2.  SQL or SEQUEL both are same.SQL is a
short form SEQUEL and it is pronounced
as “ess-que-el”.
 SQL stands for “Structured Query
Language”.
 SQL is used to communicate with a
database.SQL is the standard language
for Relational Database Management
System.
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3.  Some relational database management
system that usages SQL i.e. ORACLE ,
SYBASE , MICROSOFT SQL SERVER ,
ACCESS , INGRES etc.
 SQL commands such as “SELECT”,
“INSERT”, “CREATE”, “ALTER”, “UPDATE” &
“DROP” can be used to accomplish
almost everything that one needs to do
with a database.
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4.  DDL(Data Definition Language) :- It is used to
create , sets up , changes existing rows &
remove unwanted rows from columns
collectively.
DDL Command :- “CREATE”,“ALTER”,“DROP”,
“RENAME”,“TRUNCATE” .
 DML(Data Manipulation Language) :- Enter a
new row , existing changes in existing row and
remove unwanted rows from the table
collectively known as DML commands
DML Commands :- “INSERT”,“UPDATE”,
“DELETE”.
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5.  DCL(Data Control Language) :- To give and
remove access rights to oracle database and
structure with in it collectively known as DCL.
DCL Commands :- “GRANT”,“REVOKE”.
 TCL(Transaction Control Language) :- It
manages changes made grouped together
into logical transaction positions of data can
be ROLLBACK to particular SAVEPOINT.
TCL Commands :-
“COMMIT”,“ROLLBACK”,“SAVEPOINT”.
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6.  DQL(Data Query Language) :- It is used to retrieve
data from database on the basis of query written
using DQL command.
DQL Command :- “SELECT”.
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7.  ORACLE 8i
 ORACLE 9i
 ORACLE 10g
 ORACLE 11g
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8. Definition :- A database is collection of
related data. Records can be
represented in form of tables.
Exp :- Student fee record, employee
record etc.
DataBase Management System :- It is a
collection of s/w that facilitates the
process of defining , constructing ,
manipulating & sharing database
among various users.
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9.  To control redundancy.
 To restrict unauthorized access.
 To provide multiple user interface.
 To representing complex relationship
among data.
 To permits inference and action using
rules.
 To provide backup and recovery.
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10. Banking
Human
Airlines
Resources
Manufact Universitie
uring s
APPLICATION
AREAS
Credit
card
Sales
transactio
ns
Tele-
Finance communi
cations
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11.  BANKING :-For customer information , account
, loans and banking transactions.
 AIRLINES :-For reservation and schedule
information. Airlines were amount the first to
use databases in geographically distribute.
 UNIVERSITIES :-For student information , course
registration and grades.
 CREDIT CARD TRANSACTIONS :-For purchases
on credit cards & generation of monthly
statements.
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12.  FINANCE :- For storing information about
holdings , sales & purchases of financial
instruments such as stocks and bonds.
 SALES :- For customer , product and purchase
information.
 MANUFACTURING :- For management of supply
chain & for tracking productions of items in
factories , inventories of items in stores and
orders for items.
 HUMAN RESOURCES :- For information about
employees , salaries , payroll & benefits and for
generation of pay checks.
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13.  TELECOMMUNICATION:- For keeping records of
calls made , generating monthly bills ,
maintaining balances or prepaid calling cards
and storing information about the
communication network.
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14. SSMV,BHILAI February 22, 2012 14