1. Name 2 mayor types of RNA that are produced by transcription. 2.pdf

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1. Name 2 mayor types of RNA that are produced by transcription. 2. Do they carry information that directly codes for synthesis of protein? 3. Name 2 non-protein coding RNAs 1. Name 2 mayor types of RNA that are produced by transcription. 2. Do they carry information that directly codes for synthesis of protein? 3. Name 2 non-protein coding RNAs Solution Follwoing type of RNA are produce by transcription - (i) rRNA (ii) tRNA (iii) mRNA . mRNA carry information for coding the protein because mRNA direct carry information from DNA. tRNA abnd rRNA are two non -protein coding RNAs. because tRNA help in carry amino acids from cytoplasm and rRNA help in synthesis of ribosomes ,so mRNA directly carry information from DNA..

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The degree of freedom table is available online. Please answer A&B for question 2 In humans, the dominant allele N causes an abnormal shape of the patella in the knee (n is the normal allele). A separate gene affects finger length, and the dominant allele B causes abnormally short fingers, whereas b gives normal length. A study focused on people who have both abnormal patellae and short fingers (they most likely have the genotype N/n B/b). They inherited the N allele from one parent and the B allele from the other parent. These N/n B/b individuals mated with normal spouses. (The spouses had no history of abnormal patellae or short fingers in their families; they can be assumed to be homozygous normal.) 40 progeny were boom; they are classified as follows. Using the chi square test, determine whether there is significant linkage between the B/b and the N/n gene. X^2 = P = linked? If you conclude there is linkage, what is the distance between the two genes? Solution Answer: a). N/n; B/b x n/n; b/b N/n B/b : N/n b/b ; n/n B/b ; n/n b/b 1:1:1:1 Chi-square vale = 22.60 The degrees of freedom = 4-1 = 3 p value = 0.00004893 The genes are not linkedPhenotypeObserved(O)Expected (E)O-E(O-E)2(O-E)2/ENormal310- 749.004.90Abnormal knees and fingers210-864.006.40Abnormal knees only1710749.004.90Abnormal fingers only1810864.006.404022.60.

The degree of freedom table is available online. Please answer A&B f.pdf

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the american red cross gives the following distribution for Blood Type in the U.S. population: (a) Someone volunteers to give blood. What is the probability that this donor: i. Has Type A or Type B blood? ii. Is not Type O? (b) Among four potential donors, what is the probability that: i. All are Type O? ii. No one is Type AB? iii. Not all are Type A? iv. At least one person is Type B? (c) If you examine one person, are the events that the person is Type A and that the person is Type B disjoint, independent or neither? Explain. (d) If you examine two persons, are the events that one person is Type A and that the second is Type B disjoint, independent or neither? Explain. Blood TypePercentA40B11O45AB4 Solution a) i. As they are mutually exclusive events, P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) = 40% + 11% = 51% [answer] **** ii. P(not O) = 1 - P(O) = 1 - 0.45 = 0.55 = 55% [answer] ************************ b) i. P(4 are O) = 0.45^4 = 0.04100625 ii. P(no one are type AB) = (1-0.04)^4 = 0.84934656 iii. P(not all are A) = 1 - P(all are A) = 1 - 0.40^4 = 0.9744 iv. P(at least one B) = 1 - P(all are not B) = 1 - (1-0.11)^4 = 0.37257759 *************************** c. They are disjoint, as no person is both a type A and type B at the same time. ************ d. Neither. Those two persons can be relatives, and their blood types can be related..

