presentation prepared for basic information regarding environmental friendly energy sources

1. Production of Activated Carbon from
Natural Sources
Guided by,
Dr. SANDIP GANGIL
Principal Scientist
ICAR-CIAE, Bhopal
Presented by,
Parmanand Sahu
Roll No: 11404
Farm Power and Equipment
ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal

2. Introduction
What is Activated Carbon
Applications of AC
Key Properties of Activated Carbon
Adsorption
Types of Activated Carbon
Production of Activated Carbon
Case study
Conclusions

3. Biomass
specifications
Quality
Char
Process
parameters
Qchar = f(p, T, t, PS, S, E)
Where;
p = Proximate composition
PS = Physical properties
S = System design
T = Temperature
t = Time
E = Pyrolysis environment
Introduction

4.  Activated carbon is a carbonaceous, highly
porous adsorptive medium that has a
complex structure composed primarily of
carbon atoms.
 Manufactured from coconut shell, hard and
soft wood, lignite coal, bituminous coal,
olive pits and various carbonaceous
specialty materials.
What is Activated Carbon?

5. Application of Activated Carbon

6.  Surface Area - The surface area of activated carbon is
impressive, 500 to 1500 m2 /g or even more.
 Total Pore Volume - Refers to all pore spaces inside a particle
of activated carbon. It is expressed in millilitres per gram
(ml/g), volume in relation to weight.
 Pore Radius - The mean (average) pore radius, often measured
in angstroms.
Pore Volume Distribution - Micropores r < 1nm
Mesopores r 1-25nm
Macropores r > 25nm
nm = nanometer
Key Properties of AC

7.  Adsorption is the attachment or adhesion of atoms,
ions and molecules (adsorbates) from a gaseous,
liquid or solution medium onto the surface of an
adsorbent – activated carbon.
 Typically 1 m3 of Activated Carbon with 0.3 m3 of
internal pores can adsorb 30 m3or more of a gas,
even if present in low concentrations in a carrier.
Source: Anonymous, 2017
(haycarb.com)
Adsorption

8. Granular Activated carbon (GAC):
 Irregular shaped
 Sizes: 0.2 - 5 mm
 Harder and longer lasting
 Used in both liquid and gas phase
applications
Types of Activated Carbon

9. Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC):
 Particle size 5 to 150 Å
 Coarser and finer
 Used mainly for liquid-phase
adsorption
Extruded carbon:
 Cylindrical pellets with diameter
ranging from 1mm to 5mm
 Hard and suitable for heavy duty
 Used mainly for gas-phase adsorption

10. Production of Activated Carbon
Junaid et al. 2019

11. 1. Carbonization Process (250◦c -700◦c)
2. Activation Process (900◦c -1100◦c)
Used to activate both agricultural waste and coal based
carbons
Yeong et al. 2020
Schematic of the preparation of steam-activated hard carbon materials
Steam Activation

12.  Used sawdust, wood or peat raw material
 For phosphoric acid the ratio is usually between
1:0.5 and 1:4
 Better quality product
Raw material
+
Activating agent
Carbonization
(400◦c -500◦c)
Micro porous
activated carbonDrying
Chemical Activation

13. Carbonization
Washing and drying
Agricultural waste Impregnation with
reacting agent -1
Impregnation with
reacting agent -2
Activation
Washing and drying Activated carbon
Applications
FLOW CHART OF CHEMICAL ACTIVATION

14.  Activation Time
 Effect of Impregnation Ratio
 Final Activation Temperature
Factors affecting the quality of AC

15. A, B and C, following thermal treatment at 350 ◦C, 500 ◦C and
600 ◦C, respectively
Temperature Effect

16.  Washing and Milling
 Activation Interaction and Temperature
 Tar Deposition
 Proximate analysis of raw material
Production Process Challenges

17.  Charring Process :-
 Raw material: Coconut shell, maize husk and
palm kernel shell
 Carbonization Temperature: 600°C and 800 °C
 Heating Time : 55 minutes

18. Activation Process :-
o Activating Agent: Phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
o Soaked in H3PO4 for 24 hours and Drying at
170c for 1-2 hours
o Activation temperatures: 600 °C, 700 °C and
800°C
o Activation Time: 2 hours
o The prepared carbon was washed thoroughly
with distilled water to remove residual
chemicals and dried at 110 °C for 24 hours.

19. Characterization
Biomass Iodine value
mg/g
Surface Area
(BET) m2/g
Total pore
volume
cm3/g
Coconut
shell
672.79 1120 1.23
Palm kernel
shell
257.02 1305 1.17
Maize husk 128.512 806 0.68

20. Higher iodine value shows the activation level
Surface area and total pore volume also shows
the activation level, but it is not necessary to
occurs all characteristics higher in a single
biomass .
Activation Temperature and time varies with
raw material used.
Conclusions

21. Thank You 21