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Mars One: A hoax or a new approach for space funding?
- 1. Mars One: a hoax or a new approach for space funding? Quirijn Frederix
- 3. Table of contents • The idea • Roadmap • Issues • Radiation • Types of radiation • Effect on molecular level • Radiation exposure during mission • Radiation shielding • Conclusion
- 4. Table of contents • The idea • Roadmap • Issues • Radiation • Types of radiation • Effect on molecular level • Radiation exposure during mission • Radiation shielding • Conclusion
- 5. The idea “... It would just be the greatest adventure. Ever. We need things that are exciting and inspiring, it can’t just be about solving some awful problem.“
- 6. The idea
- 7. The idea • Dutch NPO founded in 2011 • Humans on Mars by 2025 • $6 billion price tag • Advisory board with respectable reputation • One-way trip...
- 8. Table of contents • The idea • Roadmap • Issues • Radiation • Types of radiation • Effect on molecular level • Radiation exposure during mission • Radiation shielding • Conclusion
- 9. Roadmap • Start crew selection • 202,586 applicants • 4 Rounds • Right now: round 2 interviews, 663 applicants left (4 Belgians) • Darlow Smithson Productions obtained broadcasting rights • 6 teams of 4 will start 7-8 year training program
- 10. Roadmap • Start astronaut training • 7-8 year programme • Technical training • Personal training • Group training (simulation outpost)
- 11. Roadmap • Demonstration mission • Lander: test water extraction capabilities and solar power generation • Contractor: Lockheed Martin • Communication satellite: Provide communication link with earth • Contractor: Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd
- 12. Roadmap • Rover mission • Rover and trailer: search for fitting landing place and prepare it, move future modules • Communication satellite in L5 point
- 13. Roadmap • Cargo Missions • 2 life support systems • 2 habitable modules (including crop growth area) • 2 supply units • Rover will roll out solar arays, provide regolith for water production and cover modules with regolith for radiation shielding
- 14. Roadmap • Mars Transit Vehicle • Transit habitat + lander + propellant tanks assembled by assembly team • Departure of crew
- 15. Roadmap • Arrival on Mars • 48-hour recovery period • Move to habitable modules • Connect all modules and start building the settlement • Few weeks later; cargo for second crew arrives
- 16. Roadmap • Total cost: $6B, $4B per subsequent crew of 4 • Return mission estimate: $50-100B • London Olympics; Nearly $4B in broadcasting revenue
- 17. Table of contents • The idea • Roadmap • Issues • Radiation • Types of radiation • Effect on molecular level • Radiation exposure during mission • Radiation shielding • Conclusion
- 18. Issues • Ethical aspects • Every additional crew costs $4B: is this sustainable? • Physical state of astronauts upon arrival on Mars • Reliability of the rovers • Closed life support systems • Bacterial contamination • Psychological effects
- 19. Table of contents • The idea • Roadmap • Issues • Radiation • Types of radiation • Effect on molecular level • Radiation exposure during mission • Radiation shielding • Conclusion
- 20. Radiation: types of radiation • Van Allen belts: Electrons <6MeV, Protons <250MeV • Galactic Cosmic Radiation (GCR): Protons (85%), α-particles (12%), electrons & positrons (2%), heavy ions (1%), γ-rays anti-correlated with solar activity • Solar Energetic Particles (SEP): “Low” energy protons & electrons, some heavy ions
- 21. Radiation: effect on molecular level • DNA-strand breaks • Linear Energy Transfer (LET): 𝐿 = 𝑑𝐸 𝑑𝑙
- 22. Radiation: Characterization • Absorbed Dose: • Equivalent dose: • Effective dose: Average dose on earth = 2.8 mSv/year 𝐷 = 𝑑 𝜀 𝑑𝑚 𝐻 = 𝑅 𝑊𝑅 𝐷 𝑅 𝐸 = 𝑇 𝑊𝑇 𝑅 𝑊𝑅 𝐷 𝑅
- 23. Radiation exposure during mission • Trip to Mars: 1.84 mSv/day (From MSL measurements, 5.4% of dose was from SEPs) 180 day trip 386 mSV • Radiation dose on Mars: ≈0.64 mSv/day (From Curiosity measurements) After 2 years and 8 months, limit of 1 Sv reached Radiation shielding necessary!
- 24. Radiation shielding • Water reserves as radiation shield • 5m of Martian regolith on habitable modules to limit radiation to 11 mSv/year 55 years
- 25. Table of contents • The idea • Roadmap • Issues • Radiation • Types of radiation • Effect on molecular level • Radiation exposure during mission • Radiation shielding • Conclusion
- 26. Conclusion • Humans will go to Mars in the (near) future • Mars One tries to achieve this by 2025, the mission is already in full swing but first big hurdles still need to be encountered • Many issues remain relating to the mission plan (feasibility, ethical aspects, CLS systems,...) • Radiation effects can be overcome to a degree though a lot of research still needs to be conducted
Editor's Notes
- $400M for total mission, design lander similar to Phoenix lander, 0,5-2l water extracted. $250k-€60k, Indiegogo $313k/400k, Investment fund agreement to fund entire mission
- Mutations/Cell death
- Deterministic effect/stochastic effect
- Shielding probably not vastly different, so approximately the same. SEP highly unpredictable so can be a lot higher. Mars has no magnetic field and thing atmosphere. Also take in to account that GCR and SEP depend on solar activity 1 Sv is 4-5.5% risk of fatal cancer and 0.8% risk of hereditary effect on future offspring