5. TOURNIQUET TEST
Evaluates vascular integrity
Place B.P. cuff and inflate to 90-100mm Hg over
forearm
Wait for 5 minutes
Check for number of Petechiae within a 2.5 cm circle
Normal-less than 10 Petechiae
Rumbell Leed phenomenon
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. BLEEDING TIME
Time interval taken from oozing of blood to the
arrest of bleeding from a standard cut.
Normal
1-6 minutes
Duke and Ivy methods
Prick on the finger tip and check for the time taken
for stoppage of blood oozing out
11. PLATELET COUNT
Determines increase or decrease of
platelets
Normal
1,50,000-4,00,000mm³
Blood smear examination
Hemocytometer analyzer
12. CLOTTING TIME
Time taken for the blood to clot after collecting
from the body
Intrinsic clotting factors
Capillary tube method
Normal
5-10 minutes
13. PROTHROMBIN TIME/I.N.R.
Indicates total prothrombin present in blood
Thromboplastin and calcium added to pt serum and is
expressed in ratio(International Normalized Ratio=I.N.R.)
Normal
11-13 seconds
I.N.R.
1.0-2.0
Evaluates extrinsic system and F I,II,V,VII,X
14. ACTIVATED PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME
(a.P.T.T.)
Tests intrinsic and common pathway system
Activity of VIII,IX,XI,XII
Kaolin added to patient plasma
Normal value
15-35 seconds
15. THROMBIN TIME
Test the ability to form initial clot from
fibrinogen
Thrombin is added to plasma and time taken
to clot is noted
Normal
9-13 seconds
28. Ehlers Danlos Syndrome
Inherited connective tissue disorder
Joint Hypermobility
Cutaneous Fragility
Hyperextensibility of skin
11 subtypes –unique biochemical defects and
clinical features
29. Clinical features
Type 1-classic form
Varicose veins and prematurity
Type VIII
Early onset periodontal disease
Type VII
children
Microdontia
Dentinal structural defects in primary dentition
Bleeding after brushing
30.
31.
32. Oral Manifestation
Fragile gingiva and oral mucosa
Gingival hyperplasia and fibrous nodules
Hypermobilty of T.M.J.
Lack of normal scalloping of D.E.J.
Pulp stones
Periodontal destruction
Gorlin sign
33.
34.
35. SCURVY
Dietary deficiency of Vit C
Defect in collagen synthesis
Petechial hemorrhages at the hair follicles
Purpura on lower extremities
Hemorrhage to muscles, joints ,nail beds,
gingival tissues
36. Oral manifestations
Gingiva appears ulcerated and boggy
Foul breath
Loss of bone
Loosening of teeth
Implementation of Vit C
1 g/d of Vit C-rapid resolution
37.
38. Cushing's Syndrome
Corticosteroid intake or production
Protein wasting and atrophy of connective
tissue
Skin bleeding and easy bruising
39. Henoch-Schönlein Purpura
Immune complex mediated hypersensitivity
Children with acute infections
Vasculitis and purpuric lesions
Joint pain and abdominal pain
hematuria
40.
41. Glanzmann Thrombasthenia
Chronic hereditary hemorrhagic disease
Autosomal recessive trait
Deficiency of platelet glycoprotein II b & III a
Spontaneous bleeding after minor trauma
Purpuric hemorrhage of skin
Prolonged bleeding time
Microfibrillar collagen & C- Aminocaproic Acid
42.
43. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
X-linked recessive genetic condition
Immunoglobulin M Deficiency
Defect in WAS p
Thrombocytopenic purpura
Eczema
Petechiae and purpuric rashes
Boils, Otitis Media, Bloody Diarrhea
Respiratory infection
44.
45. High potential for Malignant Lymphoma
Laboratory findings
Prolonged bleeding time
Anisocytosis
Reduced platelet
Reduced Adenosine Diphosphate Nucleotide
46. Bernard Soulier Syndrome
Autosomal dominant disease
Deficiency of surface membrane
glycoprotein of platelets –binding of Vwf
Prolonged bleeding time
Large platelets
Defective platelet aggregation
51. ACUTE
90% in children
Below 10 years
Viral or upper respiratory infections
Fall and winter seasons
Onset is sudden and severe
Recovers within 3-6 months
52. CHRONIC
Adults-women
20-40 years
Insidious -history of long standing bruises
S.L.E.,A.I.D.S.,lymphoproliferative disorders
and hemolytic anemia
53. Clinical features
Below 40,000 mm³
Pinpoint Petechial hemorrhages
Purpura and bruises
Arms,legs,thighs,chest,neck
Mucosal bleeding in G.I.T.
