged 55 - 65 have the lowest mean score · 17.9% of Irish adults are at or below Level 1 on the literacy scale - this compares with 22% at or below level 1 in the last International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS) results in 1997
- 11. Political System Political Structure · Ireland is a parliamentary democracy · National Parliament ( President & Two Houses ) whose functions and powers come from the Constitution · President has absolute discretion in certain matters - referring a Bill to the Supreme Court for a judgment on its constitutionality · President elected every 7 years · Method of election to each House is different · Senate is an advisory body · Some are appointed, some are elected by the universities and some are elected from vocational panels · Has the power to delay legislative proposals and is allowed 90 days to consider and amend bills · House of Representatives directly elected by the people at least once every 5 years - 166 members · The House is the dominant branch, meaning that most proposals passed by the House of Representatives will ultimately become law · Since the 1990s, there have been coalition governments Political Parties · Two and a half party system, with two large catch all parties dominating · This changed after the 2011 Irish General Election, following the large drop in support for the republican party (Fianna Fail) · Current largest party is Fine Gael, which has its origins in the pro-treaty movement of Michael Collins in the Irish Civil War · Party of law and order - associated with strong belief in pro- enterprise and reward · Christian democratic, economically liberal party along European lines, with a strongly pro-European outlook · Generally associated with a liberal outlook
- 12. · Fianna Fail, traditionally Irish republican party, founded in 1927, is second largets and considered center-right · First formed in a government on the basis of a populist program of land redistribution and national preference in trade and republican populism remains a key part of its appeal · Sinn Fein, established in 1970, played a huge role in the Irish War of Independence and the First Dail · Current-day party has been historically linked to the Provisional IRA - Republican party which takes a more left wing stance on economics and social policy than the Labour Party · Fourth largest is the Labour Party (center-left) · Links with the trade union movement and have governed in 7 coalition governments · Number of other parties Stability of Government · The government in Ireland is quite stable · Three branches of government that interact - member states participate in common institutions so that decisions on specific matters of joint interest can be made at the European level score of 80.4, making its economy the 6th freest in the 2018 Index -reduction measures and banking-related debt refinancing have stimulated economic recovery since the 2008 meltdown -technology labor pool attract foreign multinationals Special Taxes · Income Tax & Capital Gains on chargeable income and gains · Taxes Consolidation Act of 1997 (governing legislation) and supplemented in the annual Finance Act
- 13. · Gift and inheritance tax regime in force · Pay as You Earn (PAYE) applies to all Irish-sourced employment income and is calculated at progressive rates · Universal Social Charge (USC) is a tax payable on gross income from all sources after tax relief for capital allowances but before tax relief for pension contributions · Pay Related Social Insurance (PRSI) is a payroll tax, which funds various benefits for employees, including uneployment assitance and certain medical benefits · Rental income (treated in a similar way to your normal income from work and taxed at same rates) · Stamp Duty (Transfer tax) - used on commercial and non- commercial properties · Property Tax · Capital Gains · Value Added Tax (VAT) / Sales Taxes · 23% on the supply of most goods and services in the course of business · Most exports, food, oral medicine, and childrens clothing and footwear are zero-rates · Corporation Tax Role of Local Government · Local governments also have systems run at the county and district level · Local elections are held every 5 years in the month of May or June - Councillors are elected to represent the community · Elected council is the policy-making arm of the local government Legal System Organization of the Judiciary System · Ireland is a parliamentary, representative democratic republic and a member state of the EU · Head of State is the President (elected by popular vote), but it
- 14. is a ceremonial position with real political power being vested in the indirectly elected prime minister · Executive power exercised by the government, which consists of 15 cabinet ministers · Legislative power vested in the bicameral national parliament (Oireachtas), which consists of Dail Eireann (house), Seanad Eireann (senate) and President · Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature - head of the judiciary is the Chief Justice who presides over the Supreme Court Social Organizations · Flag was introduced in 1848, based on French tricolour · National Anthem is The Soldier's Song - writen in 1907 and became anthem in 1926 · Unofficial anthem is The Fields of Athenry - tells the story of a man who is convicted of stealing food during the Great Famine and transported to Australia Group Behavior · Pop culture is similar to many other Western countries in terms of TV, movies and popular music and literature · One aspect that makes it different is pub culture · Pub refers to a "public house" or a bar · Issue of over-consumption of alcohol, but pub culture is more then just drinking · Typically pubs are important meeting places, where people can gather and meet their neighbors and friends in a relaxed atmosphere · Character of pubs varies widely according to the customers they serve, and the area they are in · Irish society has traditionally been one of emigration · More Irish people left Ireland than immigrated to Ireland for hundreds of years · Notably after the famine and more recently in the 1950s and 1980s · Economy of Ireland dramatically improved in the 1990s and
- 15. many people have since immigrated to Ireland Customs · Greeting people involves shaking hands when you meet for the first time - friends will hug - sometimes kiss on the cheek · People are relaxed about time · People will say please and thank you Social Classes Work much like they do in the US - based on the more money you have, the more power you have Race, Ethnicity & Subcultures · Irish 82.2%, Irish travelers 0.7%, other white 9.5%, Asian 2.1%, black 1.4%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.6% (2016 est.) · Travellers · Traditionally itinerant ethnic group who maintain a set of traditions · Predominantly English-speaking, some also use Shelta and other similar cants · Live mostly in Ireland as well as large communities in the UK and the US · Similar to Gypsies - but this theory is disupted and theories of pre-Gaelic origin also exist · Genetically Irish, with around 10,000 people in the US being descendants of Travellers who left Ireland Business Customs & Practices · Relationships and family are hugely important to the Irish · Huge difference between fast-paced Western European countries and Ireland · Important to bear in mind that family and relationships are as significant as the business itself · Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) movement has gathered great momentum in Ireland and is now regarded as one of the
