Presenter: Kimo van Dijk European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform (ESPP) www.phosphorusplatform.eu Sustainable management of nutrients is crucial for agriculture, food, industry, water and the environment. ESPP brings together companies and stakeholders to address the Phosphorus Challenge and its opportunities for the circular economy. Countries: Austria AT Belgium BE Bulgaria BG Cyprus CY Czech Republic CZ Germany DE Denmark DK Estonia EE Spain ES Finland FI France FR Greece EL Hungary HU Ireland IE Italy IT Lithuania LT Luxembourg LU Latvia LV Malta MT Netherlands NL Poland PL Portugal PT Romania RO Sweden SE Slovenia SI Slovakia SK United Kingdom UK Switzerland CH Phosphorus: Fosfor Fosfor Fòsfòr Фосфор Fosfor Фосфор Fosfor Fosfor Фосфор Фосфор Fosforas Fosfors Fuosfuors Fosfor Ffуsfforws Fosfar Fosfaras Fosfaar Fosforus Φωσφορος Ֆոսֆոր Fosfor Fosfor Фосфор Фосфор ফসফরাস فسفر ફૉસ્ફરસનો फास्फोरस Fosfor Fosfori Foszfor Фосфор Фосфор Паликандур Fosfor Fosfor Фосфор Фосфор Фосфор Фосфор Fosfor فوسفور Fosfor Fosforoa ფოსფორი [fūsfūr] זרחן Fosfru Lìn リン 인 ฟอสฟอรัส Photpho 磷 Posporo Fosfor Pūtūtae-whetū Fosforus ഫോസ്ഫറസ് பொஸ்பரசு Fosofo Fosforase Posfori Fósforo Phusphuru Fosforimi Fosforo Fosforon Pesticium

1. INTERREG Levende bodem project bijeenkomst,Wageningen,15th February 2017 - 1
www.phosphorusplatform.eu
Phosphate challenges in the Netherlands
within a European context
Kimo van Dijk - European Sustainable Phosphorous Platform
• kimovandijk@phosphorusplatform.eu
• www.phosphorusplatform.eu @phosphorusfacts

2. Primary phosphorus chain
Source: Cordell, D., J. O. Drangert, et al. (2009). "The story of phosphorus:
Global food security and food for thought." Global Environmental Change-
Human and Policy Dimensions 19(2): 292-305.
 Non-renewable at human time scale
 Spatially concentrated: geopolitical
dependency and tension
 Relatively low price, but price
volatility (2008 case)
 Lower P-rock quality:
● Decreasing P content
● Increasing impurities (e.g.
cadmium, uranium)
 Pollution and eutrophication

3. Current ‘linear’ use: primary P input
Source: Fertilizers Europe, 2012, adapted
from Environmental Aspects of Phosphate
and Potash Mining, UNEP & IFA, 2001.
Rehabilitation
Beneficiation
Exploration
Application
Plant Uptake
Food-Feed-Fuel
Consumption
Harvest
Waste & Losses
Recycling
Mineral P
Waste & Losses
Recycling
Mining Processing
Distribution
Closing the cycle
at the level of:
Farm
City
Region
Country
Continent
World
Sewerage
Food processing and
Catering waste
Household waste
Erosion
Run-off

4. Phosphorus use in the EU-27 in 2005
Detergent,
wood, paper
& fibres
Crops, fish,
food products &
mineral additives
Animal feed,
mineral additives
& live animals
Mineral fertiliser,
seeds & pesticides
Solid & liquid
organic waste
Organic waste
Wood, paper &
fibres
Slaughter
residues, solid &
liquid waste
Crops &
food products
Manure losses
Live animals
Leaching & runoff
Seeding materials
Input
2392
Output
1468
Flows & stocks in Gg = Mkg = kton P per year
Van Dijk et al. (2016)

5. EU-27 import, export and losses per sector
Van Dijk et al. (2016)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Gross import Gross export Net trade Losses Accumulation
Phosphorusquantity[Gg
P/year]
Absolute quantity
[Gg P/year]
Relative fraction of total
system import, export &
losses [%]
Primary P import
Import Export Losses Import Export Losses Gg P/year % of
total
system
primary
import
% of
total
sector
import
CP 1399 4 84 58 1 7 1391 78 99
AP 440 21 62 18 9 5 250 14 57
FP 338 216 339 14 86 28 27 2 8
NF 215 11 77 9 4 6 110 6 51
HC - - 655 - - 54 - - -
Total 2392 251 1217 100 100 100 1777 100

