Proteins can be attached to a membrane in a variety of ways. How doe.pdf

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Proteins can be attached to a membrane in a variety of ways. How does the mode of attachment relate to their function? Solution Membrane proteins are very important for different type of cellular functions like a transport signalling pathways and cell adhesion etc…. proteins are interacting with membrane in different types Some proteins are associated with cytoplasmic face of the cell membrane; some proteins are associated with extracellular face of the plasma membrane (peripheral proteins) and integral or intrinsic proteins. Extrinsic proteins do not interact with the hydrophobic core of the phospholipids bilayer. Example porins are transmembrane proteins that play a major role in water transport Prostaglandin H2 extracellular membrane bounded protein that is associated with surface of the plasma membrane. Play major role in inflammation..

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Discuss the role of proteins in membrane structure and transport of molecules across the membrane? (AP Biology II Free Response Question) Solution These three macromolecules together to form a complex phospholipid bilayer in which periplasmic proteins are distributed in a mosaic manner. The large fluid mosaic structure is formed from these macromolecules composed of phospholipid bilayers with protein channels for the transport of organic & inorganic nutrients including trace metal. Normally, the essential aspects of these structures composed of \"porins, protein channels, integral proteins” that dictate their function for the selective permeability, diffusion of nutrients across the membrane into & out of the cell finally to attain homeostasis Membrane phospholipids are the molecules with hydrophillic polar heads towards the solvent such as water whereas hydrophobic tail located towards the center of the layer and this bilayer formed by micelles, as fatty acids possess one polar associated with another nonpolar head. Biological lipid bilayers are composed of phospholipids to form spontaneously into bilayers because the hydrophobic tails, which associate as \"amphiphilic phospholipids\" with hydrophilic phosphate head. Cell membrane possesses a property known as selective permeability. Cell membrane consists of phopholipid bilayer that also include several of the transmembrane proteins, ion channels etc. Small, non-polar molecules with hydrophobic nature diffuse more easily into the cell membrane. Similarly, proteins interact and assemble themselves to form several layers of structures in our body. Small particles are such as oxygen and CO2, urea can cross the lipid bilayer easily through diffusion compared to glucose (channel mediated-sodium dependent transport into the cell), amino acids (channel mediated) and various ions etc. Atoms that can form hydrogen bonding or electrostatic interactions arranged in complementary fashion to create a hydrophobic pore. Within the cell membrane, the tail portions (lipid region) bonded together and the head portions (hydrophilic region) exposed into cell interior and exterior, which is very essential for the selective permeability of cell membrane. Membrane proteins can contain several transmembrane elements for example G-protein coupled receptors contain 7-transmembrane regions with helical protein subunits. These membrane proteins can occupy only one side of the membrane but majority to the internal surface & some of these proteins are in the membrane are locked into the membrane for ligand binding via other cross-linking membrane proteins or by polar phospholipid heads with ionic interactions. Majority of transmembrane poritens are three dimentional with \"alpha-helical sheets\" in their structure These proteins of mosaic model possess significant characteristics in pertinent to a lot of cellular processes such as cell-cell signaling, cellular apoptosis followed by cell death, membrane budding, and biol.

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Which asymmetric cryptosystem is used for digital signatures? A. DES B. SHA1 C. Diffie-Hellman D. ECC Solution D. Elliptic curve cryptosystems (ECC) is an asymmetric cryptosystem created in the 1980s to create and store digital signatures in a small amount of memory. Answer A is incorrect because DES is a symmetric algorithm. Answer B is incorrect because SHA1 is a hashing algorithm. Answer C is incorrect because Diffie-Hellman is used for key exchange..