- 16. most important topics · Time keeping practices in Ireland differ for foreigners and local associates · Be sure to arrive on time - being late is impolite and inconsiderate · It is essential to plan your appointments carefully and to ensure you allocate enough time for transport arrangements · As a foreign associate, you are expected to give your Irish counterparts the leeway to be late · Irish are not very time conscious and are not punctual for business or social meetings · Not more than 15 minutes late usually · Gift giving is not expected for business purposes · Best occasion to give is at the successful conclusion of negotiations · Standard business dress is smart and conservative · Formal suits work best in most situations · Dress tends to be less formal than in Western Europe · Traditional style is represented by tweeds, wools and subdued colors · Flashy colors and styles are unsuitable · Corruption does not constitute a significant issue for foreign investors in Ireland · Minor areas of concern where some issues related to bribery and corruption have been reported Religion & AestheticsReligion & Other Belief Systems · Predominant religion in the Republic of Ireland is Christianity, with the largest church being the Roman Catholic Church · State may not endorse any particular religion and guarantees freedom of religion · 78% of the population identified as Catholic in 2016 · Next largest was "no religion" 10% of the population · Second largest Christian denomination, the Anglican Church, declined in membership for most of the 20th century, but has more recently experienced an increase, as have other small
- 17. Christian denominations · Hindu and Muslim populations have experienced significant growth in recent years, due chiefly to immigration Aesthetics Visual Arts Arts Council in Ireland exists to support community of visual artists, groups and organizations so that the public "can experience the highest standard of visual arts, in urban and in rural parts of Ireland." Music · Many similar music traditions for Western music · Traditional Irish music includes many kinds of drinking songs, ballads, laments, either unaccompanied or performed with instruments · Irish stepdance and riverdance performed at parties, organized competitions and at country houses created a bond between musician and dancer · There are many traveling Irish music / dance shows that perform throughout the country Folklore & Relevant Symbols · Central aspect of Irish folklore is the wealth of traditional beliefs and superstitions which have been held by Irish people over the centuries · Belief in the fairy folk - many centuries, the Irish were convinced of the existence of magical creatures such as leprechauns and the Banshee · Magical cures - many bizarre remedies to cure ailments · Holy wells - belief in the magical healing ability of natural springs dates back to pre-Christian time in Ireland. Celtic people belived springs were sacred places where the underworld met our world Living ConditionsDiet & Nutrition
- 18. · Consumption of butter per head of the population is higher in Ireland than almost anywhere else in the world · 20% of the land is devoted to farming · Wheat, peas and beans became staple foods in Ireland after the Anglo-Normans arrived · Potato introduced to Ireland by the late 1500s · Replaced older staples, including oats and dairy · Potato Famine destroyed 1/3 of the the potato crop in 1845 and triggered widespread famine · More than 1 million died as a result of the potato blight, and 2 million emigrated to other countries · As of 2001, Irish were consuming more potatoes than most countries in the world · Also accomplished cheese makers · Soups, seafood, and meats are all important in the Irish diet · Typical Irish dinner consists of potatoes, cabbage, and meat · Irish stew has been recognized as the national dish for at least 2 centuries · Bread is important - soda bread is a national dish · Common beverages include tea, beer, whiskey and ale Housing Types of Housing Available · Flats are converted from older houses and are typically self contained, but some may share facilities such as the laundry or living areas · Purpose built apartments are usually more expensive but roomier with a better lay out · Houses are typically 3-4 bedroom and semi-detached. Houses are usually terraced or rowhouse in the city. Free standing are more common in towns and villages Rent or Own? · In 1991, Ireland's rate of homeownership peaked at 80% of households
- 19. · By 2011, owner-occupation had fallen to 71% with 19% renting · This trend is growing as pricing rises and mortgage-holding is declining most among young people in the unskilled, semi- skilled and skilled manual classes · Affordability affects this · Most people live in one-family dwellingsClothing National Dress · Irish clothing is a blend of old and new, traditional and modern, style and substance · Aran Sweater is one of Ireland's best-known exports, originally intended to keep the fisherman of the Aran Islands warm and dry · Made from native sheep wool · Tweed is a sturdy woolen fabric, usually woven into twill or herringbone patterns - very common in Ireland · Other than that, very traditional and similar to Western dress Business Attire · Similar to Western - from business casual to business professional · Typically a bit more casual than most other countriesRecreation, Sports & Other Leisure Activities · Types available and in demand · Cycling · Equitation · Fishing · Soccer (Football) · Golf · Hurling · Rubgy · Spa · Walking · Public Library Services
- 20. Social Security · Three main types of payments: · Social Insurance payments · Means-tested payments · Universal payments · Satisfy certain personal circumstances that are set out in the rules for each scheme · Social insurance payments are given to people who satisfy certain conditionsHealthcareLanguageOfficial Languages · Official language(s) · English · Irish (Gaelic) is also official spoken by roughly 39.8% of the populationSpoken vs. Written Languages · Everyone speaks and writes English with basic competency · Learn to speak and write Gaelic in school, but usually extra- curricular · More rural areas speak Gaelic at homeDialects · Several traditional dialects and a variety of "urban Irish" or "modern Irish" · Most common is Leinster, spoken in Dublin and many other counties · Places stress on the first syllable of a word and showed a preference for the pronunciation "cr" where the spelling is "cn"Sources · CIA World Factbook - https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/ei.html · Investigating the Irish Family - http://www.drb.ie/essays/investigating-the-irish-family · Cultural Atlas - Irish Cultures - https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/irish-culture/irish-culture-core- concepts#irish-culture-core-concepts · Chipotle - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipotle_Mexican_Grill · Literacy in Ireland - https://www.nala.ie/literacy/literacy-in- ireland
