Monitoring results and experiences from Passive House in Greece
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Presentation at the cooling/dehumidification workshop, at the 21st International Passive House Conference in Vienna, April 2017
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Monitoring results and experiences from Passive House in Greece
- 1. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017 Presentation: Monitoring results and experiences from Passive Houses in Greece Stefan Pallantzas Civil Eng. PH Certifier
- 2. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017 Project location Papagou – Athens GREECE
- 3. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017 Project location Papagou – Athens GREECE
- 4. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017 TFA: 1ST FLOOR = 85 Τ.Μ. GROUND FLOOR = 30 Τ.Μ. Project description
- 5. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017 Application of EIFS on 1st floor + ground floor Exterior walls Building envelope Heating demand 301 kWh/(m2a) Heating load 129 W/m2 Cooling demand 77 kWh/(m2a) Cooling load 68 W/m2 Estimated airtightness n50 =5.00 /h Sensors
- 6. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017 Specific building characteristics with reference to the treated floor area Treated floor area m² 114,6 Criteria Fullfilled?2 Space heating Heating demand kWh/(m²a) 12 ≤ 15 - Heating load W/m² 11 ≤ - - Space cooling Cooling & dehum. demand kWh/(m²a) 12 ≤ 16 16 Cooling load W/m² 10 ≤ - 11 Frequency of overheating (> 25 °C) % - ≤ - - Frequency excessively high humidity (> 12 g/kg) % 0 ≤ 10 yes Airtightness Pressurization test result n50 1/h 0,6 ≤ 1,0 yes PE demand kWh/(m²a) 85 ≤ - - PER demand kWh/(m²a) 48 ≤ 45 48 kWh/(m²a) 68 ≥ 60 63 2 Empty field: Data missing; '-': No requirement EnerPHit Plus? yes yes yes Alternative criteria I confirm that the values given herein have been determined following the PHPP methodology and based on the characteristic values of the building. The PHPP calculations are attached to this verification. yes Non-renewable Primary Energy (PE) Primary Energy Renewable (PER) Generation of renewable energy
- 7. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017
- 8. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017 PHPP is right! Consumption is low Comfort is good People are satisfied
- 9. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017 PHPP is right! Consumption is low Comfort is good People are satisfied
- 10. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017
- 11. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017 Critical Period without Night- ventilation It’s not always possible for night- ventilation through windows
- 12. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017
- 13. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017 PH goes slowly into Summer (the thermal mass effect)
- 14. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017 PH responds quickly to active cooling
- 15. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017 PH goes slowly into Autumn (the thermal mass effect)
- 16. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017 PH goes slowly into Autumn (the thermal mass effect)
- 17. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017
- 18. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017 2016 Month TOTAL PHPP MEASURED COOLING PHPP COOLING MEASURED JUNE 2016 251,31 195,55 48,71 35,07 JULY 2016 381,26 246,40 171,90 55,51 AUGUST 2016 368,42 251,85 159,06 58,90 SEPTEMBER 2016 216,93 204,65 14,33 7,75 OCTOBER 2016 217,36 186,11 - 1,69 Total measured cooling consumption
- 19. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017 Data measured: Indoor/Outdoor Tmp Indoor/outdoor Hum Cooling Consumption (electricity)
