3D modeling has a varied range of applications, ranging from video games, animated movies, publishing, architecture, healthcare and medical science, scientific research, and many more. But have you wondered how the technology works? How do 3D artists create such impressive, lifelike models? To get these answers, you must know what 3D modeling is and the various 3D modeling techniques involved in developing such realistic 3D characters. At first, all these might seem a little tricky. However, once you have a solid understanding, you can delve deeper into 3D modeling and rendering technologies and build a lucrative career out of it. Check out this detailed article about 3D modeling and the various techniques involved in the process.

1. 3D MODELING
An Overview of Various Techniques

2. 3D Modeling: An Overview of Various Techniques Page1
3DModeling:AnOverviewofVariousTechniques
3D modeling and animations are widely used in several industries including video game
development, movies, publishing, architecture, medical science, geology, etc. Various types of 3D
modeling techniques have found widespread applications in diverse industries, thereby unlocking
numerous design possibilities. In this article, we have discussed different types of 3D modeling
techniques that are used to create different types of 3D models for diverse purposes. Before we
discuss the techniques, let us first try to understand what 3D modeling is and how it is used in
various industries.
Whatis3DModeling?
3D modeling is the process of creating three-dimensional images or graphics for representing real
objects and surfaces. The representation is usually done mathematically by manipulating the
points in a virtual space. These points, technically known to be vertices, are used to form a mesh,
which gives the shape of an object.
CommonTechniquesUsedin3DModeling
» Box modeling

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This box modeling technique is a type of polygonal modeling, in which the artist uses a geometric
shape, like a cube, cylinder or sphere, and shapes it until the intended appearance is achieved.
The modelers carry out the process in different stages. They start with a low-resolution mesh and
then refine the shape. Then they divide the mesh further, ensuring that the hard edges are
smoothed out and the necessary details are added. They repeat the process of refining and
subdividing till enough polygonal detail is present in the mesh, which can convey the desired
concept. Box modeling is one of the most common polygonal 3D techniques and is used in
combination with the edge modeling ones.
» Contour/Edge modeling
Edge modeling is another type of polygonal technique, although it is different from box technique.
In this process, the modelers develop the model piece by piece, instead of refining a primitive
shape.
This is done by placing the loops of polygons along the outlines and filling the gaps that lie between
them. This process is applied as it is difficult to complete certain meshes through the box modeling
technique. For instance, the human face cannot be completed only through this method. In that
case, you can collaborate with one of the reputed modeling companies to get these models
designed. Experts can help you leverage the potential of 3D modeling technology with dexterity and
develop the desired models.

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» Spline/NURBS modeling
This nurbs modeling technique is extensively used in the industrial and automotive industries. A
NURBS mesh does not have any edge, face or vertices. These models come with surfaces that can
be interpreted smoothly. The modelers can develop the concept by lofting a mesh between the
splines. NURBS curves are developed using a tool, similar to the pen tool used in Adobe Photoshop
or MS Paint. The modelers draw the curve in the 3D space and edit them by moving the control
vertices, which is a series of handles. The curves are to be placed along prominent contours and the
space between them is automatically interpolated by the 3D modeling programs. Alternatively, you
can also create a NURBS curve using a profile curve, revolving it around a central axis. This is one of
the most extensively used 3D model design techniques used to develop objects such as vases, wine
glasses and plates.
» Subdivision modeling

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Subdivision modeling is created by mixing polygonal and NURBS modeling techniques. In this
hybrid process, a polygon model helps in creating 3D models, which are then converted into
sub-division models. The artist enjoys control over the refinement of the 3D model in certain areas.
Besides, you can use diverse software to work on these models. The polygon needs to be
subdivided and refined until the details are clear. With greater subdivision, the surface becomes
smoother.
» Digital sculpting
The tech industry has adopted various 3D modeling processes that they refer to as disruptive
technologies. The experts use advanced 3D modeling software to develop these models. The
automobile industry has also evolved with these technologies finding their applications in product
development and marketing. Digital sculpting is a type of disruptive technology and it has leveraged
the 3D modeling process to a great extent. The modelers now need not carry out the painstaking
constraints of edge flow and topography. This enables them to design different types of 3D models
in a way similar to the process of sculpting digital clay.
Here, the meshes are organically created. A tablet device is used to shape the model, just like a
sculptor uses a brush on chunks of clay. With digital sculpting, creature and character sculpting has
reached new levels. The modelers can carry out the process much faster and with greater
efficiency. The artists can work with high-resolution meshes containing millions of polygons.

