This document contains 3 case studies presented to test diagnostic skills:
1. A 34-year-old painter with headaches, confusion at work, and memory loss was diagnosed with xylene poisoning based on elevated urinary methylhippuric acid levels.
2. A 76-year-old man with Parkinson's disease, hypertension, and diabetes presented with confusion and urinary incontinence was found to have hypernatremia, which was determined to be the cause of his exaggerated reflexes.
3. A 17-year-old male with high fever, headache, and chills was diagnosed with falciparum malaria based on his peripheral smear showing falciform malaria parasites, which are known to
