Basics of counts, Mole, metric ladder, and scientific notation are provided.

1. Counts and Measurements
(3) The population of the Unites
States is 315.09 -----------------------------
or 0.315 ----------------------------
Class Work 1: Counts in Words: Fill in the Blank
Counts in
Words
(1) A medium size
strawberry has about 200
seeds. So you can say:
there are -----------------------
of seeds in a strawberry.
(5) Total US Debt Soars Over $17 ----------------------
Submitted by Tyler Durden on 10/18/2013 15:44 -
0500
Your Task C1: Use appropriate mathematical
terms to indicate the order of counts:
hundreds, thousands, ten thousands,
million, billion, trillion, etc. See Chart below
Warm-Up 1: Counts and Measurements
1. Counts and Measurements are the two categories of
Scientific Measurements.
2. Count refers to how many entities are present in a category.
3. Measurements are quantities you measure using a device
or a tool.
Your Task:
(1) Give the counts used for the following:
Shoes: -------------; Eggs: -------------------; A Ream of Paper:---------
(2) Give some devices or tools you use to measure and
indicate what you measure with the device/tool:
Tool 1:------------------------------; Measurement: -------------------------
Tool 2:------------------------------; Measurement: -------------------------
Tool 3:------------------------------; Measurement: ------------------------
(2) The Xinchun sisters wear ------------------------------- of bees
in their jackets Jingmen, eastern China's Hubei province, to
attract a Queen bee. Their father Liu said that as bee
keepers they all have developed antibodies to bee stings,
so bee stings no longer affect them.
Warm-Up 2: Qualitative and Quantitative
Measurements
Measurements can be qualitative or quantitative
General terms like short, long etc. are qualitative measurements.
Your Task:
(3) List qualitative measurements (other than short and long) that
you know of
------------ ------------- -----------
------------ ------------- -----------
------------ ------------- -----------
------------ ------------- -----------
(4) Current world population is
7.193 ----------------------------------------
(6) There are one -------------
------ synapses (nerve cells)
in the body of an average
human being.
(7) At any time, it is
estimated that there are
some
10,000,000,000,000,000,000
individual insects alive. This
number is 10 ----------------------
--------
(8) The night sky may be a lot
starrier than we thought; the new
estimate is
300,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
stars.
That's 300 ------------------.
109 = (1000)3 billion Remember:
Hundreds is 10^2; Thousands is 10^3:
Ten thousands is: 10^4; Million is:
10^6.
Million is nothing but (1000)2
103 x 103 = 106
1012 = (1000)4 trillion
1015 = (1000)5 quadrillion
1018 = 1000)6 quintillion
1021 = (1000)7 sextillion
1024 = (1000)9 septillion
octillion1027 = (1000)9
Remember:
100 sextillion is 1023
Copyright: Dr. R.
Renuka.Rajasekaran@henry.k12.ga.us

2. Counts and Measurements
Avogadro, and Mole Day
Class Work 2: Find the Number of Moles in each
of the following
Number Number of Moles
6.023 x 10^23 -----------------------
6.023 x 10^24 ------------------------
6.023 x 10^25 ----------------------
6.023 x 10^26 ------------------------
6.023 x 10^22 ------------------------
6.023 x 10^21 ------------------------
6.023 x 10^20 ------------------------
3.012 x 10^23 ------------------------
3.012 x 10^24 ------------------------
1.506 x 10^23 ----------------------
1.506 x 10^22 ------------------------
Copyright: Dr. R.
Renuka.Rajasekaran@henry.k12.ga.us
Why do you need these big counts in chemistry?
The radius of isolated neutral atoms range between 30 and 300
pm (trillionths of a meter), or between 0.3 and 3 angstroms. So we
cannot handle them singly but only in bunches.
One bunch of atoms or molecules has a count of
6.0225 x 10^23 or 6.023 x 10^23.
A bunch of 6.023 x 10^23 atoms or molecules is called ONE MOLE.
Sextillion is a very important number in chemistry;
especially 600 sextillion is so very significant.
Mole is an SI unit. An SI unit is an international unit. SI is
the abbreviation of System de Internationale , a French
word. Mole is the only count which is an international
unit
6.023 x 10^23 is called Avogadro Number
6.023 x 10^23 is called Avogadro Number named after
Amedeo Avogadro, Italian Scientist (1776 to 1856).
Avogadro is hailed as a founder of the atomic-
molecular theory.
Very Interesting Personality – worth learning about
him in the context of Chemistry.
Avogadro – Noble family – Royal heritage –
Compare him with noble gases.
He did not reflect Nobility. He was very active – he
was a multidimensional interest – from Law to
Politics to Science.
He held very high offices in the University.
He was not only active – but also proactive – and Reactive
in revolutionary Movements – honestly voicing against the
King- lost positions because of that– Good for Science!
Mole Day is an unofficial holiday celebrated among
chemists and chemistry students on October 23,
between 6:02 AM and 6:02 PM, making the date 6:02
10/23 in the American style of writing dates. The time
and date are derived from Avogadro's number, which is
approximately 6.02×1023, defining the number of
particles (atoms or molecules) in one mole of
substance, one of the seven base SI units.
Class Work 3: How does Avogadro’s personality appeal to
you?
Class Work 4: What is Avogadro number?
Class Work 5: Write a short note about Mole Day.
Cup, pint, ounce, pound, gallon, liter, foot, inch, meter, kilogram, mile,
kilometer – a variety of units exist and they belonged to two categories –
British units and American units. However, science is a universal subject
and there should be common units across the world so that scientists
share a common unit and language. Metric system was thus born. The
Metric system uses SI units
Metric Units
The metric system has been officially
sanctioned for use in the United States since
1866, but the US remains the only
industrialized country that has not adopted
the metric system as its official system of
measurement. Many sources also cite Liberia
and Myanmar as the only other countries not
to have done so.
Class Work 6: Why was metric system discovered?