- 21. · Living in Ireland - The Political System & Voting - http://www.livinginireland.ie/en/culture_society/the_political_s ystem_voting/ · Politics of the Republic of Ireland - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Irel and#Political_parties · Taxes in Ireland - https://internationalliving.com/countries/ireland/taxes-in- ireland/ · Living in Ireland - Culture - http://www.livinginireland.ie/en/culture_society/culture_societ y/ · Religion in Ireland - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Irel and Mozambique Cultural Analysis Table of Contents I. Executive summary ...............................................................................................
- 22. .................................... 4 II. Introduction ............................................................................................... ............................................... 4 III. Brief discussion of the country’s relevant history................................................................................... 5 IV. Geographical setting ............................................................................................... ................................ 5 A. Location ............................................................................................... .................................................... 5 B. Climate ............................................................................................... ...................................................... 5 C. Topography ............................................................................................... ............................................... 5 V. Social institutions ............................................................................................... ...................................... 6 A. Family ............................................................................................... ....................................................... 6 1. Dynamics of the family ...............................................................................................
- 23. .............................. 6 a. Parental roles ............................................................................................... .............................................. 6 b. Marriage ............................................................................................... ..................................................... 6 2. Female/male roles ............................................................................................... ...................................... 6 B. Education ............................................................................................... ................................................... 7 1. The role of education in society ............................................................................................... ................. 7 a. Primary education ............................................................................................... ...................................... 7 b. Secondary education ............................................................................................... .................................. 7 c. Higher education ............................................................................................... ........................................ 7 2. Literacy rates ...............................................................................................
- 24. .............................................. 8 C. Political system ............................................................................................... ......................................... 8 1. Political structure ............................................................................................... ....................................... 8 2. Political parties..................................................................................... ..................................................... 8 3. Stability of government ............................................................................................... .............................. 8 4. Special taxes....................................................................................... ....................................................... 9 5. Role of local government ............................................................................................... ........................... 9 D. Legal system ............................................................................................... ............................................. 9 1. Organization of the judiciary system ............................................................................................... ......... 9 2. Code, common, socialist, or Islamic-law country ..................................................................................... 9
- 25. 3. Participation in patents, trademarks, and other conventions ..................................................................... 9 E. Social organizations ............................................................................................... ................................. 10 1. Social classes ............................................................................................... ........................................... 10 2. Race, ethnicity, and subcultures ............................................................................................... ............... 10 F. Business customs and practices ............................................................................................... ............... 10 V. Religion and aesthetics ............................................................................................... ............................ 11 A. Religion and other belief systems ............................................................................................... ........... 11 1. Orthodox doctrines and structures ............................................................................................... ........... 11 2. Relationship with the people ............................................................................. ..................
- 26. .................... 11 3. Which religions are prominent? ............................................................................................... ............... 11 B. Aesthetics ............................................................................................... ................................................ 12 1. Visual arts ............................................................................................... ................................................ 12 2. Music ............................................................................................... ....................................................... 12 3. Drama, ballet, and other performing arts ............................................................................................... . 12 4. Folklore and relevant symbols ............................................................................................... ................. 12 VI. Living conditions ............................................................................................... ................................... 13 A. Diet and nutrition ............................................................................................... .................................... 13 1. Meat and vegetable consumption rates ...............................................................................................
