European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform (ESPP) www.phosphorusplatform.eu Sustainable management of nutrients is crucial for agriculture, food, industry, water and the environment. ESPP brings together companies and stakeholders to address the Phosphorus Challenge and its opportunities for the circular economy. Countries: Austria AT Belgium BE Bulgaria BG Cyprus CY Czech Republic CZ Germany DE Denmark DK Estonia EE Spain ES Finland FI France FR Greece EL Hungary HU Ireland IE Italy IT Lithuania LT Luxembourg LU Latvia LV Malta MT Netherlands NL Poland PL Portugal PT Romania RO Sweden SE Slovenia SI Slovakia SK United Kingdom UK Switzerland CH Phosphorus: Fosfor Fosfor Fòsfòr Фосфор Fosfor Фосфор Fosfor Fosfor Фосфор Фосфор Fosforas Fosfors Fuosfuors Fosfor Ffуsfforws Fosfar Fosfaras Fosfaar Fosforus Φωσφορος Ֆոսֆոր Fosfor Fosfor Фосфор Фосфор ফসফরাস فسفر ફૉસ્ફરસનો फास्फोरस Fosfor Fosfori Foszfor Фосфор Фосфор Паликандур Fosfor Fosfor Фосфор Фосфор Фосфор Фосфор Fosfor فوسفور Fosfor Fosforoa ფოსფორი [fūsfūr] זרחן Fosfru Lìn リン 인 ฟอสฟอรัส Photpho 磷 Posporo Fosfor Pūtūtae-whetū Fosforus ഫോസ്ഫറസ് பொஸ்பரசு Fosofo Fosforase Posfori Fósforo Phusphuru Fosforimi Fosforo Fosforon Pesticium

1. Need for better Data on Nutrients to
Support Stewardship (DONUTSS)
Kimo van Dijk
Wageningen University / European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform
kimo.vandijk@wur.nl / kimovandijk@phosphorusplatform.eu
1st meeting FAO LEAP Technical Advisory Group on Nutrient
cycles modelling and Impact Assessment
FAO, Rome, Italy, 12 July 2016

2. Phosphorus challenges
Source: Cordell, D., J. O. Drangert, et al. (2009). "The story of phosphorus:
Global food security and food for thought." Global Environmental Change-
Human and Policy Dimensions 19(2): 292-305.
 Non-renewable at human time scale
 Spatially concentrated: geopolitical
dependency and tension
 Relatively low price, but price
volatility (2008 case)
 Lower P-rock quality:
● Decreasing P content
● Increasing impurities (e.g.
cadmium, uranium)
 Pollution and eutrophication

3. Geological versus anthropogenic cycles
RESOURCE
RESERVES
SINKS
Society
Crops
Animals
Industry & retail
Consumers
Non-
food
LossesInputs
[90% fertilizer,
and other
mineral P use]
Geological cycle
Direct
IMPACTS
Anthropogenic cycle

4. Phosphorus use in the EU-27 in 2005
Detergent,
wood, paper
& fibres
Crops, fish,
food products &
mineral additives
Animal feed,
mineral additives
& live animals
Mineral fertiliser,
seeds & pesticides
Solid & liquid
organic waste
Organic waste
Wood, paper &
fibres
Slaughter
residues, solid &
liquid waste
Crops &
food products
Manure losses
Live animals
Leaching & runoff
Seeding materials
Input
2392
Output
1468
Flows & stocks in Gg = Mkg = kton P per year
Van Dijk et al. 2016

5. Import, export and losses per sector
Van Dijk et al. (2016)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Gross import Gross export Net trade Losses Accumulation
Phosphorusquantity[Gg
P/year]
Absolute quantity
[Gg P/year]
Relative fraction of total
system import, export &
losses [%]
Primary P import
Import Export Losses Import Export Losses Gg P/year % of
total
system
primary
import
% of
total
sector
import
CP 1399 4 84 58 1 7 1391 78 99
AP 440 21 62 18 9 5 250 14 57
FP 338 216 339 14 86 28 27 2 8
NF 215 11 77 9 4 6 110 6 51
HC - - 655 - - 54 - - -
Total 2392 251 1217 100 100 100 1777 100
Van Dijk et al. 2016

6. EU-27 P use efficiency per sector in 2005
Van Dijk et al. 2016
CP AP FP NF HC
PUE-1 Output flows minus losses 70 97 80 76 21
PUE-2 Upward output flows plus
export
70 24 52 76 -
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 =
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
∗ 100

7. Fertilizer P consumption in EU-27 in 2010
FAOSTAT data 2010

8. Animal feed P origin in EU-27 in 2005
Source: Miterra-Europe model, CAPRI & FAOSTAT data 2003-2005

9. Agricultural P balances per country for
2005 & period 1905-2005
Van Dijk et al., in preparationVan Dijk et al. 2016
128 Mtons P accumulated
in agricultural soils between 1905 -2005

10. Agronomic P balances in the EU
Annual regional agricultural P
balances [kg P/ha] for EU-15
in 2000
Estimated cumulative P balances [kg
P/ha] of EU countries during 1991–2005
Source: Csathó & Radimszky 2012
Source: Grizzetti
& Aloe, 2007

11. EU-27 annual soil P balances 1961-2009
Western Europe (EU-15) Eastern Europe (EU-12)
Van Dijk et al., in preparation, Modelling crop yield responses to drastic
decreases in phosphorus fertilization in EU-27

12. 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
DomesticfoodPsupply[kg/ca/year]
Animal
Plant
Domestic food P supply in EU-27 in 2005
Domestic food P supply
necessary to fullfill human
dietary P intake requirements at
consumption level
Van Dijk et al., in preparation
Minimum P intake requirement
Mean EU P intake
Maximum P intake level