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Which of the following distinguishes prophase of meiosis I from prophase of mitosis? homologous chromosomes pair up spindle forms nuclear membrane breaks down chromosomes become visible Solution In meiosis there are two successive divion occure, meiosis I(which is reduction division) and meiosis II (similar division). While meiosis II is similar to mitosis,Meiosis I is a eventfull cell divion, divided into 4 phases....Prophase1, metaphase 1,Anaphase 1 and telophase 1. Prophase 1 of MEIOSIS 1 divided into following subphases- LEPTONEMA, ZYGONEMA, PACHYNEMA, DIPLOTENE and DIAKINESIS. In zygotene or Zygonema homologous chromosome(paternally derrived and maternally derrived) pair and form synapse in the process of synapsis..

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What is meant by primary growth? What is meant by secondary growth? What are the three primary meristems? What tissue(s develop(s) from each? How does the distribution of the vascular bundles differ in monocots and dicots? Monocots: Dicots: What type of tissue comprises the bundle cap of Hellanthus? What are some differences between the xylem and the phloem? Solution 1. Primary growth refers to the growth that occurs due to cell divisions at the tips of roots and shoots , which cause them to elongate and forms primary tissue. Secondary growth refers to the one that occurs due to cell division in cambium or lateral meristem of the plant, that allows the plant to thicken..

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What to the characteristic X-ray radiation? What is the origin? Solution - Characteristics x- ray radiations are emitted from heavy elements when their electrons make transitions between the lower atomic energy levels. - the high energy electron can also cause an electron close to the neclues in a metal atom to be knocked out from its place ORIGIN Discovery. German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen is usually credited as the discoverer of x rays in 1895, because he was the first to systematically study them, though he is not the first to have observed their effects. Rountgen called them x rays after the mathematical symbol X for unknown.

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What other blood cell related problems are often seen in patients with chronic leukemia? Citereferencesplease Solution The term leukemia is referred to neoplasm of hematopoietic tissue. Unlike the solid tumors the leukemic cells diffuse into bone marrow and lymphoid tissues and spill over into blood stream to spread to various organs of the body. The leukemic cells are either mature or extremely primitive. Rich amounts of white blood cell counts in leukemia reveals the spread of tumors to peripheral blood. However, the proliferation of white blood cells is mostly confined to bone marrow and no significant increase in number of white blood cells in the blood stream can be observed. Leukemia is classified depending on the type of the cell and maturity of proliferating cell. Any type of hematopoietic cell may produce leukemia but most common types are granulocytic, monocytic and lymphocytic. The leukemia developing from stem cells produce the leukocytes containing specific granules such as neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. This type of leukemia is called granulocytic leukemia. Monocytic leukemia is developed from the precursor cells of monocytes. Lymphocytic leukemia is produced by lymphoid precursor cells. When the leukemic cells are most primitive forms the neoplasm is called acute leukemia. The leukemia with mature cells is called chronic leukemia. Chronic granulocyte leukemia is caused by circulating matured granulocytes and neutrophils along with few primitive cells. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is caused by circulating mature lymphocytes. The clinical features of leukemia are either caused by impairment of function of bone marrow or caused by infiltration of leukemic cells into viscera. The overgrowth of leukemic cells in bone marrow crowds out the normal cells leading to anemia because of inadequate production of red blood cells. Bleeding is caused by thrombocytopenia and infection resulting from insufficient numbers of white blood cells to provide protection by immune defense mechanism against pathogens. Leukemic cells spreading to other tissues may invade into spleen, liver, lymph nodes and other tissues. The chronic leukemia proceeds at a slow rate and can be controlled by treatment over long periods of time. Therefore, the patient may survive for several years. In an acute leukemia the disease is rapidly progressive and leukemic cells infiltrate bone marrow and viscera with conspicuous appearance. 1.American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2016. Atlanta, Ga: American Cancer Society; 2016. 2. Byrd JC, Brown JR, O\'Brien S, et al. Ibrutinib versus ofatumumab in previously treated chronic lymphoid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jul 17;371(3):213-23. Epub 2014 May 31. 3. Byrd JC, Furman RR, Coutre SE, et al. Targeting BTK with ibrutinib in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jul 4;369(1):32-42. Epub 2013 Jun 19. 4. Byrd JC, Flynn JM. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In: Niederhuber JE,Armitage JO, Doroshow .

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