GraphDB in PHP
Alessandro Nadalin David Funaro
1

Agenda
•Theory
•When to use a graph?
•Why graphDB?
•The graphDB community
•OrientDB
•OrientDB in PHP
•Demo
2

Essential (Theory)
3

Essential (Theory)
G=
Graph
3

Essential (Theory)
G = (V,
Vertex
Graph
3

Essential (Theory)
G = (V,
Vertex
Graph
A
3

Essential (Theory)
G = (V, E)
Vertex
Graph
Edge
A
3

Essential (Theory)
G = (V, E)
Vertex
Graph
Edge
A
3

Binary Relation
Hates
A B
Itchy Scratchy
4

Binary Relation
Edge
A B
Vertex Vertex
4

Graph
B E
F
A
D G
5

Undirected Graph
B E
A
D F
Example: Friendship 6

Directed Edge
A B
Vertex Vertex
7

Directed Edge
Edge
A B
Vertex Vertex
7

Directed Graph
A B
A
F
D
Example: Followee 8

Path
B E
F
A
D G
9

Path
A B D G E F
10

Graph -> GraphDB
GraphDB is a database that use the Graph
as its primary data structure
11

... when to use a graph ?

Web in ’99
13

Web in 2005
14

The social web
15

Your data is a graph
16

a tree is a graph
17

parent_id is a graph
18

Recommendations
lives in
John type shows
Mr
Fun Cinema B
Bean loca
tion
lik
Rome
es
shows Cinema A location
type
Thriller Se7en
s ho
ws
location Milan
Cinema C
19

Recommendations
lives in
John type shows
Mr
Fun Cinema B
Bean loca
tion
lik
Rome
es
type
shows Cinema A location ✓
x x
Thriller Se7en
s ho
ws
location Milan
Cinema C
20

Recommendations
lives in
John type shows
Mr
Fun Cinema B
Bean
✓ loca
tion
lik
Rome
es
type
shows Cinema A location ✓
x x
Thriller Se7en
s ho
ws
location Milan
Cinema C
21

Recommendations
lives in
John type shows
Mr
Fun Cinema B
✓
Bean
✓ loca
tion
lik
Rome
es
type
shows Cinema A location ✓
x x
Thriller Se7en
s ho
ws
location Milan
Cinema C
22

Recommendations
lives in
John
xFun
type Mr
✓
Bean
shows
Cinema B
✓ loca
tion
lik
Rome
es
type
shows Cinema A location ✓
x x
Thriller Se7en
s ho
ws
location Milan
Cinema C
23

Recommendations
lives in
John
x x x
Fun
type Mr
Bean
shows
Cinema B
loca
tion
lik
Rome
es
type
shows
✓
Cinema A location ✓
x x
Thriller Se7en
s ho
ws
location Milan
Cinema C
24

Recommendations
lives in
John
x x x
Fun
type Mr
Bean
shows
Cinema B
loca
tion
lik
Rome
es
type
shows
✓
Cinema A location ✓
✓ shows
x x
Thriller Se7en
location Milan
Cinema C
25

Recommendations
lives in
John
x x x
Fun
type Mr
Bean
shows
Cinema B
loca
tion
lik
Rome
es
type
shows
✓
Cinema A location ✓
✓ shows
x x
✓
Thriller Se7en
location Milan
Cinema C
26

Recommendations
lives in
John
x x x
Fun
type Mr
Bean
shows
Cinema B
loca
tion
lik
✓
Rome
es
type
shows
✓
Cinema A location ✓
✓ shows
x x
✓
Thriller Se7en
location Milan
Cinema C
27

Solve decision problems

Maximum flow

Given a dataset, calculate how to best organize it
maximum flow

travelling salesman problem

The pizza guy needs to deliver on A, B,C.

Decision base on distance, traffic, time and so on.