- 20. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017 Athens-Jessica measured Latitude ° 37,9 Longitude ° 23,73 Altitude [m] 15 Name of locationAthens-Jessica measuredΔTSummer [K] Exterior temperature 9,9 9,9 12,7 15,7 20,6 27,8 29,3 28,9 24,1 Radiation North 16,0 20,0 29,0 36,0 46,0 51,0 49,0 39,0 30,0 Radiation East 45,0 44,0 79,0 98,0 115,0 121,0 129,0 123,0 86,0 Radiation South 106,0 88,0 120,0 105,0 92,0 84,0 91,0 112,0 120,0 Radiation West 43,0 48,0 79,0 95,0 115,0 119,0 124,0 121,0 92,0 Horizontal radiation 66,0 76,0 132,0 168,0 206,0 224,0 232,0 210,0 153,0 Dew point temperature 4,7 4,3 6,4 8,4 11,5 14,3 15,7 15,6 14,7 Sky temperature -2,3 -1,7 0,1 2,2 6,5 10,4 12,6 11,1 10,5 Specific building characteristics with reference to the treated floor area Treated floor area m² 114,6 Criteria Fullfilled? 2 Space heating Heating demand kWh/(m²a) 11 ≤ 15 - Heating load W/m² 11 ≤ - - Space cooling Cooling & dehum. demand kWh/(m²a) 15 ≤ Cooling load W/m² 10 ≤ - Frequency of overheating (> 25.2072070029144 °C) % - ≤ - - Frequency excessively high humidity (> 12 g/kg) % 0 ≤ 10 yes Airtightness Pressurization test result n50 1/h 0,6 ≤ 1,0 yes PE demand kWh/(m²a) 88 ≤ - - PER demand kWh/(m²a) 49 ≤ 53 49 kWh/(m²a) 67 ≥ 60 56 2 Empty field: Data missing; '-': No requirement yes Alternative criteria yes Non-renewable Primary Energy (PE) Primary Energy Renewable (PER) Generation of renewable energy Internal heat gains 64283 Utilisation pattern: 10-Dwelling Values: 2-Standard 20,0 Interior temp. summer [°C]: 25,2 3,0 IHG cooling case [W/m²]: 3,0 Occupancy 204 Mechanical cooling: x 3 1-Standard (only for residential buildings) DE-Germany Passive House Institute Rheinstr. 44/46 Darmstadt HessenCalibration of Climate Data in PHPP according to measures
- 21. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017 Data from Minisplit Manufacturer
- 22. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017 Credits : Jürgen Schnieders Measured data, connected into PHPP Average Internal Temperature °C 25,21 Jun Jul Aug Sep Average External Temperature °C 28,64 27,91 27,46 24,25 Whole Months 26,38 27,91 27,50 22,78 The extraordinary performance of the Minisplit ONLY RESIDENCE COOLING (84,92 m2 TFA) kWh kWh/(m²a) SEER kWh kWh/(m²a) SEER Cooling Measured 1.207,73 10,5 8,87 1.207,73 12,74 8,87 Cooling Demand PHPP 1480 12,9 Dehumidification PHPP 75 Total PHPP 1555 1.152,63 12,16 Difference 29% -5%
- 23. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017 Better Distribution of cooling
- 24. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017 Keep it simple, stupid Fan 250m3/h Fan Minisplit 500m3/h Better Distribution of cooling
- 25. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017
- 26. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017 Comparing direct electricity heating with minisplit
- 27. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017 Comparing direct electricity heating with minisplit
- 28. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017 2017 Month TOTAL PHPP MEASURED HEATING PHPP HEATING MEASURED JAN 2017 402,32 448,24 137,96 217,08 FEB 2017 361,14 336,24 131,05 117,53 MAR 2017 269,61 265,89 60,26 53,69 2016 Month TOTAL PHPP MEASURED HEATING PHPP HEATING MEASURED NOVEMBER 2016 237,57 237,60 2,96 33,28 DECEMBER 2016 390,48 402,90 98,12 185,56
- 29. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017 Thermographic Examination Inside Winter : Ext.Temp= 0°C Summer: Ext.Temp= 36°C
- 30. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017
- 31. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017
- 32. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017
- 33. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017 Credits : Wolfgang Feist Passive House +RES Always an Advantage!
- 34. IPHC17 Vienna Austria Cooling & Dehumidification Workshop Author : Stefan Pallantzas ©Passivistas2017 Thank You! Passive House Live in comfort! Save Energy! Save the planet!
Editor's Notes
- My name is Stefan Pallantzas, I’m president of the board of the Hellenic Passivehouse Institute and of the “Passivistas design team” and I’m glad to be here to present to you “Passivistas: The House Project”; I will short remind you some data about the project and then I will present you the data collected this past year. This project is an energy upgrade and retrofit of a typical 142 m2 single-family + Office house of the ‘60s in Greece according to the Passive House standard.