3. Dr. R. Ladder Diagram for Metric Unit Conversions; Name:_______________;Period:__; Date:______
Standards: Characteristics of Science: Measurements and Dimensional Analysis.
15 Peta P 10^15
14 10^14
13 10^13
12 Tera T 10^12
11 10^11
10 10^10
9 Giga G 10^9
8 10^8
7 10^7
6 Mega M 10^6
5 10^5
4 10^4
3 Kilo k 10^3
2 Hecto h 10^2
1 Deca da 10^1
0 Base 10^0
1 Deci d 10^—
2 Centi c 10^—2
3 Milli m 10^—3
4 10^—4
5 10^—5
6 Micro µ 10^—6
7 10^—7
8 10^—8
9 Nano n 10^—9
10 Angstrom Å 10^—10
11 10^—11
12 Pico p 10^—12
13 10^—13
14 10^—14
15 Femto f 10^—15
10^—n
Base
Meter
Gram
Second
ÅOnly
used for
distance
And not
for mass
or time
X
10^—n
Carry this ladder always with you in
your mind. Going up and down the
Metric Conversion is so easy!!!
Divide by Multiply by
positive power positive power
of 10 or of 10
Multiply by
negative Power
of 10
Rule
If you climb up multiply by 10^—n
The value of n is the number of rungs
or steps you climb up.
If you climb down multiply by 10^n
The value of n is the number of rungs
or steps you climb down.
Example1
To get a value in nano you take the
base value and multiply by 10^9
Value in Nano = Base Value X 10^9
Example1
To get a value in Giga you take the
base value and multiply by 10^—9
Value in Giga = Base Value X 10^—9
Metric System: In Science and Technology, we use the International
System of Units called the SI Units or the mks System of Units;
meter, kilogram, second. (Système international d'unités – French)
X
10^n
Steps Prefix Symbol CF
10^n
Note: In the metric System or the MKS system, kilogram is the
Basic unit for Mass – it is not gram.
SI Unit
base is
kilogram
and not
gram

4. Dr. R. Ladder Diagram for Metric Unit Conversions; Name:_______________;Period:__; Date:______
Standards: Characteristics of Science: Measurements and Dimensional Analysis.
Extended Metric Ladder