- 27. .... 13 2. Typical meals ............................................................................................... ........................................... 13 3. Malnutrition rates ............................................................................................... ..................................... 13 4. Foods available ............................................................................................... ........................................ 14 B. Housing ............................................................................................... ................................................... 14 1. Types of housing available ............................................................................................... ...................... 14 C. Clothing ............................................................................................... ................................................... 14 1. National dress....................................................................................... ................................................... 14 2. Types of clothing worn at work ............................................................................................... ............... 14 D. Recreation, sports, and other leisure activities ....................................................................................... 15
- 28. 1. Types available and in demand ............................................................................................... ................ 15 E. Social security ............................................................................................... ......................................... 15 F. Healthcare ............................................................................................... ................................................ 15 VII. Language ............................................................................................... .............................................. 16 A. Official language ............................................................................................... ..................................... 16 B. Spoken versus written language(s) ............................................................................................... .......... 16 C. Dialects ............................................................................................... .................................................... 16 IX. Sources of information ............................................................................................... .......................... 17 X. Appendixes............................................................................. ................................................................ 18
- 29. I. Executive summary The Republic of Mozambique has greatly been affected by the civil war. Every major industry has greatly suffered which ultimately had devastating effects on the economy as a whole. As a result, the population was also severely impacted not only from an economic standpoint but also from a health perspective. Mozambique consistently ranks among the poorest countries in the world; therefore there are few and far between social classes. With little access to health care services, the risks on contracting an infectious disease such as HIV/AIDS or malaria is extremely high. The living conditions have proven to be difficult- especially in rural areas of the country. Most Mozambique families rely on agriculture to survive, however their climate is one that is extremely vulnerable to floods, and droughts. Living in rural areas also correlates with the malnutrition rates because employment opportunities are far and in between. In addition, the
- 30. food production per capita has decreased; food is not readably available for consumers. Much like the health care services, the education system lacks proper funding and adequate staff training. The completion rate remains low as nearly half the primary school children leave before grade five is complete. Currently, the growing tension between the two main political parties FRELIMO and RENAMO have the potential to head towards political instability in the near future. The legal system is based both on Portuguese civil law and customary law. The system is made up of a Supreme Court and provincial, districts, and municipal courts. Mozambique is a secular state where citizens have freedom of choice when practicing religion. The most common religious groups found in the country are Roman Catholics, Protestants, and Muslims. As a prior Portuguese colony, the official language of the country and business is Portuguese. However, a vast majority of the country speak Bantu instead. The illiterate rate is very high as almost 50% of the population cannot read or write. From a business perspective, it is crucial for foreigners to
- 31. understand the social customs that Mozambicans expect. Since Mozambicans highly value relationships, it is important to be able to socialize and begin business meetings with small talk. Typical dress in the business environment is conservative though lightweight suits are recommended. In more urban areas, westernized clothing is becoming more and more common, however traditional clothing such as capulanas and headscarves are still widely worn. Portuguese is the language of choice when conducting business negotiation. The arts are highly influential among the Mozambique population as they are highly centered on traditional cultures and customs. II. Introduction Eco-Biques is an Atlanta, Georgia based company that specializes in customizable eco-friendly bikes founded by Kate Alderman in 2013. The company plans to export its bicycles to help facilitate the transportation needs of the people of Mozambique. The bikes are all made of recycled materials. Not only is the population among the poorest in the world making it difficult
- 32. to afford cars, but also the roads are difficult to navigate- especially in rural areas. Therefore, there is a significant need for affordable bikes in Mozambique as most people do not have an alternative solution for traveling many miles by foot every day. The bikes will allow Mozambicans to have easier access to most establishments such as health care facilities and schools. III. Brief discussion of the country’s relevant history Mozambique was a colony of Portugal until it reached its independence in 1975. However, two years after its independence a civil war emerged. Like most civil wars, the after math was devastating as hundreds of thousands of people were killed while over a million people sought refuge elsewhere and fled the country. Many migrated towards area of the country where the government maintained most of its control. As a result of the war, the country suffered a severe economic depression. The country was unable to sustain itself through agriculture-the people of Mozambique were unable to feed themselves and were starving.