13. EU-27 consumption sector P losses in 2005
Van Dijk et al. (2016)
41%
12%
6%
26%
14%

14. Reuse of organic waste in EU-27 in 2005
Based on Barth et al. 2008

15. Sludge destinations in EU-27 in 2010
Source: P-Rex, FP7 project, www.p-rex.eu; based on Eurostat
2010, Milieu Ltd 2010 & Destatis 2011

16. Transition towards sustainable P use
•remove non-essential P inputs (e.g. detergents)
•match P requirements more closely (precision
agriculture)
•utilise legacy P stores
Realign P inputs
•optimise input management
•minimise runoff and erosion
•strategic retention zones
Reduce P losses
to water
•avoid wastage
•improve utilization efficiency
•adopt integrated production systems
Recycle P
in bioresources
•recover P in societies' wastes
•produce fertilizer substitutes
Recover P in
wastes
•influence dietary choice
•define end-user P requirements
•re-connect crop and animal production systems
Redefine P in
the food chain
Withers, Van Dijk, et al. (2015): Stewardship to tackle global phosphorus inefficiency: the case of Europe

17. R/P ratio for P, K & micronutrients
Source: de Haes et al. 2012. Schaarste van micronutriënten in bodem, voedsel en minerale voorraden:
Urgentie en opties voor beleid. Utrecht, Netherlands, Platform Landbouw, Innovatie & Samenleving.
AND Chardon & Oenema, 2013. Verkenning mogelijke schaarste aan micronutriënten in het
voedselsysteem, Wageningen: Alterra Wageningen UR.
A simplistic way of expressing resource scarcity
R/P ratio = reserve / production

18. EU-27 P fertilization reduction scenarios
Van Dijk et al., in
preparation),
Modelling crop yield
responses to drastic
decreases in
phosphorus
fertilization in EU-27
2116
2170
Fertilisation scenarios
of 100, 80, 60, 40, 20
and 0 % of original P
application in
baseyear 2005

19. Agricultural P management scenarios
VanDijketal.,inpreperation

20. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2005
2030
2055
2080
2105
2130
2155
2180
2205
2230
2255
2280
AveragecropPuptake[kgP/ha/year]
BAU
SI
S2
S3
Per ha EU-27 crop P uptake per scenario
for 2005-2300
50 %
25 %
Van Dijk et al., in preparation
- BAU: present (~2005), Business as Usual
- S1: no P import via fertilizer
- S2: no P import via fertilizer + compound feed
- S3: as S2 + BMPs

21. Data quality & monitoring challenges
 Data quality: trade > production > consumption > recycling
 Unclear definitions & not enough detail in data
 Public data is incomplete and inconsistent
 Data gaps for waste flows & (new) recycling flows
 Literature data mostly not recent and only specific base years
 Trade databases not available for all products/materials
 Data gaps requires data filling procedures & flow balancing
 Industry data not publically available, sometimes
commercially, but no peer reviewed
 Uncertainties for most data unknown
 Nutrient concentrations not monitored spatially & temporarily
 From quantity to quality, from theory to practise

22. WssTP RR WG 24th June 2015 - n°23European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform
DONUTSS
Data on Nutrients to Support Stewardship
- workshop Ghent with science and important all
stakeholders
- EU Commission DG GROW support
 identify data needs to support decision making
for industry & regulators
 define how and who to monitor & compare data
www.phosphorusplatform.eu/DONUTSS

23. WssTP RR WG 24th June 2015 - n°24European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform
Data systems on nutrient flows should be:
• Adequate, reliable, coherent and targeted to
support improved nutrient management decisions
• Available at regional, national and global level
• Specific to be useful for certain specific
stakeholders and sectors
• Covering both quantities of flows and quality
• Designed to target identification of key
management points

24. WssTP RR WG 24th June 2015 - n°25European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform
National policy initiatives on phosphorus
• Switzerland: waste ordonnance, proposal to make
obligatory P-recovery from sewage sludge and animal waste
ash (or separate storage pending recovery)
• Sweden: proposal to oblige 40% recycling of P & 10% of N
(including via agricultural valorisation of sewage biosolids)
• Germany: political commitment to make P-recovery
obligatory in sewage works
• Netherlands: struvite allowed to the market, in regulation

25. WssTP RR WG 24th June 2015 - n°26European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform
European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform (ESPP)
info@phosphorusplatform.eu
www.phosphorusplatform.eu @phosphorusfacts

26. Thank you for
your attention
Questions? Comments? Suggestions?
kimovandijk@phosphorusplatform.eu
kimovandijk@xs4all.nl
Twitter: @kimovandijk
Website: kimovandijk.weebly.com

27. Additional literature and links (1)
 Van Dijk et al. 2016. Phosphorus flows and balances of the European Union Member States.
 Withers et al. 2015. Stewardship to tackle global phosphorus inefficiency: The case of Europe.
 Schoumans et al. 2015. Phosphorus management in Europe in a changing world.
 Withers et al. 2015, Greening the global phosphorus cycle: How green chemistry can help achieve planetary P sustainability.
 Outcomes 2nd Scientific European Phosphorus Workshop in Wageningen: http://www.wageningenur.nl/sepw2013
 Lesschen et al. 2013. Options for closing the phosphorus cycle in agriculture; Assessment of options for Northwest Europe
and the Netherlands. edepot.wur.nl/289653
 K.A. Wyant, J.R. Corman, and J.J. Elser. Phosphorus, Food, and Our Future. Oxford University Press, New York City, New
York, USA. http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199916832.do#.UcHr6fY6VVM
 European Commission - Sustainable Phosphorus Use:
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/IR7.pdf
 Dutch Nutrient Platform: www.nutrientenplatform.nl and
European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform: www.phosphorusplatform.eu