6. EU-27 P use efficiency per sector
Van Dijk KC, Lesschen JP, Oenema O. Phosphorus flows and
balances of the European Union Member States. Sci Total Environ
2016. DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.048
CP AP FP NF HC
PUE-1 Output flows minus losses 70 97 80 76 21
PUE-2 Upward output flows plus
export
70 24 52 76 -
𝑃𝑈𝐸𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
∗ 100

7. Per ha P use EU-27 versus Netherlands
Van Dijk KC, Lesschen JP, Oenema O.
Phosphorus flows and balances of the European Union Member States
Sci Total Environ 2016.
DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.048
Flows & stocks in:
kg P / hectare agricultural land /year

8. Animal feed P origin in EU-27
Source: Miterra-Europe model,
CAPRI & FAOSTAT data 2003-2005

9. Agricultural P balances per country for
2005 & period 1905-2005
Van Dijk et al. (submitted)Van Dijk et al. (2016)
128 Mtons P accumulated
in agricultural soils between 1905 -2005

10. Agronomic P balances in the EU
Annual regional agricultural P
balances [kg P/ha] for EU-15
in 2000
Estimated cumulative P balances [kg
P/ha] of EU countries during 1991–2005
Source: Csathó & Radimszky 2012
Source: Grizzetti
& Aloe, 2007

11. Phosphorus flows in NL for 2011
IMPORT
110.5 ± 4.0
EXPORT
69.0 ± 4.0
SURPLUS
41.6 ± 3.9
Smit et al. 2015. A substance flow analysis of phosphorus in the food production, processing and
consumption system of the Netherlands. DOI 10.1007/s10705-015-9709-2
Gg P per year

12. Phosphorus balance & losses in NL in 2011
Import Export Net balance
Fertilizer 7 +7
Feed 67.1 +67.1
Food 32.9 49.2 -16.3
Non-food 3.4 1.3 +2.1
Animals 0.2 +0.2
Manure 16 -16
Waste 2.4 -2.4
TOTAL 110.6 68.9 41.7
Potential losses Gg P/year
Sequestered 23.2
Accumulation soils 11.8
Emissions to water 6.6
TOTAL 41.6
Smit et al. 2015. A substance flow analysis of phosphorus in
the food production, processing and consumption system of
the Netherlands. DOI 10.1007/s10705-015-9709-2

13. Average phosphate surplus in Dutch
agriculture 1880-2010
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Year
Surplus,kgP2O5/ha
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Cumulativesurplus,kgP2
O5
/ha
Annual
Cumulative
Target
2015
1 kg P = 2.29 kg P2O5
Ehlert et al., 2011

14. Transition towards sustainable P use
•remove non-essential P inputs (e.g. detergents)
•match P requirements more closely (precision
agriculture)
•utilise legacy P stores
Realign P inputs
•optimise input management
•minimise runoff and erosion
•strategic retention zones
Reduce P losses
to water
•avoid wastage
•improve utilization efficiency
•adopt integrated production systems
Recycle P
in bioresources
•recover P in societies' wastes
•produce fertilizer substitutes
Recover P in
wastes
•influence dietary choice
•define end-user P requirements
•re-connect crop and animal production systems
Redefine P in
the food chain
Withers, Van Dijk, et al. (2015): Stewardship to tackle global phosphorus inefficiency: the case of Europe

15. Concentrated feed
fertilizer
P import
Livestock
Manure
Akkerbouw
P exportAgricultural P cycle
Arable land
Bio-refinery
Reduction
P input
P-
recovery
Mineral
concentrates
Manure
separation
3
4
5
1
2
Non-food
The Netherlands: P out of
agriculture P cycle:
40 million kg manure P2O5
Intervention scheme
technical solutions
10 mill. kg P2O5
1-5 mill. kg P2O5
1-5 mill. kg P2O5