- 33. The economy of the Republic of Mozambique has improved since the lengthy Mozambican Civil war that ended in 1992. However, the country still remains as one of the poorest countries in the world to this day. IV. Geographical setting A. Location The Republic of Mozambique is located in Southeast Africa. The country is bordered to the east by the Indian Ocean, Tanzania to its north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest. Maputo is both the country’s capital and the largest city. It is located in the southern part of the city towards Swaziland. B. Climate The tropical climate of Mozambique has two primary seasons: a wet seasons and a dry season. October through March consists of the wet season while April through September consists of the dry season. The rainfall varies among certain areas in the country, however it its heaviest along the coast and decreases in the northern and southern region of Mozambique. Cyclones are also
- 34. prominent during the wet season. The warm tropical climate of Mozambique averages 28° Celsius (82.4F). The summer months range from October to April and the Winter Months range from April to September. C. Topography Mozambique consists of primarily of coastal lowlands while is rises towards the west with plateaus and mountains reaching nearly 8,000 ft. V. Social institutions A. Family 1. Dynamics of the family a. Parental roles The parenting roles in Mozambique are parallel to those of traditional norms where the men are responsible for means of security while the women tend to the children and the domestic duties. Mothers are primarily responsible for their children’s needs and the children are rarely separate
- 35. from them. In addition for caring for children, the typical traditional family involves more than one generation living under one roof. Therefore, it is not uncommon for the extended family to share living quarters with their relatives. b. Marriage Much different from western society, polygamy was traditionally practiced under Mozambican customs. It was not until 1981, that a law replaced the common practices of polygamy with monogamous marriages. This law entitled that both spouses have the right of property ownership while also describing the specified responsibilities of both men and women. 2. Female/male roles There are few cultural differences separated by geographic locations in Mozambique. In southern Mozambique, groups are patrilineal, where families trace their decent through male lines. While in the northern areas of the country, many groups trace their decent through their mother. In matrilineal groups, it is common for the men to live near their wives family. The Mozambique constitution guarantees that all citizens have the right to work,
- 36. however the Mozambican women face numerous obstacles when seeking nontraditional employment and are considered inferior to their male counterpart. The women have traditionally been responsible for the care of all domestic tasks. In urban areas, it more common for women to work but many are still confined to the four walls of their home, while those who live in more rural areas play an important role in agriculture as a part of the labor force in addition to domestic tasks. B. Education 1. The role of education in society The after math of the civil war left the education system in critical conditions as many of its infrastructures were destroyed. However the challenge to overcome the destruction did allow for a complete reform of the system. In 1992, the education transformed itself from a state-run, socialist-oriented system to a new system that offers both government and private educational
- 37. systems. The goal of government was to provide quality education at the primary level. In 2005, school fees for primary education were abolished. However, paying for education beyond primary school is a burden among families below the poverty line. The poverty and AIDS level has dramatically impacted the school systems. Many schools have a dual purpose and have taken on the responsibility to provide health services for orphans or children in desperate need. However, many schools are not equipped with the necessary means to cater to the children’s needs. Some schools do not have access to adequate water and sanitation facilities while most classrooms lack required learning materials and necessary miscellaneous items such as books, and desks. a. Primary education The five years of primary school is both free and compulsory. Though Mozambique has made strides in the right direction; a majority of primary school teachers do not have adequate training necessary for the task at hand while struggling to overcome the teacher to student ratio. There is
- 38. an average of one teacher for every 74 among the primary level. It is common for teachers to double or even triple their shift in order to cope with the shortage. The completion rate remains low as nearly half the primary school children leave before grade five is complete. b. Secondary education The secondary level is organized into two cycles: first cycle of secondary school (grade 8 to 10) and second cycle of secondary school (grade 11 to 12). The second cycle is considered to be the pre-university level. Portuguese is the only language taught throughout the country; however English is mandatory at the secondary level. Similar to the primary levels, the secondary level copes with a shortage of qualified teachers and inadequate facilities. c. Higher education Since most Mozambicans do not complete primary school, the number of people who attend higher education is devastatingly low even compared to other countries in Africa with similar demographic statistics. Mozambique has both private and public university level institutions available. Completion rates at this level of education are also
- 39. extremely low. Although, some believe the low completion rates are a positive sign of success as students find work before they complete their studies. 2. Literacy rates Due to quality of education most Mozambicans received the illiteracy rate is high. In 2013, only 48% of adults in Mozambique were able to read and write. Girls are extremely disadvantage in Mozambique society as over a third of girls aged between 15 and 24 are unable to read and write. The quality of education received to girls varies with cultural reasons. Many girls leave abandon their studies around 14 years old since most of them marry young. C. Political system 1. Political structure Mozambique is a multi-party democratic republic with a unicameral parliament known as the Assembly of the Republic. Like the U.S structure, Mozambique has an executive branch, a