the american red cross gives the following distribution for Blood Ty.pdf

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Suppose a student mbs a Teflon rod with wool and then briefly touches it to an initially neutral aluminum rod suspended by insulating threads. What would the net charge on the Teflon rod be What would the net charge on the aluminum rod be After the student has touched the aluminum rod with the rubbed Teflon rod. as described above, the student then holds the Teflon rod near the aluminum rod. but does not allow them to touch. The student observes that when the rods are close enough together, they attract as shown in the diagram. Which statement below correctly explains what is observed The aluminum rod which has a net zero (neutral) charge has become polarized. In a conductor, because the charges can move, the positive charges have been attracted to the Teflon rod and negative charge is repelled toward the other end. Because the Teflon is closer to the positively charged end. the net force is attractive. After the Teflon touched the aluminum, it gave up all of its Negative charge and became positively charged, and the aluminum rod became negatively charged. Since the aluminum and Teflon have opposite charges, they are attracted to each other. The charge on the aluminum distributes itself evenly over the surface. So the fact that the two rods are attracted to each other means that they must be oppositely charged. Thus the aluminum rod has a net positive charge. Whenever two charged objects are near each other, they become polarized: the opposite charges in each move towards each other and the negative charges move away. This gives a net attractive force between the two objects, since the polarized Teflon is attracted to the polarized aluminum. Negative charges in the aluminum are repelled by the Teflon and positive charges are attracted to the Teflon. Since the aluminum is a conductor, the charges can move which causes the aluminum to become polarized. So. even though the aluminum is has a nonzero net charge (due to the initial touch by the Teflon), because the force between charges is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them, the attractive force between the Teflon and the near end of the aluminum is stronger than the repulsive force between the Teflon and the far end of the aluminum , the net force is attractive. Solution Due to touch of teflon, its charge will reduce but will not go to zero. Some amount of its initial charge will be transferred to Aluminum rod. So, aluminum rod will have a non-zero negative charge. For the next part last option is correct, which explains why the force is attractive rather than repulsive..

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Review the section \"Investigating Life: Clues to the Origin of Language.\" Scientists know that the mutations to FOXP2 arose before Neandertals. To determine how old the Neandertal fossils are, researchers must use radiometric dating. They use an isotope with a half-life of 12,000 years, and find that fossils from one Neandertal have 1/256^th (=1/2^8) of the isotope found In currently living organisms. How old would you predict these Neandertal fossils to be? about 50,000 years about 200,000 years about 400,000 years about 10,000 years about 100,000 years Solution age of substannce = no of halflives passed * half life here no of half lives passed are 8 beacuse 1/256 of orginal sample is left and half life of isotope is 12000 so age would be 12000*8 years = 96000 so the rough age is about 100,000 (which is most close to 96000).

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QUESTION 4 Choose \"true\" or \"false\" as applicable for each of the following items as they pertain to responsibility center reporting. In analyzing the operating results of an individual A. TRUE B. FALSE center, it would be most meaningful to deduct common fixed costs in calculating the operating income of the center A responsibility center manager could potentially have control over costs, revenues, and/or assets invested Responsibility center operating income includes the impact of controllable variable costs. C. Residual income is used in the numerator to compute asset turnover in a ROI analysis. Inventory would typically be EXCLUDED as part of assets invested the ROI calculation. - Residual income is equal to the difference CWhen using residual income as a measure of The use of return on investment (ROI) as a between total revenues and operating expenses. performance, it is not meaningtl to compare the residual incomes of divisions of different sizes. performance measure could potentially lead a responsibility center manager to accept a project that might be unfavorable for the company as a whole. Solution 1. False, because the common fixed cost would have been incurred whether individual center existed or not. 2. True, an investment responsibility center manager could have responsibility for assets, income, and expenses 3. True, variable cost is deducted 4. False, residual income is the profit earned in excess of required profit, we take profit as a numerator. 5. False, inventory is added as current assets 6. False. residual income is the profit earned in excess of required profit 7. True, residual income in absolute terms may create distorted pictures 8. False, if the project is beneficial to the center than it is beneficial for the company also generally. Exceptions can be there but in general not..

