1. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS ON BULLETS
1. Souvenir Bullet- lodged and remained in the
body
2. Bullet Migration- not lodged in a place where it
was previously located
Bullets Embolism- carried by circulating blood
to some parts of the body
3. Tandem Bullet- two or more bullets leaving the
barrel one after another

2. GUNSHOT WOUND IS SUICIDAL
1. In a CLOSED LOCKED room;
2. Death WEAPON is almost always found NEAR the victim.
(cadaveric spasm);
3. MUZZLE in CONTACT with the part of the body;
4. Entry ACCESSIBLE to the wounding hand;
5. Usually SOLITARY;
6. Compatible TRAJECTORY ;
7. Personal HISTORY;
8. Presence of GUNPOWDER in the hands;
9. Entrance wound do not usually involve CLOTHINGS;
10. FINGERPRINTS on the butt;
11. Suicide NOTE; and
12. No DISTURBANCE in the place of death.

3. GUNSHOT WOUND IS HOMICIDAL
1. No point of ELECTION;
2. Usually at some
DISTANCE;
3. DEFENSE wounds;
4. DISTURBANCE of
surroundings;
5. Firearm NOT FOUND;
and
6. TESTIMONY of witness.

4. GUNSHOT WOUND IS ACCIDENTAL
1. ONE shot;
2. No SPECIAL area of the
body;
3. Testimony of assailant in
relation to the RELATIVE
positions of both;
4. TESTIMONY of witness.

5. PHYSICIAN’S REPORT
1.
2.
Complete DESCRIPTION of the wound
LOCATION
a) Part of the body
b) Distance from the mid-line
c) Distance from the heel or buttock
3. DIRECTION and LENGTH of bullet tract
4. ORGANS or TISSUES INVOLVED
5. LOCATION of missile if lodged;
6. DIAGRAM, PHOTOGRAPH, SKETCH or
DRAWING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
TO ANSWER IN COURT
Could the weapon inflict the wound?
What Range?
DIRECTION of the fire.
Possibility that the wound is self inflicted.
Signs of struggle.
Resistance after the injury.
Died instantaneously.
Relative positions of the involved

6. LENGTH OF TIME FA HAD BEEN FIRED
1. Odor of the gas inside the barrel
2. Chemical changes inside the barrel
3. Evidences that may be deduced from
the wound
 Can the direction of the shot be determined from the
direction from which the shot came from? Not possible
 Can the firearm be identified by the sound of the
discharge? Impossible. Accustomed-may be

7. GUNSHOT WOUND MAY NOT BE A NEAR FIRE OR MAY
NOT APPEAR TO BE A NEAR FIRE
1. Device is set up to enable it to be discharged at a long range by
the victim;
2. GSW entry not a near shot because clothings are interposed
between the victim and the firearm;
3. Physician failed to distinguish between near or far shot wound;
and
4. Products of a near shot has been washed out of the wound.

8. AUTOMATIC PISTOLS VERSUS REVOLVER
1. Location of the empty shells- driven out/inside cylindrical chamber
2. Nature of the spent bullet- copper jacketed/no such coating
3. Nature of the base of the cartridge or spent shell- no difference/
wider diameter than that of the cylindrical body

9. X-RAY EXAMINATIONS MAY
1. Location and extraction of the
bullet;
2. Reveal fragmentation and their
location
3. Show bone involvement
4. Reveal trajectory
5. Show the effects of the bullet
wound

10. SHOTGUN
•
•
•
Shoulder-fired
Smooth barrel
One or more round balls or
pellets
CLASSES OF SHOT
•
•
•
•
Bird shot- 0.05 to 0.15 “ diameter,
from 200 to 400 shots
Buckshot- 0.24 to 0.33 “ in diameter,
fewer shots. 12 gauge- 9 shots
Single projectile- single shot or slug
LETHAL RANGE- an area of 35 to 40 “ in diameter at 30
to 40 yards

11. SHOTGUN WOUND OF ENTRANCE
1. Contact or Near Contact Shot (not more than 6 in)greater quantity of gunpowder in the cartridge, more
damage due to muzzle blast, flame and gunpowder at the
site of the wound;
a) perpendicular to the skin- round and when made in
acute angle- oval;
b) entrance wound- burned, width increases as the
muzzle-skin distance increases;
c) blackening due to smoke;
d) GP tattooing is densely located;
e) contusion of the tissue blackened by GP;
f) singeing of the hair (less than 6”);
g) subcutaneous and deeper tissues are severely
disrupted;
h)blood tissues along the bullet tract shows presence
of carbon monoxide; and
i) Wad of its fragments together with shot may be
recovered from the bullet tract