- 40. legislative branch, and a judicial branch. The president is tasked with appointing a prime minister and a council of ministries (the cabinet). The president, Armando Guebuza is the chief of state while the prime minister is the head of government. The members in the legislative branch serve on five year terms, similar to that of the presidential term in the executive branch. Presidents are elected by popular vote for five-year terms. 2. Political parties Mozambique has two dominant political parties. This two-party system makes it very difficult for other parties to emerge. Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) is the current political party in power under the president’s leadership. FRELIMO was a liberation movement that was established in hopes of gaining Mozambique’s independence from Portugal. At that time, it became the official Marxist-Leninist political party. FRELIMO struggled to keep its dominance during the civil war as it faced massive opposition from an anti-communist group known as the Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO). Once the civil war came to an end,
- 41. the poverty among the nation made it difficult for the government to achieve their goals and improve the quality of life for its people. Therefore, FRELIMO moved away from its traditional values towards a social democratic society putting an end of Marxist ideologies. 3. Stability of government There is growing tension between both parties as the RENAMO party brought the 1992 peace deal to end. This caused the relationship between the two to deteriorate which could lead to a potential civil war should the issues not be resolved. Now, the former rebel group and government are at odds. As a result, the government political future is uncertain as elections are soon to approach in October of 2014. Despite these issues and the armed conflicts, the government remains confident in its stability 4. Special taxes The standard company tax rate in Mozambique is 32% and special taxes regimes apply to certain investment projects where incentives are typically granted. A company that is a nonresident is
- 42. only subject to tax its Mozambique source of income while resident companies are taxed on its worldwide income. 5. Role of local government The goal of the local authorities is to create an environment where the participation of citizens is encouraged when solving problems within their own local communities. However, the participation in local government initiatives is relatively low due to a lack of resources, services, and information provided locally. Only certain parts of Mozambique have a local government. There are a total of 33 municipalities that cover 23 cities and 20 out of a total of 128 towns in the districts. The Minister of State Administration is responsible for delegating and the administration of laws that oversee the local governments. D. Legal system 1. Organization of the judiciary system The judiciary is made up of a Supreme Court and provincial, district and municipal courts. The Supreme Court judges are appointed by the president while some are elected by the members of
- 43. the Assembly. The Supreme courts are at the apex followed by the provincial and districts courts. 2. Code, common, socialist, or Islamic-law country Mozambique’s judiciary system is primarily based on the Portuguese civil law and customary law. However, the Islamic law may be applied in predominately Muslin villages without a formal legal system. 3. Participation in patents, trademarks, and other conventions One can apply for patents by filling either to an ARIPO regional application or through the Mozambique Patent and Design Offices. Mozambique is a member of the following international/regional conventions agreements: rotocol on Marks as on 1998
- 44. E. Social organizations 1. Social classes Over 70% of the population lives below the poverty line, those of which survive on less than $2 a day. As a result, Mozambique it consistently ranks among the poorest countries in the world. The Portuguese landowners formed the wealthiest class of citizens under Portugal’s rule. Below them, were the mestizos, who were of mixed African and Portuguese descent; while despite its vast majority in numbers, the Africans formed the bottom of the pyramid. Since the independence, most of the Portuguese left the country. Nowadays, most of the population is poor with an exception to a small minority of the ruling elite. 2. Race, ethnicity, and subcultures Mozambique has wide variety of ethnic groups that make up its population. In 1998, 99.66% of the population was made up of indigenous tribal groups such as
- 45. Makua, Sena, Manyika, Chokwe, and Shangaan. The Makua-Lomwe is the largest ethnic group that is located in the northern region of the Zambezi. This group alone accounts for 37% of the entire population. Europeans amount to 0.06%, Euro-Africans make up 0.2%, and Indians account for the remaining 0.08% of the population. F. Business customs and practices Like in most countries, initial greeting are very important in Mozambique’s business etiquette. Acknowledging everyone with a nod is customary- even people that have not been properly introduced. Men typically shake hands when they meet using both hands at times with the left hand placed on the upper arm of the other person. In addition, men holding hands in public is not considered an sexuality indicator rather it is considered a sign of friendship. Meetings rarely begin on time in Mozambique, however best business practices suggest that foreigner should be punctual. Engaging in small talk about families and health are customary before getting to the point of business. Usually, the person who initiated the meeting
- 46. begins the discussion, while the oldest person in room is responsible for ending the discussion. When negotiations are to be involved, it is best that they be conducted in Portuguese as it is the official language. In addition, negotiations in the month of January are to be avoided when holidays take precedence. Mozambicans do not come to decisions without proper thought; therefore considerable negotiations on both parties are to be expected. One must take note that socializing is considered more important than the actual business aspects because Mozambicans place an importance emphasis on relationships and getting to know one another on a personal level rather than strictly business professional. V. Religion and aesthetics A. Religion and other belief systems 1. Orthodox doctrines and structures Local scholars believe that most of the Mozambique population
- 47. has allegiances to traditional indigenous customs and beliefs despite only half of the population claiming to have adherence to any religion. Traditional healers or spiritualist known as the “curandeiros” are called upon in times of need wither for health, luck, or to help solve problems. 2. Relationship with the people The FRELIMO presented conflicting messages regarding religion after the country’s independence. FRELIMO claimed Mozambique was a secular state, however, the party was actively involved with the prosecution of over 20,000 Jehovah’s Witnesses. However, by the end of the 1980s, FRELIMO abandoned its ways of prosecution and organizations of religious groups began to reemerge. Mozambique is a now secular state. Therefore, every citizen has the right to practice the religion of his or her choice due to freedom of conscience. Mozambique does not have any official religious holidays like in western societies, however it is generally accepted for individuals to have days off for based on their religious beliefs. 3. Which religions are prominent?