Risk of intracranial hemorrhage-<20,000mm³
54.
55. Oral manifestations
Spontaneous bleeding from gingiva
Blood filled bullae
Profuse oozing of blood from gingival margin
Purplish globs of clotted blood on teeth
Bleeding along occlusal line
Multifocal Petechial red spots that do not blanch
seen on soft palate
56.
57. DRUG INDUCED T.P.
Reversible within 7-10 days of discontinuation
Aspirin induces functional platelet defect
Single 100mg-rapid complete inhibition of platelet
cyclooxygenase activity and thrombaxone
production
Prolonged bleeding time
58. MOSCHOWITZ DISEASE
Also called as T.T.P.
Life threatening multisystem disorder
Presence of thrombotic microangiopathies
Micro vascular lesions with platelet
aggregation
63. Hemophilia A-factor VIII
Hemophilia B- factor IX
Hemophilia C-factor XI
Hemophilia A:
1 in 10,000
X-linked recessive bleeding disorder
Only Males are affected
1/3rd of patients-no family history
64. CLINICAL FEATURES
Hemorrhage to joints, subcutaneous tissues,
internal organs
Massive hematoma
30-50%-neonatal bleeding from umbilical cord
Petechiae is rare
Cyclic remissions and exacerbations
65.
66.
67. CLASSIFICATION
Clinical severity depends on extent of
clotting factor deficiency
<1%-severe with life threatening bleeding
1-5%-moderate with post traumatic bleeding
5-20%-mild disease
68. Oral Manifestations
Massive and prolonged gingival hemorrhage
Tooth eruption and exfoliation with bleeding
Mandibular pseudo tumor
Subperiosteal bleeding with reactive new bone
formation causing tumor like expansion of bone
Hematoma formation following nerve block
anesthesia
69.
70. Investigations
Prolonged a.P.P.T.(Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time)
Whole blood coagulation time is prolonged
Factor VIII is reduced
Normal bleeding time
Normal prothrombin time
Functional assay
71. Rₓ
Factor VIII & IX replacement
30% for mild
60% for major surgeries
FRESH FROZEN PLASMA
Desmopressin
0.3 µg/kg body weight-I.V. or S.C. before dental procedures
Increases F VIII,Vwf antigen,ristocetin co factor activity
72.
73.
74. Von willebrands disease
Autosomal dominant disorder
Abnormality of Vwf
Males and females
Acquired form
Wilms tumor
S.L.E.
75. TYPES
Type I
Partial quantitative decrease of Vwf and F VIII
Type II
Qualitative defect of Vwf
Type III
Severe form Less than 1%
Type IV
Platelet type mimicking platelet disorder
76.
77. Laboratory Findings
Prolonged bleeding time
Normal clotting time
Normal prothrombin time
Normal serum fibrinogen
Increased capillary fragility
Positive tourniquet test
79. Anticoagulant Coagulopathies
Heparin
Binds with antithrombin III
Inhibit activation of F IX,X,XI
Reduces thrombin generation & fibrin formation
Duration of action-3-4 hours
Antidote-Protamine Sulphate
80. COUMARIN
Warfarin and dicumarol
Slow thrombin production and clot formation
Blocks the action of Vit K
F II,VI,IX,X reduced
Anticoagulant effect reversed by F.F.P.
I.N.R. monitors the anticoagulation levels
Returns to normal within 2-4 days after discontinuation
81. Intramuscular injection cause bleeding and hematoma
Additive effect when used with aspirin
Drug potency increased with
Metronidazole
Penicillin
Erythromycin
Cephalosporin
Tetracycline
82. LIVER DISEASES
Depends on extent of liver damage
Impaired protein synthesis
Clotting and fibrinolytic systems reduced
Acute or chronic disease
Decreased Vit K dependent factors
F II,VII,IX,X
Rx is Vit K therapy for 3 days
F.F.P.
