5. After Clearance
S Ground controller guidance to runway
S Control tower for take off
S Contact departure control
S Route and airspace clear of aircrafts
S Airway 4 miles wide
S Use of ground based beacons, GPS and INS systems
7. Marker Beacons
Used for precision airport approaches using ILS system
Outer Marker : 4-7 miles from runway
Middle marker: 0.5-0.8 miles from runway
Inner marker: beginning of runway
threshold
10. Flying Enroute
S Switch from departure controller to center
S Controls high altitude airspaces
11. SIDS and STARS
S SIDS = Standard Instrument Departure
S Also known as departure procedures
S Located on “off ramps”
S STARS= Standard Terminal Arrival Routes
S Located on ramps
12. Non Towered Airports
Take off
S Air traffic control (ATC) gives clearance with a void time
Landing
S Remain under ATC control until landing
S Cancel IFR once landed