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Problem 4: Briefly, explain the steps of the Alkaline Lysis “miniprep”. Problem 5: Briefly, explain how qPCR can be used to quantify the level of gene expression Solution Problem 4 ) Alkaline lysis is a method used in molecular biology , to isolate plasmid DNA or other cell components such as proteins by breaking the cells open. Bacteria containing the plasmid of interest is first grown, and then allowed to lyse with an alkaline lysis buffer consisting of a detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and a strong base sodium hydroxide. The detergent cleaves the phospholipid bilayer of membrane and the alkali denatures the proteins which are involved in maintaining the structure of the cell membrane. Through a series of steps involving agitation, precipitation, centrifugation, and the removal of supernatant, cellular debris is removed and the plasmid is isolated and purified. Problem 5 ) PCR is used directly to amplify genes. It is mainly used to detect alleles I.e variants of a gene that can be used to e.g. identify individuals (e.g. DNA fingerprinting) identify subpopulations (e.g. tracking ivory poaching) determine which variants are associated with a condition (e.g. drug efficacy)y real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), also known as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), is a laboratory technique of molecular biology based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It monitors the amplification of a targeted DNA molecule during the PCR, i.e. in real-time, and not at its end, as in conventional PCR. Real-time PCR can be used quantitatively (quantitative real-time PCR), and semi-quantitatively, i.e. above/below a certain amount of DNA molecules (semi quantitative real-time PCR). Two common methods for the detection of PCR products in real-time PCR are: (1) non-specific fluorescent dyes that intercalate with any double-stranded DNA, and (2) sequence-specific DNA probes consisting of oligonucleotides that are labelled with a fluorescent reporter which permits detection only after hybridization of the probe with its complementary sequence..

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Please explain In a Drosophila dihybrid cross, a sepia male was mated to a apterous female. Their phenotypically wild F_1 female produced the following offspring when crossed to phenotypically wild F_1 males: Please set up a null hypothesis and use a Chi-square analysis to see if the observation follows the Mendelian phenotypic ratio. Solution Answer: Chi-Square value= 1.33 The degrees of freedom = 4-1 = 3 The probability level for df 3 Chi-Square value, 1.33 lies below 0.5 (probability), so we fail to reject null hypothesis.PhenotypeObserved(O)Expected (E)O-E(O-E)2(O-E)2/EWild type45045000.000.00Sepia16015010100.000.67Apterous140150- 10100.000.67sepia/aprerous505000.000.008008001.33.

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Ganges River question The Ganges River, shown in Figure 4.57, has an annual average flow rate of 12,105 m3/s. The average temperature of the Ganges River was reported to be 24.68C. The Ganges has become contaminated with raw sewage and industrial waste, so that the dissolved oxygen in the river upstream of sewage discharges is 4.6 mg/L. Suppose that the raw sewage that is untreated flows into the Ganges at a rate of 460 m3/s, the temperature is 258C, and the dissolved oxygen in the sewage stream is completely depleted (i.e., DO 0). How would you develop a plan for improving water quality in the Ganges River? 90\" 90 5 STAN 00 kn CHINA BHU NDIA G.aga. Bana Bay of Bengal 20 Figure The Ganges River Basin Source: Based on Rahaman, M.M. (2006) The Ganges water conflict: A comparative analysis of the 1977 Agreement and the 1996 Treaty Solution Ganges, the holiest river of India is 2500 kms long binding 5 different states of India and has a huge cultural and spiritual signifincance. The Ganga River Basin is home to more than 600 million Indians which is the highest number of people supported by any river in the world. However, this huge population has made the Ganges one of the most polluted rivers in the world. Despite this iconic status and religious heritage, the Ganges today is facing formidable pollution pressures and associated threats to its biodiversity and environmental sustainability. Increased dumping of human waste, as well as industrial waste, is noted as the most common form of pollution of the river. The studies indicate that a large proportion of pollution load in the river came from the municipal wastewater generated in twenty-five Class I towns located on the banks of the Ganges, each with a population exceeding 100,000. It constituted around 75% of the pollution from all point-sources. Remaining 25% of the pollution from point-sources was mainly due to untreated industrial effluent. Therefore, emphasis is to be given on interception and diversion of wastewater and its treatment in Sewage Treatment Plants, before discharging into river. The data given are - Annual average flow rate = Qr = 12105 m3/sec DO in the river upstream of the sewage discharge = DOr = 4.6 mg/l Flow rate of raw sewage flowing into the river = 460 m3/sec DO of the mix is given by ( Qr x DOr + Qsewage x DOsewage ) / (Qr + Qsewage) which according to the question gets depleted completely and one can observe the amount of sewage that is being dump in the river every day. Improving the water quality in Ganges can be initiated by preparing a plan, that guides investment and choices. An obvious focus to be given on the critically polluted stretch and the plan should prioritize the pollution hot spots and the investments with the greatest impact.Scarce resources must be allocated to investments with the highest returns. The paucity of credible and reliable water quality data on the Ganges must be rectified. The global experience shows that we need good data, including.