- 48. The National Institute of Statistics state that half of the Mozambique population is not affiliated or adheres to any religion or creed. However, out of the estimated 8 million who claim to have religious affiliations, about 24% are Roman Catholic, 22% are Protestant, and 20% are Muslim. Roman Catholics are predominantly located in the central provinces while the southern provinces have a larger number of Protestant. The largest communities of Muslims are typically located in the northern provincial regions and the coastal strip. B. Aesthetics 1. Visual arts The artwork is used to convey spiritual messages, historical information, and other aspects of society. Art is very important to the Mozambican culture. Unfortunately, the destruction during the civil war destroyed many of the country’s museums, libraries, and other cultural establishments. Despite the destruction, many of Mozambique’s visual art artists have achieved
- 49. international success due to their specialized talents. The government has now established a National Institute of Culture that collects and preserves all traditional arts. The Makonde in the north are especially known for their ebony sculptures and masks. The Makonde’s artwork are known as “family tree” because they embody large various figures that tell stories of previous generations. Woodcarvings and basket making are also an important aspect of Mozambique’s art and culture. Talented woodcarving artists typical use their skill to make framed art, furniture, African objects, and walking canes. 2. Music Music plays an important role for Mozambique’s culture and tradition as it still has elements of old tribal influences. Music is one of the best representations of its heritage and culture as most can serve of different purposes whether it is to express religion, love, or cultural events. It is somewhat customary for musicians to fashion their own instruments by hand. Mozambique’s most popular music combines both Western and African influences. Marrabenta is popular style
- 50. of music that first originated in the 1950s with lyrics that mimic subtle political queues. Marrabenta was first performed through innovative craftsmanship as the guitars were constructed out of oil or gasoline cans and fishing lines. Another popular and distinctive form of music is the Mozambican jazz-fusion that also involved the traditional use of instruments. 3. Drama, ballet, and other performing arts In addition to music, dance plays an important role in many of the local customs and ceremonies as they often have religious significance. For example, a local dance ceremony includes the hunting dance of the Chopi. The dancers are dressed in lion skin while the Makua men move around on tall stilts. In Tete, the nyanga is commonly danced where the participants sing and play the panpipes. On a different note, Mozambique is invested in a small local film industry where some have seen success on the international level. 4. Folklore and relevant symbols The native folk music and storytelling has been highly influenced by their colonial roots. The nation’s culture is surrounded by proverbs, myths, and stores that have been told for generations
- 51. on end. Mozambique’s national emblem was designed with symbolism in mind. The corn stalk and the sugar cane represent the country’s agricultural wealth while the cog reflects the industry’s labor. The red star represents socialism but the Mozambican constitution states that is symbolizes the “spirit of international solidarity of the Mozambican people”. VI. Living conditions A. Diet and nutrition 1. Meat and vegetable consumption rates In both urban and rural areas when income is available, meat and fish are extremely important in their diet. Typically, consumption of green vegetables and beans tend to decrease while common staples such as cassava, maizem millet remain the same when household income increases. On average, families in rural areas eat two meals a day while families in urban areas are usually a custom to three meals a day. In rural areas of the country, the consumption of dairy products-
- 52. including milk is very low. In more urban area, dairy products such as milk, cheese, and yogurt are common. 2. Typical meals A staple among Mozambicans is a thick porridge made from corn flour known as “ncima”. Cassava and rice covered in “metapa”- a sauce made of cassava leaves or other vegetables, with a side of either meat, beans, or fish is also fairly common. In addition, a number of local beers (pombe) are very popular among Mozambicans. Palm wine (sura) tends to be more popular in the southern regions of the country. Coca-Cola has managed to prove itself in Mozambique as the globally recognized drink when it comes to soft drinks. 3. Malnutrition rates Most Mozambique families rely on agriculture to survive, however their climate is one that is extremely vulnerable to floods, and droughts. Living in rural areas also correlates with the malnutrition rates because employment opportunities are far and in between. In addition, other factors play a significant role in the country’s malnutrition problem such as insufficient protein,
- 53. energy, and micronutrients, inadequate health care services, and frequent infections or disease. Due to these reason, malnutrition is very prominent in Mozambique with one-fifth of children below the age of five are underweight. Furthermore, 44% of children under the age of five are stunted due to chronic illness and poor diet. 4. Foods available Over the past decade, food production per capita has decreased as food prices have increased. In addition, less than 1% of all private investment has been allocated to basic food production for the local domestic market while over 85% are allocated towards more lucrative ventures such as minerals and forestry for export markets. Therefore, food is not readably available for consumers and not many can afford the current market prices if it is available. B. Housing 1. Types of housing available The traditional village houses are round huts. These huts are
- 54. constructed primarily by poles being held together with mud, and thatched roofs made of palm leaves. However, as world becomes flat, most homes that are built today are made of cement blocks and tin roofs. These modern designs borrowed from western cultures have also changed the pattern from circular to a rectangle shape. C. Clothing 1. National dress In more urban areas, westernized clothing is becoming more and more common- especially among the younger population (except for the extremely poor). American and European fashion is becoming increasing in style, but popular items in the west such as blue jeans and skirts have not yet been adopted in Mozambique. Despite the western influence, traditional clothing such as capulanas and headscarves are still being worn. Capulanas are squares of colorful fabrics that can either be worn as a wraparound skirt or on the upper body. Muslims located in the northern part