- The building is located in Athens, which is in the middle of Greece and has a mild climate; so the goal was to eliminate the need for conventional heating & minimize the need for air conditioning. It is located in the Papagou Municipality, on the western slope of mount Ymittos.
- The building was built back in 1964 on a 520 m2 corner plot the two street façades are looking south-east and north-east. So the orientation was theoretically not perfect.
- It consists of two units: on the 1st floor there is a 98.80 m2 typical private residence with 2 bedrooms, a bathroom, a separate kitchen and a living room entrance area. Its layout was not altered much, apart from this wall that separated the kitchen from the living room which was demolished to increase the flow of southern light towards the living room and there is a separate 43.60 m2 storage/boiler room on the ground floor; this one was converted into an office, the HPHI’s headquarters.
- The existing building was of massive construction (reinforced concrete slabs, columns and beams –marked in black- and perforated brick walls – marked in grey. It was completely uninsulated, as you can probably guess seeing the heating & cooling demand values and it’s airtightness Windows were wooden and single glazing. There was a conventional heating system with oil boiler and radiators + a big stove. There were also 3 Minisplit Units for cooling the house. An Exterior Insulation Finishing System was applied … and you can see the thermal envelope boundary marked in orange. All thermal bridges were improved , triple glazing high performance PVC and Aluminium windows were installed. Two separate HRV systems (one in the house and one in the office) and a 30m long ground heat exchanger were installed. During first winter the house was heated through direct preheating in the Ventilation system. After March 2016 one minisplit was installed in the livingroom of the residence and after August 2016 the second one in the office.
- According to (updated) PHPP calculations the energy balance of the building after the Renovation is the following. The cooling period was less than 4 months. After installing the PV , the building is an ENERPHIT PLUS Building, the first certified globally, according to PHI’s data.
- We have a pretty good measuring system in the building. We can measure all electrical consumptions separately , Temperature, humidity and CO2 , as I showed you, in three points in the building and one point outside. All data are collected in cloud and we can download and compare any kind of them. We also use some simple automatizations to control the HVAC units, the ventilation system, the shading. We haven’t reached yet our goal to create a single platform for all data and automatizion , but we are close to it.
- These are the total results of the consumption of the building for 2016 compared to the updated PHPP. As you can see, the results are pretty good. There are some differences in February, April and July/August, but there are reasons for that. February 2016 was the hottest February since having measured data in Athens April is always for us minus one week because of the conference. July/August were hot enough , but as you will see later , our Splits are better than predicted in PHPP. We didn’t cool the office until the second week of August.
- Also the temperatures measured inside and outside the building were very close to the ones used in PHPP, especially in the second part of the year. Lowest average daily temperature during winter was 20°C and highest average daily temperature measured in summer was 25,70°C. Again here we can see that February was extremely warmer than normal (+4°C in average). During summer the average external temperatures were close to the phpp data, but the hot peaks were lower.
- On the 30th of March the designed 2kW split unit for cooling was installed in the living room of the residence. The cooling period for the residence started at June 19th and ended at September 9th. Given EER was 8,53!!!
- According to PHPP calculations there is a critical period without night ventilation, where active cooling is a must. Mainly this could happen in the end of summer in August. So we where sure at the beginning that the split will work mainly during nights in this period. Was it so?
- It was so and in praxis, this first summer, it happened 3 periods. The active cooling period for the residence started at June 18th and ended at September 9th. The average temperature of the residence (living room) was 25,2°C. The average temperature in the bedroom was 0,5°C higher, but still comfortable. The average temperature in the office (after active cooling started) was 1,5°C lower.
- This is the beginning of summer, a warm day of June and as you see the house is not responding to the increase of external temperature , mainly because of it’s orientation, the thermal mass of the walls , which is still charged and the good summer shading. The Timeline of the house is the following : We both wake up early in the morning (internal Temp is around 24-25 degrees) and leave the residence at 8.30am the latest (me). We close all shading devices, so there is no sun coming in until 5.00 pm. When we come back , internal temperature is around 25-26 degrees. Of course we open some of the blinds to the north and east and half to the south. If needed we start cooling the residence via the split (set in 23-24 degrees in econo mode). This can happen for 2-3 hours. Then , if outside is chilly we open windows and ventilate. If not , we continue with active cooling.