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Locomotion is important for many Bacteria Which of the following are common forms of motility? Transient Gliding Swimming Random walk Lateral Bacterial cells frequently produce inclusions in the cytoplasm or periplasm. What are functions that these serve? Exporting nutrients to the environment Nutrient reserve Producing membrane bound organelles survival during desiccation or starvation signal transduction to neighboring cells Which of the following cell wall polysaccharides are sensitive to lysozyme? Teichoic acid Chitin Poptdoglycan Cellulose Pseudonmurein Solution Question 6) Gliding is the common form of the motility. This allows the bacteria to move over the solid surface.It involves ejection of polysaccharide slime from exit points at both the ends of the body. Question 7) Nutrient reserve (Inclusion bodies are the reserve material for the later use, they have glycogen which is a polymer that is carbohydrate reserve for carbohydrate and energy) Question 8) Peptidoglycan (catalyze hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in a peptidoglycan in cell wall of the bacterial cell).

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List the three subpathways of cellular respiration and the results of each. Solution The 3 subpathways of cellular respiration are as follows: 1. Glycolysis followed by link reaction: Take place in the cytoplasm and results in one glucose molecule being converted into two pyruvate molecules with a net yield of 2 ATP molecules. Two NAD+ which act as hydrogen carriers are converted into NADH + H+ The link Reaction: Pyruvate from glycolysis is absorbed by the mitochondion. Pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation, whereby hydrogen is removed to form NADH + H+, and carbon dioxide is removed. The end result is an acetyl group, which is accepted by coenzyme A to form Acetyl CoA. 2. Krebs cycle: Acetyl group is transferred from Acetyl CoA to oxaloacetate at the beginning of the cycle to form a 6-carbon compound. The compound undergoes oxidative decarboxylation, which is distributed through 6 reactions : 2 reactions result in CO2 and the remaining four result in H+. Of the H+ produced, that from three of the four reactions goes to form NADH + H+ and the remaining forms FADH2. ATP is also produced in one of these reactions and is termed a substrate-level phosphorylation. 3. ETC (Electron Transport chain): is a series of electron carriers located in the membrane of the mitochondia. NADH + H+ and FADH2 give their electrons to these carriers in the membrane, which then \"carry\" the electron from one carrier to another. The elctron is losing enery as it is passed from one carrier to another. While this is taking place, the concentration of H+ outside the mitochondia is growing larger and larger and so must be fixed. The energy released as electron pass along the transport chain is used to pump H+ accross the membrane of the mitochondia. The flow of the H+ ions through an enzyme known as ATP synthase drives the enzyme to produce ATP. At the end of ETC, the electrons are given to oxygen, which also accepts excress hydrogens, to form water..

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John Harbeck is confused about computing physical units. Explain to John how physical units are to be accounted for and physical units accounted for are determined. Solution Physical units are actual units which are shown as actual units irrespective of the stage of completion. Physical units to be accounted for consist of beginning work in process inventory and units started during the period irrespective of the fact which method has been used for calculating the equivalent units. On the other hand units accounted for consists of units completed and transferred out to next department or finished goods and ending work in process inventory..