16. Recovery of P products from wastes

17. Pig slurry
Fertlizer industry
(e.g. ICL Fertilizers Europe)
Phosphate
ash fertilizer
Phosphate
fertilizer
Phosphor
(P4)
Liquid fraction
Wet solid fraction
P-Biochar
Phosphate and Phosphorus recovery from manure
Communal
waste water
Pretreatment
(N,K & P)
Drying
P producer
(THERMPHOS)
SNB (sludge treatment)
(incineration & energy production)
WWTP
(waste water treatment plant)
Incineration/Biomass plant
(incineration & energy production)
Pyrolysis plant
(BTG, … icw ECN)
Biogas/ CHP/ residual heat
Dry solid fraction
Short term
Long term
Export
Agricultural
land
Source: Schoumans et al., 2011
household
waste
Production of secondary P for industries with
an existing international market
Mineral
concentrates
Effluent

18. INTERREG Levende bodem project bijeenkomst,Wageningen,15th February 2017 - 18
www.phosphorusplatform.eu
Regulatory drivers - EU
 2014: EU Consultative Communication on Sustainable Use of Phosphorus
 2014: phosphate rock on EU Critical Raw Materials List
 2015: EU Circular Economy Package
 2016: EU Fertilisers Regulation
revision proposal (underway)
 2016: CEN position on standards
needs to support P-recycling
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/natres/phosphorus.htm
http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-14-377_en.htm

19. INTERREG Levende bodem project bijeenkomst,Wageningen,15th February 2017 - 19
www.phosphorusplatform.eu
Regulatory drivers – national
 2005: Denmark tax on P in livestock feed
 2013: Denmark Resource Strategy
80% recycling of sewage P
(in.biosolids to crops (objectives only)
 2013: HELCOM Ministerial Declaration
to “enhance” P recycling
 2015: Sweden 40% P and 10% N recycling
inc.biosolids to crops (objectives only)
 2016: Switzerland decree
P-recovery from sewage
(obligation - promulgated)
 2016: Germany decree
P-recovery from sewage
(obligation wwtp > 50 kpe,notified to EU)

20. INTERREG Levende bodem project bijeenkomst,Wageningen,15th February 2017 - 20
www.phosphorusplatform.eu
2016- 2017 EU Fertilisers Regulation
- Currently in Council - Parliament decision process
- Fertilisers (mineral & organic), soil amendments,etc
- EU criteria for composts,digestates,
food industry wastes and animal by-products
- Sewage biosolids excluded
- No provision for traceability
- STRUBIAS JRC expert group underway,
addition of: struvite,ashes,biochars
- Large discussions about contaminations (Cd)
and definition organic vs.mineral fertilisers
- Many issues remaining! see www.phosphorusplatform.eu/regulatory
http://ec.europa.eu/DocsRoom/documents/15949

21. INTERREG Levende bodem project bijeenkomst,Wageningen,15th February 2017 - 21
www.phosphorusplatform.eu
Phosphorus recycling synergies
• Improving sewage treatment (nutrient removal)
• Reducing ammonia emissions
• Anaerobic digestion & biogas
• Avoiding landfill
• Rural economy development
http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/earthrise/2014/12/re
cycling-phosphorus-2014121693225616272.html

22. INTERREG Levende bodem project bijeenkomst,Wageningen,15th February 2017 - 22
www.phosphorusplatform.eu
Nutrient recycling products
• Refined fertiliser products
• Organic fertilisers:
- composts,digestates
- dried pelleted bio-wastes
• Mineral concentrates
• Industrial chemicals:
- phosphoric acid
- P4 (white phosphorus)
• Key = product must correspond to user
requirements needs and requirements
(quality, equipment,logistics …)

23. INTERREG Levende bodem project bijeenkomst,Wageningen,15th February 2017 - 23
www.phosphorusplatform.eu
New business opportunities
P-recycling inputs
 Livestock manures
 Wastewater treatment
 Food wastes
 Meat & Bone Meal Ash
 Agro-industry, industrial
 Biofuels,biomaterials
www.phosphorusplatform.eu/successstories

24. 24European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform
Success story:
Ecophos P-recycling from sewage sludge ash
• Pilot plant operational Varna, Bulgaria
• Produce DCP (Di Calcium Phosphate) for fertilisers, animal feed
• Full-scale plant under construction Dunkerque, France
capacity: 200 000 t/y DCP from low grade P-rock and ash
• Contract to treat 60 000 t/y ash from Netherlands (SNB – HVC Groep)
= 4 000 t/y P
See SCOPE Newsletter 111 and www.ecophos.com