- Here you can see how quickly responded the residence at the beginning of active cooling and how quick also the temperature goes to its normal, because of the thermal mass, after cooling is off. Here you can also see , how the bedroom responds to active cooling.
- On the other hand the house went very slow out of the summer, again because of the thermal mass …
- … and the small chances to passively cool the house via night (or early morning) ventilation (because of high temps).
- On August,7th a second 2kW split unit was installed in the office. The Total Cooling demand measured during the 4 months (1/6-30/9) was 1.208 kWh and this comparing to the PHPP calculation (1.555 kWh) was better. This has to do with the better performance of the split units. This second summer in front of us we will have a chance to improve more our predictions.
- So let’s really see the results. And here you can see a …disaster! Our predictions are far away from the measured!!! What happened? Was the summer not so hot? Are the splits better than thought? Let us take a closer look!
- These are our data in one graph.
- Now let’s play a little bit with PHPP (between us , this is the most excited part of the game !!!!) Calibrated Climate Data /Internal Temperature New PHPP results according to measures.
- Now let’s take the data given by the minisplit manufacturer and check if it’s true.
- We’ve tried to “calculate” the performance of the residence Split Unit. The SEER given by the manufacturer was nearly 9. Our prediction in the PHPP was 4. I think we were right and that is the way we should do it, although measurements show the extra ordinary performance of the Unit. In the results you see a difference of 29% between PHPP and Measures, which is in the range of acceptance. In reality this difference was lower last summer, because , as already told , we’ve started with cooling the office after August 9th, so the measured cooling was for the first 2 months only for the residence. Which reduces the difference down to 5%. I believe the truth is somewhere in the middle. The interesting information for you is that the total cooling cost of the building was less than 30 euros for last summer.
- What we want to improve in the future is the distribution of the system. Ideas like this are very interesting for cases like ours. Another interesting idea for warm climates will be presented by italian friends tomorrow in Session 07 in the afternoon. But…
- In our case we can also find simple and cheap solutions, like putting these through wall silent fans and distribute the air better.
- Although the workshop is for cooling, please allow me to tell also some things about the last winter, where we used the same minisplit for heating. In Greece there is a general mentality who says “ ok, I use AC for cooling , because I haven’t any other solution, but for heating I want something else, not the AC”. I’m sure that in similar climates you have the same problem. This is why people don’t know the functionality of the passive house and think like having a conventional house. So let’s go to last winter, the coldest winter since 20 years in Athens. And here you see the total temperature measurements. As you see , the building was always clearly over 20 degrees.
- Using only the one single 2KW minisplit, now for heating the residence, it’s interesting to compare the two winters we have lived in the house. And as you see , although the winter was colder , the inside situation is much better and stable.
- The results of January 2016, although it was a very cold month, show that the use of the minisplit for heating the building is fantastic! The difference in daily consumption was over 35% (9,4kWh compared to 14,8kWh), as you can see in these Figures
- Total consumption for heating last winter was 103 euros. COP of the units around 3.15 (3,32 predicted)
- Here you see the internal surfaces of the residence. As you see, temperature differences are very low, which is the big advantage of a passive house.
- But now we will need less, much less. In January 2017 the designed PV-system of 14 panels (3,5 kWp) was installed on the roof of the building. As you can see , we didn’t penetrate the insulation for installing the panels, in order not to have any problems with rainwater and thermal bridges. It is expected to cover all the electricity needs of the building and so this will be an EnerPHit Plus Building, the first certified globally.
- This is the PHPP calculation for the PV system, which makes the building EnerpHit Plus.
- And these are the measurements of Production vs. Consumption during the last two months. Since March 15 we constantly produce more than we consume.
- And as Wolfgang Feist said : Passive House+ RES vs. Low Energy House+ RES in Athens. Still has #passivehouse big advantage.
- Thank You.