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In your own words discuss the following: 1a. In what ways are macromolecules essential to life? 1b. Describe the structures of four and describe their major roles in organisms? 2a. Briefly explain the overall processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration? 2b. Also include a brief explanation of autotrophs and heterotrophs? Solution 1a. Macromolecules are large molecules that serve as a source of energy, form the basic structure of the organism and also carries the genetic information of the organism. 1b.proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids are the four macromolecules proteins structure primary they are chains of aminoacids secondary these aminoacids can assume a folded confirmation to form a alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet structure this depepnds on the hydrogen bnding and electrostatic interactions between adjascent aminoacids in the polymer tirtiary A protein on a whole can have many secondary structures which depends on the length of the protein and also on the nature of aminoacids present in them. For example when a protein has 2 alpha helix, the two helices are connected through disulfide bridge or electrostatic force or even a small beta pleated sheet this forms the secondary structure Quarternary structure to achieve the function of the proteins it has to be folded in the correct conformation which is achieved in the quarternary structure. Carbohydrate it is basically a hydrocarbon hydrogen bonding between sugar molecules will result in formation of a chain of sugar called carbohydrates or polysaccharides the sugars in the carbohydrate chain can be a simple carbon chain, a 5 carbon ring structure (pentose) or a six carbon ring structure. lipids: they are also hydrocarbon chains however they will have a carboxyl group attached to the main carbon. nucleic acids: they areof 2 forms DNA and RNA they have a sugar in the backbone deoxyribose sugar in DNA and ribose sugar in RNA they have 4 bases that are bound to the sugar backbone through phosphate bonding DNA adenin,e guaninie, cytosine, thymine RNA thymine replaced with Uracil DNA double stranded with the two strands bound with hydrogen bonding between the bases A_T and G_C Proteins are essential as receptors in cells, structure on membrane, antigen on bacteria and is the major body building macromolecule Lipids are very rich source of energy so the body in general stores them for future use and uses them under conditions of starving. lipids also have structural role. Carbohydrates are major source of energy and are mostly metabolised to provide ATP for the bodies function 2a. photosynnthesis is a process of fixing atmospheric CO2 into sugar molecule that is powered by sunlight. It uses CO2 and releases oxygen while respiration uses oxygen and releases CO2 Energy is utilised in the process of photosynthesis and the generated sugars are further broken down to meet the energy needs of the organism. 2b autotrophs are those which can generate their own energy like plan.

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In general terms, why are financial statements important? (Alternatively, if you believe they are not important, explain why not.) Solution Financial statement are important in every sense. Companies show they performance on finnancial statements. Investor scan judge how better the management is running business . Banks check the financial health of the company and decide to give loan or not. Regulators keep eye on accounting manipulation and false representation of any made. In a sense financial statements are the tools by which company communicates with the stakeholders and deliver their performance..

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Identify the adaptations evolved in the common ancestor of land plants that allowed the successful colonization of land. Select all that apply. Evolution of a water-impermeable cuticle Evolution of a carbohydrate energy-storage molecule Evolution of gametangia Evolution of a mechanism for structural support A mutualistic association with a fungus that promotes nutrient uptake Solution Answer: A mutualistic association with a fungus that promotes nutrient uptake Evolution of gametangia Evolution of a mechanism for structural support Reason: The origin of the ancestral alternating generations of gametangia (sporophytes & gamtephytes) & root colonization and structural supporting tissue evolution are adaptations evolved in the common ancestor of land plants that allowed the successful colonization of land. This has explained as per the “antithetic” theory & homologous theory. Probably factors that permitted early plants to successfully colonize land as the relative number of potential predators such as herbivores based on predator-prey relationship. The relative number of competitors, the relative availability of symbiotic partners such as Mycorrhizal mycelia are living on the roots surface of the host plant as mutualistic symboints and enabling the host root colonization of land plants with increased absorption of nutrients such as phosphates, nitrates, water etc. by providing the surface area for absorption. Fungal mycelia and ancient archaic prokaryotes are living on the roots surface of the host land plants as mutualistic symboints in 500 millions of years ago and enabling the host root colonization with increased abruption of nutrients such as phosphates, nitrates, water etc. by providing the surface area for absorption. This process produced a vital photosynthesis rate by increasing total gross primary productivity. These land plants with differential reproductive ability to produce gametophytes enabled their sexual reproduction (embryophytes, all vascular plants including angiosperms and gymnosperms) to produce more progeny to generate higher rate of photosynthesis associated with increased rate of colonization to produce oxygen gas to air-breathing animals..