25. 25European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform
Success story:
ICL fertilisers Amsterdam & Ludwigshaven
• Use of secondary materials
in fertiliser production:
- meat and bone meal ash
- struvite
• Objective: 100% by 2025
• Pilot testing successful
• Industrial installations
(storage, handling) planned
www.icl-group.com

26. 26European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform
Success story:
Timac: struvite as maize starter fertiliser
• NuReSys Recovered struvite from potato processing
• Non-burning, enabling “ultra localisation” next to roots
• Micro-granulation
• Ammonium addition for nutrient balance

27. 27European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform
Success story:
Friesland Campina milk cooperative,NL
• Biogas production and P-recovery from manure
• Bonus/malus in milk purchase prices
• Funding support for farmers’
manure treatment
investments
www.frieslandcampina.com

28. Thank you for
your attention
Questions? Suggestions? Collaboration?
kimovandijk@phosphorusplatform.eu
kimovandijk@gmail.com
Twitter: www.twitter.com/kimovandijk
Website: kimovandijk.weebly.com

29. Additional literature and links
 Van Dijk et al. 2016. Phosphorus flows and balances of the European Union Member States.
 Withers et al. 2015. Stewardship to tackle global phosphorus inefficiency: The case of Europe.
 Schoumans et al. 2015. Phosphorus management in Europe in a changing world.
 Withers et al. 2015, Greening the global phosphorus cycle: How green chemistry can help achieve planetary P sustainability.
 Outcomes 2nd Scientific European Phosphorus Workshop in Wageningen: http://www.wageningenur.nl/sepw2013
 Lesschen et al. 2013. Options for closing the phosphorus cycle in agriculture; Assessment of options for Northwest Europe
and the Netherlands. edepot.wur.nl/289653
 K.A. Wyant, J.R. Corman, and J.J. Elser. Phosphorus, Food, and Our Future. Oxford University Press, New York City, New
York, USA. http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199916832.do#.UcHr6fY6VVM
 European Commission - Sustainable Phosphorus Use:
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/IR7.pdf
 Dutch Nutrient Platform: www.nutrientenplatform.nl and
European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform: www.phosphorusplatform.eu

30. 30European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform
Success story:
Fertikal,Antwerp
• 180 000 t/y (wet weight) manure
processed to organic fertilisers:
• solid/liquid separation
dried, pelletised
• For agriculture, horticulture
• Distributed
to 25 countries worldwide
www.fertikal.be

31. 31European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform
Success story:
COOPERL / Brittany farmers’ cooperatives
• 400 000 t/y manure processed to organic fertiliser product
- 150 000 t composted poultry litter
- 150 000 t dried poultry manure
- 100 000 t pig manure (1 100 farms)
• Adapted to specific crops and exported to other regions of France
• Positive farmer acceptance
• TRAC Emeraude stabling system
Supported by EU Investment Plan
http://www.cooperl.com/en/environmental-solutions

32. 32European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform
Success story:
Fibrophos UK
• Bioenergy and fertiliser (ash) from chicken litter
• Since the 1990’s
• Phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, trace elements
• 800 000 t/y chicken litter processed annually
• P shows both immediate and durable crop
http://www.fibrophos.co.uk/phosphate-in-fibrophos-fertiliser/

33. 33European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform
Success story:
SARIA UK – Kalfos
• P-fertiliser and soil conditioner
from combustion of animal by-products (MBM)
• Authorised for arable and grazing land
• 12 000 tonnes/year
http://www.kalfos.co.uk/

34. INTERREG Levende bodem project bijeenkomst,Wageningen,15th February 2017 - 34
www.phosphorusplatform.eu
ESPP: a coalition for action
• Bring together industry, R&D, authorities, stakeholders
water & waste industries,mineral and organic fertilisers,
chemicals, P-recycling technology suppliers,national & regional
governments,knowledge institutes …
• Build awareness and share a vision
for sustainable phosphorus in Europe
• Dialogue & network expertise and experience
• Assess and propose policy & regulatory developments
• Disseminate innovation, business cases, value chains