Desmopressin
83. VIT K DEFICIENCY
Production of poorly functioning Vit K dependant
factors
Severe hemorrhage in acutely ill patients of 7-10
days
Rapid fall in F VII elevates I.N.R. resulting
prolongation of a.P.T.T
Supplementation of Vit K restores the defect
84. DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR
COAGULATION
Due to widespread IV activation of clotting cascade
Initially forms microthrombi and emboli throughout
vasculature
bleeding tendency due to consumption of clotting factors
bruising or purpura
Oozing from venepuncture and surgical wound sites
86. Investigations
↑P.P.T. &P.T.
↑Fibrin Degradation Products
↓serum fibrinogen levels(<1mg/ml)
↓ factor V and factor VIII activities
Thrombocytopenia
87. Rₓ
I.V. heparin to prevent thrombi initially
Fluid resuscitation
Treat underlying cause
Correct clotting abnormalities with
Fresh frozen plasma
Cryoprecipitate
Platelet transfusion
88. ORAL FINDINGS & GUIDLINES
Spontaneous gingival bleeding
Hemosiderin deposits on tooth surface
Poor oral hygiene
Higher caries rate
Severe periodontal diseases
Risk of hematoma formation
Hemarthrosis to T.M.J.
89. MEDICAL CONSULTATION
Bleeding
Alcohol abuse
Anticoagulation therapy
Corticosteroid therapy
Need for additional medications
Change in dosage or alternative medication
90. LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
BLEEDING TIME
PLATELET COUNT
PROTHROMBIN TIME
ACTIVATED PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN
I.N.R.
THROMBIN TIME
CLOTTING TIME
91. ORAL SURGICAL PROCEDURES
Replacement of coagulation factor 50-100%
Post operative maintenance therapy
Factor concentrates
D.D.A.V.P.
Cryoprecipitate
F.F.P.
Packing of extraction socket with Hemostatic
agents
92. Gingival bleeding not responding to
antifibrinolytics requires 20-30% F VIII,F IX
Local Hemostatic methods
Pressure packs
Vasoconstrictors
Suturing
Surgical stents
Topical thrombin
93.
94. ANTIFIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS
E.A.C.A.
Tranexamic acid
Block conversion of plasminogen to plasmin
Clot stabilization
50 mg/kg-topically
250mg/ml-systemically as oral rinse(6hrs,7-10 )
Fibrin glue
Forms an adhesive gel & attract platelets
95. PAIN CONTROL
Hypnosis
Intravenous sedation
Nitrous oxide analgesia
Intrapulpal anesthesia for pulp extirpation
Periodontal ligament and gingival papillary
injections
L.A. with epinephrine
96. Aspirin & N.S.A.I.Ds contraindicated
acetaminophen and codeine
Intramuscular injections should be avoided
due to risk of hematoma
Ice packs in area of hematoma during nerve
blocks
97. PERIODONTAL THERAPIES
Inflamed and swollen gingiva treated with
chlorhexidine mouth wash
Use of cavitron or hand instrument prior to deep
scaling
Deep scaling & root planning performed in
quadrants
Post treatment Antifibrinolytic oral rinses
Periodontal surgical procedures-↑50%
98. RESTORATIVE THERAPY
Rubber Dam Isolation
Avoid Trauma with high speed evacuators
Matrices,wedges,retraction cords use with caution
Avoid denture related trauma with careful insertion
99. ENDODONTIC THERAPY
Root canal treatment is the choice
Avoid filling beyond apex
Application of epinephrine to the apical
region provides Hemostasis
100. PEDIATRIC DENTAL THERAPY
Extraction of mobile teeth with periodontal space
anesthesia with proper oral hygiene measures
Bleeding control with gauze pressure
Crown preparation with minimal removal of
enamel at gingival region
Topical fluoride therapy
Pit and fissure sealants
101. ORTHODONTIC THERAPY
Avoid mucosal lacerations with brackets,
bands and wires
Use of extra oral force
Shorter treatment appointments
102. PATIENTS ON ANTICOAGULANTS
I.N.R.- >3.5-4.0
No treatment without coumarin modification
I.N.R.- <3.5-4.0
Minor procedures with local measures without drug modification
During significant bleeding
Drug modification
INR-<2.0-3.0
Local measures
Extensive surgeries-I.N.R.-<1.5
103. EMERGENCIES
Palliative Treatment
Infections treated with high dose antibiotics
Extractions should be avoided till bleeding
controlled
Aspirin & N.S.A.I.Ds not indicated
Consultation with physician