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How would you define the Mann-Whitney Statistic? Solution In statistics, the Mann–Whitney U test (also called the Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon (MWW), Wilcoxon rank-sum test (WRS), or Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test) is anonparametric test of the null hypothesis that two samples come from the same population against an alternative hypothesis, especially that a particular population tends to have larger values than the other. It can be applied on unknown distributions contrary to t-test which has to be applied only on normal distributions, and it is nearly as efficient as the t-test on normal distributions..

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Give me subjects to do presentation about (how civil related to electric major) Give me subjects to do presentation about (how civil related to electric major) Solution Civil engineering is about things that you can relate in the real world. For example construction , transportation, environment etc. Whereas electrical engineering is about the devices and appliances you use in daily life. Civil being oldest of all engineering streams has its own place in this technological world. It has evolved with time and became more efficient. Electrical engineering is also one of the oldest stream of engineering. Both civil and electrical engineering have mutual benefits. In civil engineering many electrical based devices are used which are used to perform many test . Electrical engineering is use full in almost every subject of civil like environment, structure, soil mechanics, transportation, fluid mechanics etc. In electrical engineering, civil also provide major contribution. In electrical engineering, infrastructure plays important role from generation of electricity to its transmission, as well as its use. Both the disciplines involves a lot of maths, a lot of equations..

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Ethics John mill stuart gave few objections on his Utilitarianism. Four of them are them are following. Discuss the following briefly in couple of sentences for each of the following. ( Just 100 words all together) 1)standard is too high 2)a godless theory 3)label of expentiency 4)too much deliboration Please do not provide answer from others work which may consider as plegarism Solution 1. Standard is too high: The objectors to utilitarianism can’t be accused of always representing it in a discreditable light. On the contrary, objectors who have anything like a correct idea of its disinterested character sometimes find fault with utilitarianism’s standard as being too high for humanity. To require people always to act from the motive of promoting the general interests of society—that is demanding too much, they say. But this is to mistake the very meaning of a standard of morals, and confuse the rule of action with the motive for acting. It is the business of ethics to tell us what are our duties, or by what test we can know them; but no system of ethics requires that our only motive in everything we do shall be a feeling of duty; on the contrary, ninety-nine hundredths of all our actions are done from other motives. 2. A godless Theory: The objector attacks Mill by saying that Utilitarianism is a Godless Doctrine and how is a theory supposed to hold up in society, which the majority is religious, where the theory does not even utter God’s name? Mill supports Utilitarianism by stating that this theory revolves around people’s overall happiness and this is what God desires, so in fact this theory inludes God indirectly. Mill’s defense is a rather weak one. It makes sense at first, but this is assuming that God is all loving and wants the best for everyone and as we concluded with DCT, God is not all loving. So since the DCT theory does not hold and God is not all loving, Mill’s defense is weak. I believe that Mill argues his point to great effect despite the removal of God from the doctrine of utility. Having rejected the “Divine Command Theory” in prior discussions, I, too, have subscribed to the principle that mankind does not need a doctrine of ethics to interpret the will of God. 3. Label of expentiency: Utilitarianism is often conflated with Expediency, and therefore considered immoral. However, \"expedient\" usually refers to acting against what is right for the sake of personal interest or short-term goals. Thus, instead of being useful, this meaning of expediency is actually harmful. Mill would argue that hurting society is not truly expedient, and that to act against society\'s interests is to be an enemy of morality. 4. Too much deliboration: Mill looks into morality as a social practice and not as autonomous self-determination by reason, like other phillosphers. For others moral deliberation determines those actions which we have the most reason to perform. Mill disagrees; for him, it makes sense to say that “A is the right thing t.

EthicsJohn mill stuart gave few objections on his Utilitarianism. .pdf

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