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» Modularmodeling
Keeping modularity in mind is a good idea while creating a 3D asset. While modeling multiple
buildings that look similar, we should think about modularity. This is the best practice which can
even go far to model different sections of the building and helps in rearranging different ways to
create variation.
» Kitbashing

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Kitbashing is used to detail an object made with different types of modeling.
It is a type of modeling which starts with the objects kit combined into more detailed objects. This
technique is commonly used while creating objects with a hard surface and helps explore how
different pieces could fit together even before the construction starts. This technique is an excellent
way to detail a scene. Three things to be kept in mind while using this technique are the ratio of
high, mid, and low-frequency detail.
» Photogrammetry
A completely different way of creating 3D models using a camera. Photographing an object multiple
times from different angles in a perfect lighting condition and then feeding those images into a
program interpreting them and generating a 3D object representation. We get real-world data,
meaning whatever we create is close to realism. This technique is a relatively new invention that
gained a lot of traction. Using drones, we can photograph the whole area and recreate larger
structures.

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other processes, these are not created manually by the artist. In this process, the objects and
scenes are developed on the basis of user-defined parameters or rules. In various environment
modeling packages, the modelers can create entire landscapes by modifying the parameters like
elevation range and foliage density. They can also choose from landscapes such as coastal areas,
desert or alpine. These 3D modeling methods are also implemented for creating 3D models for
games.
The procedural modeling technique is extensively used in organic objects such as foliage and trees,
where the complexity and variations are more infinite. These models are extremely difficult to draw
by hand. These objects can further be tweaked through various editable settings. For instance, you
can change the density of branches, height of tree trunks, and curls and angles, as per your needs.
» Procedural modeling
Procedural modeling refers to the 3D design process of generating models algorithmically. Unlike

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» Image-based modeling
In image-based modeling, 3D objects are derived algorithmically from a set of 2D images that are
static in nature. This type of technique is used in cases where the modeler faces budgetary or time
restrictions and are not able to develop fully realized 3D images. This is one of the most commonly
used techniques in the film industry. Over the years, image-based modeling is increasingly being
used in the entertainment industry.
» Surface modeling

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Surface modeling helps in creating a 3D spline. The process involves the incorporation of 2D
spline,and it is different from NURBS. This method is primarily used to generate organic3D models
in films. It offers a good amount of flexibility to the modelers. They can easily create a 3D
representationwithvariousrequirements,usingcurvesorsurfaces.
» Boolean modeling
In this 3D modeling technique, the shape of an object is created with the help of two objects. The
geometry is either created by combining two objects or cutting out one from the other. It can also
be created with negative intersection space. Boolean modeling helps in creating 3D shapes that
take time to create with other techniques. For example, bent and circular shapes can be combined
with hard-surfaced or square ones to create a new shape. The technique is however not so popular
in the entertainment industry.

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» Laser scanning
Laser scanning was introduced as a 3D modeling method due to the pronounced advancements of
this technology. Here, a laser is used to scan a real life object and measure itsgeometry for creating
a3Dmodelrepresentation.Theprocessiseasyandquick, anditdoesnotrequirephysicaltouching
ofthe objectstotaketheexactmeasurements.Oncethemeasurementsaretaken,youcandevelop
a digital model with the help of the 3D imaging software. However, you do need to clean up the
geometry before you start using it.
Evidently, advanced 3D modeling techniques are being used in various industries, and companies
are collaborating with reputed service providers for dedicated support. In case you need 3D
modeling services, reach out to us with your requirements.
www.professional3dservices.com