12. SHOTGUN WOUND OF ENTRANCE
2. Long Range Shot (more than 6 in)
a) at 2-3 „ muzzle skin distance- single wound of
entry;
b) at 3-4 „- wound is usually serrated or scalloped
circumference (rat hole);
c) 1t 5-6 „ the wad tends to produce independent
injury;
d) at 6‟- shots begin to separate from the
conglomerate shot and at 10‟- independent wound of
entry (billiard ball “ricochette effect”);
e) smudging due to smoke up to 15 “;
f) gunpowder tattooing may be detected up to 24 “
g) in an unchoked shotgun, muzzle-target distance is:
{distance between the 2 farthest shots in inches and
subtract one (distance is in yards)}

13. Measure the distance between the two farthest shot (pellets) in inches and subtract
one , the number thus obtained will give the muzzle-target distance in yards.
The character of the wound and the degree of dispersal is influenced by the
muzzle-target distance, gauge of the shotgun, degree of choke and the type of
ammunition.
A close shot produces more serious injuries because the shots are concentrated on
a specific target and because of greater kinetic energy of the pellets.
DETERMINATION OF THE PRESENCE OF GUNPOWDER COMPONENTS AND
PRIMER COMPONENTS
Importance of determining the Gunpowder on the Skin of the Victim:
1. Determination of the distance of the gun muzzle from the victim‟s body when
fired:
* distribution of the gun powder is more at the upper portion of the
wound of entrance, due to the upward position of the gun muzzle when
fired.

14. * presence of gunpowder at or near the wound of entrance shows
that the gun muzzle when fired is not more than 24 inches
* absence will not prelude near fire
* less powder particles at the wound of entrance is observed in
smokeless powder as compared with black powder.
2. Determining whether a person has fired a firearm
* dorsum of the hands are examined to determine the presence
of gunpowder
BASIS OF THE TESTS
* two types of residues are liberated when gun is discharged
- metallic residues- from the primer which is not only blown
forward towards the target from the muzzle
but also backward in the direction of the
shooter
- particles of burned , burning and unburned (propellant) – also
in the same direction as the metallic residue

15. Procedures in Determining the Presence of Gunpowder
1. Gross Examination or Examination with the Use of Hand Lens:
* Fine black powder particles of varying sizes may be seen at the region of
the wound entrance,on the dorsum of the hands or at the outer surface of the
wearing apparel of the victim.
* not conclusive
2. Microscopic Examination
a) Laboratory Test to Determine Firearm Residues
* there is inference of contact or near distance of the gun muzzle to
the skin when there is burning,tattooing and smudging visible
through the naked eye.
* burning and then tattooing will gradually disappear as the
muzzle distance increases.
* powder tattooing will gradually spread out to a greater area
until no longer detectible.
* minute particles of burning and unburned residues and primer
constituents can be detected in the laboratory.

16. * same test may also be applied on the dorsum of the hand of the
person who may have fired the gun
* test is not conclusive
* test may involve the determination of the presence of gunpowder
residues of primer components
Tests for the Presence of Powder Residues
1. On the Skin (Dorsum of the Hand or Site of the Wound of Entrance)
a) Dermal Nitrate ( Paraffin test, Diphenylamine test,Lung‟s Test or
Gonzales Test – back of the fingers and of the hand up to the region
of the wrist is coated with paraffin, heated at temp
of 150 degrees fahrenheit.
- when hardened and cooled off, some of the powder
particles will be extracted and embedded in the paraffin cast.
- cast will solidify after which it is removed from the
hand or site of wound entrance, inner aspect of cast
is treated with Lung‟s reagent, and will indicate a
blue reaction of the minute particles that may contain nitrate or nitrite.

17. - test is not conclusive
- negative result is also non conclusive
- test will also give positive result even after three days or even
hand has been subjected to ordinary washing
- subjection of a suspect to the test is not self-incriminatory as
act is purely mechanical and does not require use of mental
faculties
2.On Clothings (esp Colored Ones)
Walker‟s Test ( C acid , H acid test) – uses glossy photographic paper
Tests for the Presence of Primer Components
1. Harrison and Gilroy Test – cloth is treated with reagents to detect the
presence of a primer component
- reagent sodium rhodinate yields red if lead and
and barium are present
- blue- violet will appear when an additional of
1.5 hydrochloric acid is added to the red area if
lead is present
- bright pink if barium is present
2. Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) –sample is obtained from the hands by the
use of paraffin or by washing the hand with dilute