- 55. of the country are known for wearing long white robes and head turbans. Asian men living in Mozambique typically wear a two-piece white cotton suit. The climate and socio-economic conditions are both important factors on the clothing choice of most Mozambicans. Mozambique customs typically state that casual wear is more acceptable and formal dress is rarely worn except during official hours. 2. Types of clothing worn at work Dressing conservatively is considered proper business etiquette- though lightweight suits are recommended. Women should also dress conservatively and a modest behavior is also encouraged. D. Recreation, sports, and other leisure activities 1. Types available and in demand Soccer is the most popular organized sport in Mozambique, similar to most African countries. Track and field, swimming, cricket and basketball are also favorable pastimes that the people of
- 56. Mozambique thoroughly enjoy. In urban areas, the theater and television are popular leisurely activities. The many styles of woodcarvings have become enjoyable hobbies throughout the country. E. Social security Mozambique’s social security is organized based on three levels: non-contributory basic, compulsory, and complementary social security. Under the non- contributory basic protection, welfares services are offered to the poorest households, elderly, disabled, chronically ill, and households with orphans or “vulnerable” children. The services offered under the compulsory protection consists of social insurance, including pensions, cash sickness and maternity benefits, hospitalization, cash death grants for burial expenses. The third level of complementary social security simply adds to the benefits mentioned above at the compulsory level. Social security coverage for the entire country is challenging, however the universalization of basic security is an important goal for the government. F. Healthcare
- 57. Malaria is the primary cause of death among children under the age of five, while the HIV/AIDS epidemic is expanding every year. In countries like Mozambique where dangerous and prominent diseases are common, many people face extreme obstacles in regards with access to health care services. It is estimated that only 30% to 50% of the population have access to healthcare services as over 60% of the population live 30 minutes away from the nearest health facility. Similar to shortage issue in the education system with teachers, in the province of Tete alone has over two million residents whom only have access to 63 doctors. In Financing is another dominant player that heavily correlates with the access and shortages issues in regards to healthcare services. The quality of the healthcare services is also inadequate as most of these facilities have limited supplies, drugs, and suitable sources of water. See appendix for trends in the healthcare expenditures. VII. Language
- 58. A. Official language As a former colony under Portuguese regulation, the official language of Mozambique is Portuguese. As the official language, Portuguese is the language of choice for the government and educational systems but it is usually spoken in the capital and other urban areas. However, a vast majority of Mozambicans speak languages from the Bantu branch of the Niger-Congo language group. English is somewhat common because of the surrounding countries that are former British colonies and in business surroundings. Swahili, Makua, Sena, Ndau, and Shangaan are other common languages found in Mozambique B. Spoken versus written language(s) The literacy rate of the country as of 2013 was 48% while over 50% of Mozambicans can speak more than one language. Since Portuguese is taught primarily in education systems and since school attendance records are extremely poor, less the half of the population can speak or write Portuguese. The language of Makuwa is said to have no written literature. C. Dialects Over 40 different dialects of Bantu languages are commonly
- 59. found in Mozambique. Within the Bantu dialect group, Makua, Lomwe, Tsonga, Sena are some of the most widespread languages in the country. A number of different languages and dialects are found in Mozambique primarily because it shares many borders with surrounding countries. IX. Sources of information -Ni/Mozambique.html http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/395363/Mozambiq ue/261027/Daily-life- and-social-customs -africa.org/mozambique/people-culture http://photos.state.gov/libraries/mozambique/164103/nguluvep/ Edusys.pdf
- 62. over-Mozambique-violence-20131024 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/mz.html http://www.adamsadams.com/index.php/africa/africaniplaw/moz ambique/ http://work.chron.com/business-etiquette-mozambique- 27707.html http://www.ilo.org/gimi/gess/ShowCountryProfile.do?cid=314 http://www.afro.who.int/en/mozambique/country- programmes/health-systems/health-financing.html http://www.afro.who.int/en/mozambique/country- programmes/health-systems/health-financing.html X. Appendixes The table below illustrates trends in health expenditure from 2002-2010.
- 63. Indicator 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Gross Domestic Product/ per capita (GDP, US$) 334.5 362.8 393.6 468.9 439.2 422.8 Total Health Expenditure (THE) (million US$) 381,9 409,6 418.9 507.0 594.1 574.0 External resources on health as % of THE 53 58 59.9 73.7 65.7 Na General government expenditure on heath (GGHE) as % THE 74.2 72.6 75.1 77.3 75.5 Na Out of pocket expenditure as % of THE 25.8 27.4 24.9 22.7 24.5 24 Total expenditure on Health/capita at exchange rate 19.6 20.6 19 23 23 21 Total health expenditure as % of GDP 6 5 5 4 5 5
- 64. Project Assignment: Country Notebook: A Guide for Developing a Marketing Plan. Each student will produce The Country Notebook - A Guide for Developing a Marketing Plan. You will select an American good or service, and then develop the marketing plan for introducing that good or service to any country of your choice. The Country Notebook includes four parts: (1) Cultural Analysis (2) Economic Analysis (3) Market Audit and Competitive Market Analysis (4) Preliminary Marketing Plan. Note that you must provide written reports for all four parts. That's the overall project we are going to do but for now we are required to do the first part "Cultural Analysis" I will send two examples that help you to do the assignment