5. Dr. R. Ladder Diagram for Metric Unit Conversions; Name:_______________;Period:__; Date:______
Standards: Characteristics of Science: Measurements and Dimensional Analysis.
Class Work 7: Find the Counterpart operation in each case Give symbols
Deci Centi Milli Micro Nano Angstrom Pico Femto
Giga Tera Hecto Mega
Pico Femto Milli
Class Work 9: Indicate the operation for the following conversions (Partly in class -Rest is Home Work)
From To Operation Express In Operation Show Work
Base Kilo 3 cm km
Kilo Base 40 mm cm
Milli Kilo 300 nm m
Kilo Milli 500 s ns
Centi Base 13 km m
Base Centi 156 cm km
Centi Milli 800 pm fm
Mili Deca 222 Å nm
Deca Milli 4000 fm µm
Micro Kilo 11123 µm pm
Kilo Micro 4.56 km Å
Micro Nano 3 billion fm m
Nano Micro 9.9 cm m
Femto Nano 897 Gs s
Nano Femto 56790 Ms s
Pico Micro 3000 ms MS
Micro Pico 6000 µs ms
Femto Micro 50000 ns ks
Micro Femto 1234567 ds Das
Milli Femto 9996754 ks ps
Femto Milli 456 nm Å
Nano Angstrom 556 mg g
Angstrom Nano 78654 g kg
Kilo Femto 6789456 ng g
Femto Kilo 1.5 kg g
Nano Tera 3000 mg kg
Tera Nano 80,000 ng pg
Nano Tera 5 million ng µg
Centi Mega
Deci Kilo
Kilo Deci
Home Work Continued
In-Class
Trivia!
Class Work 10: Guided Practice: A pencil is 150 mm long; another
pencil is 0.09 m long; a third pencil is 1.4 dm long. What is the total
length of the three pencils in m?
Kilogram metric ton conversion
1 Metric ton = 1000 kg or 1 x 10^3 kg
1 kg = 1 x 10^—3 metric ton
Class Work 8: How
many tons is 550
kg? 100g?
Peta Deci
Tera Milli
Giga Micro
Mega Nano
kilo Angstrom
Hecto Pico
Deca Femto

6. Dr. R. Ladder Diagram for Metric Unit Conversions; Name:_______________;Period:__; Date:______
Standards: Characteristics of Science: Measurements and Dimensional Analysis.
Pico Centi
Centi Pico
Femto Pico
Pico Femto
Pico Peta
Peta Pico
Angstrom Milli
Milli Angstrom
Hecta Pico
Pico Hecta
Femto Peta
Peta Femto
Classwork 11: Guided Practice: A
cuboid is 5 cm long, 78 mm wide
and 100000 µm tall. Find its volume;
express it in SI units.
Classwork 12: Guided Practice: Brass is a golden shiny alloy made by
mixing molten copper and molten zinc. A cube of brass weighs 69.84 g.
The sides are 2 cm each. What is the density of brass in mks system?
Convert gram into kilogram; convert cm into meter. Use the formula,
Density = Mass/Volume
Think-tank
Copper is Red in Color
Zinc is white in Color
Brass is Golden in Color
Brass is a homogeneous mixture of copper
and zinc.
Brass is a homogeneous solution of zinc in
copper.
A metal dissolving another metal!
Like water dissolving sugar.
Sugar in water is a Liquid Solution;
Sugar is the solute and water is the solvent.
Zinc in copper is a Solid Solution.
Zinc is the solute and Copper is the Solvent
Brass is composed of 67% Copper and 33% Zinc.
Brass behaves like a single material not as two materials.
Brass is a new metal form although it is made of Copper and Zinc.
Brass is more malleable than both its components namely copper and zinc.
Brass is more lustrous than both its components namely copper and zinc.
Brass has a lower melting point than both its components.
Since brass is a mixture and not a true compound, there is no chemical name
for Brass.
Normal (left; seen with naked eye) ) Micro (middle; seen through a microscope)
and Nano (Right; seen through a Scanning Electron Microscope) structures of
Brass show continuously increasing resolution of structure.
Daily Formative Assessment I
1. In Science and technology, we use ---------- Units; the system also known as ---------------
system.
2. ------------------, ------------------, and ---------------- make up the metric system.
3. The units above the base are greater/smaller than the base unit (cut which is not
correct).
4. The units below the base are greater/smaller than the base unit (cut which is not
correct).
5. All values must always be reported in the --------- system.
6. To convert from a unit below to a unit above, we need ----------------- by ---------------.
7. To convert from a unit above to a unit below, we need ----------------- by ---------------.
8. Density is given by the formula: ; the unit of density is--
----
9. Brass is an ----------; it is a ---------------------solution of -------------- in -----------.
10. Brass is a mixture/compound (cut which is not correct).
11. Brass is ------- ------------- than its constituents. Brass is also ------ --------------than its
constituents.
12. As a solution, brass is different from sugar solution in being a ---------- ---------------.
13. The melting point of brass is --------- than its constituents.
14. The nano structure of brass is ---------------- than the ----------structure, which is -----------
------------- than the normal structure
Image source: (Left) Clipart, Google
Free Images; (Right)
http://news.softpedia.com/news/N
ew-Device-Can-Study-
Nanostructures-Just-10-
Nanometers-Wide-434382.shtml
Home Work: Solve: Three concrete slabs of size respectively 10 m x 5
dm x 80,000 cm; 5.5 m x 8. 9 dm x 5.5 million mm; 2.5 dm x 6700000
mm x 800 m are placed next to each other without any gap. What is
the total volume occupied by these slabs. Express your answer in SI
Units.

