According to Mendelian genetics, a recessive trait will appear in an .pdf

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According to Mendelian genetics, a recessive trait will appear in an offspring if and only if both parents contribute a recessive gene. If each parent has a dominant and a recessive gene, then the probability that their offspring will display the recessive trait is 1/4. The following questions assume a population of offspring bred from parents with one dominant and one recessive gene for each of the two traits considered. A certain strain of tomato is either tall (dominant trait) or dwarf (recessive trait). The same strain has either cut leaves (dominant trait) or potato leaves (recessive trait). Let E_1 denote tall cut-leaf offspring, let E_2 denote tall potato-leaf offspring, let E_3 denote dwarf cut-leaf offspring, and let E_4 denote dwarf potato-leaf offspring. Assuming that the traits are independent, compute the probability of each E_j. In 1931, J. W. MacArthur reported experimental results for n = 1611 offspring.^4 MacArthur observed o_1 = 926, o_2 = 288, o_3 = 293, and o_4 = 104. Use these data to test the correctness of the cell probabilities computed in part (a). Solution image of question is not clear please again uplaod it..................

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Biology 103 Laboratory Exercise – Genetic Problems Introduction Although the science of genetics has become a highly sophisticated discipline dealing with the interactions of hereditary factors at the molecular level, it has its roots in the basic laws of heredity initially discovered and presented by Gregor Mendel more than one hundred years ago. Mendel's success in discovering these laws was due largely to his application of the simple rules of mathematical probability - the laws of chance - to his observations concerning the inheritance of certain characteristics in the garden pea plant. Reginald Punnett and the Punnett Square The Punnett square is a diagram used by biologists to determine genotypic probability within the offspring from a particular genetic cross. The Punnett square shows every possible genotypic combination of maternal alleles with the paternal alleles for a genetic cross. Punnett squares only give probabilities for genotypes, not phenotypes. The square diagram was designed by the British geneticist, Reginald Punnett (1865-1967) and first presented to the science community in 1905. Punnett’s Mendelism (1905) is considered the first popular science book to introduce genetics to the public. Solving Genetic Problems R R' R RR RR' R' RR' R'R' Maternal alleles A A a Aa Aa Paternal Alleles a Aa Aa The first step in solving a genetic problem is to establish the genetic symbols you will use in your problem solution. Stay consistent by using these same symbols throughout the problem solving process. Represent dominant and recessive alleles (different forms of a gene) using traditional genetic symbols. Dominant alleles should be represented with the capital version of an alphabetic letter while using the lower case version to show recessiveness. For example: B = black color, b = white color. Each individual gene or trait is diploid (2n) in nature and therefore, must be represented with two alleles. Continuing with the alleles mentioned previously, an individual may have the genetic makeup BB, Bb, or bb when using those alleles. Remember that gametes (sperm and egg) are haploid (n) and can only provide one allele per trait. For example: B or b An individual’s genotype contains the possible gametes that can be expected to be produced by that individual. Much of genetics revolves around the probability of the makeup of gametes. If the individual is homozygous, all of the gametes produced will possess the same kind of allele. For example, an individual with the genotype BB would be expected to produce only B gametes and individuals with genotype bb would produce only b gametes. If the individual is heterozygous, that is the individual’s genotype contains one dominant allele and one recessive allele (Bb), the gametes produced will possess one or the other of the two forms of the gene – B or b. ...

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Explain how the development of technology is a system of events and not just a single event. Give a historical example that demonstrates this concept. Solution Engineering, the systematic application of scientific knowledge in developing and applying technology, has grown from a craft to become a science in itself. Scientific knowledge provides a means of estimating what the behavior of things will be even before we make them or observe them. Moreover, science often suggests new kinds of behavior that had not even been imagined before, and so leads to new technologies. Engineers use knowledge of science and technology, together with strategies of design, to solve practical problems. In return, technology provides the eyes and ears of science—and some of the muscle, too. The electronic computer, for example, has led to substantial progress in the study of weather systems, demographic patterns, gene structure, and other complex systems that would not have been possible otherwise. Technology is essential to science for purposes of measurement, data collection, treatment of samples, computation, transportation to research sites (such as Antarctica, the moon, and the ocean floor), sample collection, protection from hazardous materials, and communication. More and more, new instruments and techniques are being developed through technology that make it possible to advance various lines of scientific research. Technology does not just provide tools for science, however; it also may provide motivation and direction for theory and research. The theory of the conservation of energy, for example, was developed in large part because of the technological problem of increasing the efficiency of commercial steam engines. The mapping of the locations of the entire set of genes in human DNA has been motivated by the technology of genetic engineering, which both makes such mapping possible and provides a reason for doing so..

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