18. - exposed to a radiaton from a nuclear reactor that
emits neutrons.
- technique is extremely sensitive and a very small amount
can be detected
- very expensive and is unable to detect if there is lead
-test requires access to a nuclear reactor
3. Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS) – sample of handwashing
is subjected to a temp to vaporize the metallic elements
of the primer residue
- quick, sensitive and employs equipment within the economic means of a modern size crime lab.
- it can detect the presence of barium, antimony and lead
4. Use of Scanning Electron Microscope with a Linked X-ray Analyzer- adhesive
material is used to remove any residue particles from the
hand
- analysis of the particles with X-ray analyzer will confirm
their identification
- method appears to be more specific but seldom used as
the initial equipment is expensive and requires a longer
period of time to analyze a case

19. FIREARM IDENTIFICATION
The following factors must be utilized in the identification of the firearm used in the
commission of crime:
1. Caliber of the Weapon – firearm may be identified by its caliber
- may be determined from the firearm itself, from the
shell, bullet, cartridge or from the character of the
wound entrance
2. Fingerprints – may be found in the butt of the firearm or at the trigger and
its guard
- fingerprints found may distinguish homicidal or suicidal
nature of death
3. Fouling of the Barrel – pertains to the characteristic odor of the smoke
inside the barrel of the firearm recently fired
4. Serial Number – for purposes of identification
- may be tampered by the offender

20. Procedure of restoring Serial Number if Tampered
A) Cleaning – site of the number should be cleaned
- all oil, dirt, grease and paint should be removed with gasoline,
xylol and acetone
B) Polishing – most important
- medium to fine grade carborondum cloth should be used
- area should always have the mirror-like surface
C) Etching – solution is swabbed continously until the numbers appear
- may take several hours
- etching solutions includes hydrochloric acic 80cc, distilled water
60 cc, ethyl alcohol 50 cc, copper chloride 10 grams
D) Ballistics Examination – Ballistics is the study of physical forces reacting on
projectiles or missiles.
- Forensic Ballistics conventi onally known asfirearm
identification. Deals with examination of fired bullets
and cartridge cases in a particular gun to the exclusion of others

21. Ballistics May Be Subdivided into Three Separate and Distinct Area of Study
1) Interior Ballistics ( Internal Ballistics) – deals with what happened to the
cartridge and its bullet from the time the trigger of the
gun is pulled until the bullet exits from the barrel
- deals with the study of what happened in the chamber and gun barrel after pulling the
trigger
2) Exterior Ballistics (External Ballistics) – deals with what happened to the
bullet or projectile from the moment it leaves the gun
barrel to the moment of impact on the target or object
- concerned with the flight of the
bullet and the influence of all factors in its flight.
3) Terminal Ballistics – effect of the bullet on the target or until it comes to rest
a) Medical Ballistics – form of terminal ballistics
- person is the target
- concerned with the penetration , severity, and the
appearance of the wound due to bullet or missile

22. Basic Principles Involved in Firearm Identification
1) The quality of metal in the manufacture of the firearm is very much harder and
resistant to deformity as compared with the quality of metal used in the manufacture
of the cartridge, so that in the process of contact between the part of the gun
involved and the cartridge , the surfaces condition of the part of the gun can easily
be impressed on the shell or bullet.
2) For reasons known only to the manufacturer, firearms have certain physical
characteristics of certain type of caliber which differentiate it from others. This
includes the number of lands and grooves, the direction of the twist, width of the
individual land or groove, style of the cannelure, etc., which become the basis of
class characteristics in the firearm identification.
3) No two firearms can be manufactured with identical surface characteristics. Each
firearm on close examination will show the differences. Marks on the different bullets
or shells fired from one firearm have similar characteristics when viewed in the
comparison microscope. Marks on different bullets or shells fired from different
firearms will show variation in the findings. This is referredto as individual
characteristics.

23. Instruments used in Firearm Identification
1) Comparison Microscope – consists of two compound microscopes which
allows comparison of two objects by looking
through a single eyepiece
2) Bullet Recovery Box – used for the recovery of the test bullet and shell
- test shell and bullet may be used for comparison with
the evidence bullet or shell
3) Hand Lens
4) Sharp pointed instrument for scraping I.D. marks
5) Caliper
6) Analytical Balance
Types of Marking on the Examination through the Comparison Microscope
1) Impression Type Mark ( Stamp Mark) – forcible application of a hard surface
against a softer one leaving an impression on the softter surface
2)