7. Dr. R. Ladder Diagram for Metric Unit Conversions; Name:_______________;Period:__; Date:______
Standards: Characteristics of Science: Measurements and Dimensional Analysis.
Extended Metric Ladder
Daily Formative Assessment II: Carry out the Unit Conversions of the length of your foot. (You will use Metric
Ladder)
Pm dm
Tm cm
Gm mm
Mm µm
Km nm
hm Å
dam pm
m fm
Daily Formative Assessment III; Express the radius of atom (30 pm), nucleus (1.75 fm), electron (1 x 10^-16 m),
proton (0.85 fm), and neutron (0.3 fm) in nm, pm, mm, km, and Mm, Gm, Tm, Pm
Atom Nucleus Electron Proton Neutron
nm
pm
km
Mm
Gm
Tm
Pm
Daily Formative Assessment IV: Express the mass of electron (9.110 x 10-28
g), proton (1.6727 x 10-24
g) , and
neutron (1.6750 x 10-24
) in ng, µg, mg, g, Kg, Mg, Gg, Tg, Pg
Electron Proton Neutron
ng
µg
mg
g
Kg
Mg
Gg
Tg
Pg
Scientific Notation: Scientific notation is the way that scientists easily handle very large numbers or very
small numbers.
Example: 65000000 will be written in scientiifc notation as 6.5 x 107
0.0000000056 will be written in scientific notation as 5.6 x 10-9.
The Leftmost non zero number is the leading
number, all other numbers are followers.
Scientific notation separates the leader from
the followers by a dot and the number of
followers is raised to the power of 10

8. Dr. R. Ladder Diagram for Metric Unit Conversions; Name:_______________;Period:__; Date:______
Standards: Characteristics of Science: Measurements and Dimensional Analysis.
1234567890
In the above number, 1 (which is the leftmost figure) is the Leading Figure. All others are followers. The
place value of each follower is 10. That is 2 is 10 places away from 1; and 3 is 10 places away from 3 and
so on.
1234567890
FollowersLeader
The first step in Scientific notation is to separate the leader and the followers with a dot (which is a
decimal place) after the leader. The second step is to count the followers and set that count as the
power of 10. The third step is to multiply the dotted number with the power of 10 so created in Task 2.
In the fourth step, the followers will be round to third decimal place.
Step 1: 1.234567890
Step 2: Nine followers, therefore, 10^9
Step 3: 1.234567890 x 10^9
Step 4: 1.235 x 10^9

9. Dr. R. Ladder Diagram for Metric Unit Conversions; Name:_______________;Period:__; Date:______
Standards: Characteristics of Science: Measurements and Dimensional Analysis.
Converting To Scientific Notation ...
To Change from Standard Form to Scientific Notation:
(1) Place the decimal point such that there is one non-zero digit to the left of
the decimal point.
(2) Count the number of decimal places the decimal has "moved" from the
original number. This will be the exponent of the 10.
(3) If the original number was less than 1, the exponent is negative; if the
original number was greater than 1, the exponent is positive.
Examples:
Given: 8,220,000
8.22 (moved decimal point 6 decimal places)
Answer: 8.22 X 106
The original number was greater than 1 so the
exponent is positive.
Given: 0.000345
3.45 (moved decimal point 4 decimal places)
Answer: 3.45 x 10-4
The original number was less than 1 so the
exponent is negative.
Converting From Scientific Notation ...
To Change from Scientific Notation to Standard Form:
(1) Move the decimal point to the right for positive exponents of 10. The
exponent tells you how many places to move.
(2) Move the decimal point to the left for negative exponents of 10. Again,
the exponent tells you how many places to move.
Examples:
Given: 7.076 x 10-8
Answer: 0.00000007076 (moved decimal 8 places left)
Negative exponent moves
decimal to the left.
Given: 9.098 x 103
Answer: 9,098 (move decimal 3 places right)
Positive exponent
moves decimal to the
right.