Shortest path

Identify "special" nodes of the graph

Given your dataset, organize some clusters
Are there some nodes which cannot belong to a cluster?
They probably have some properties different from the average

Given your dataset, organize some clusters
Are there some nodes which cannot belong to a cluster?
They probably have some properties different from the average
ACHTUNG!
TERRORISTEN!

but ... why graphDB?
38

Representing a Graph in:
http://www.slideshare.net/slidarko/problemsolving-using-graph-traversals-searching-
scoring-ranking-and-recommendation#
39

Representing a Graph in:
http://www.slideshare.net/slidarko/problemsolving-using-graph-traversals-searching-
scoring-ranking-and-recommendation#
✓ Relational Database
(mysql, oracle)
✓ Document Oriented DB
(mongodb, couchdb)
✓ XML Database
(MarkLogic, eXist-db)
39

where is the difference ?
40

GraphDB
A graph database is any storage
system that provides index-free
adjacency.
http://www.slideshare.net/slidarko/problemsolving-using-graph-traversals-searching-scoring-ranking-and-recommendation

Step by step example
Given a list of people, find their homepages
42

Tree-based DB WAY
1
43

Tree-based DB WAY
David Funaro
put in the Search Engine
2
1
43

Tree-based DB WAY
David Funaro
put in the Search Engine
2
find 3
1
http://davidfunaro.com
43

Tree-based DB WAY
David Funaro
The cost to find Search Engine friend HP
put in the a single
2
grows as the friends HP tables grows
find 3
1
http://davidfunaro.com
43

GraphDB WAY
it’s like that the GraphDB has an additional information
(the ancor <a>)
44

GraphDB WAY
1 get the embedded
information(index)
www.odino.org
it’s like that the GraphDB has an additional information
(the ancor <a>)
44

GraphDB WAY
The Anchor work as a local index to
reach the document = index-free
adjacency
<a href=”http://odino.org”>
Alessandro Nadalin
</a>
45

Local cost
The local cost is O(k) = Constant
46

Local cost
The local cost is O(k) = Constant
47

Local cost
48

Local cost
Thus, as the graph grows in size,
the cost of a local step remain the same
48

any database can implicity represent a
graph
BUT
only a graph database make the graph
structure explicit
49

Benchmark
Deph RDBMS Graph
1 100ms 30ms
• 1 Million Vertex
• 4 Million Edge
2 1000ms 500ms
• Scale Free Tolopogy
3 10000ms 3000ms
• Postgres VS Neo4J
4 100000m 50000ms
s • Both Hash and BTree
5 N/A 100000m
s
50
http://markorodriguez.com/2011/02/18/mysql-vs-neo4j-on-a-large-scale-graph-traversal/

community that is building and feeding the GraphDB ecosystem
GraphDB community
ThinkerPop
Stack
Databases

data model and their
implementation
Blueprints is a collection of interfaces, implementations,
ouplementations, and test suites for the property graph data
model. Blueprints is analogous to the JDBC, but for graph
databases.
https://github.com/tinkerpop/blueprints/wiki/

a data flow Framework using Process Graph
provide a collection of "pipes" that are
connected togheter to from processing
pipelines

a graph-based programming language.
a Turing-Complete graph-base programming language
that compiles Gremlin syntax down to Pipes

a REST-full graph shell.
Allow blueprints graph to be exposed
through a RESTful API (HTTP)

What's hot

OrientDB

Glossary
RID
<10:05>
Cluster Position
58

Glossary
RID
<10:05>
Cluster Position
CLASS
58

Main features

Inheritance

class Vehicle
class Car
class Bike

class Vehicle
class Car
class Bike
SELECT FROM Vehicle WHERE owner = 1:1

class Vehicle
class Car
class Bike
can return records of class Bike or Car

Traversal

SELECT FROM fellas WHERE any() traverse(0,-1) ( @rid = [Michelle @rid] )
66

SELECT FROM fellas WHERE any() traverse(0,-1) ( @rid = [Michelle @rid] )
67

SELECT FROM fellas WHERE any() traverse(0,2) ( @rid = = [Michelle @rid] ))
SELECT FROM fellas WHERE any() traverse(0,2) ( @rid [Michelle @rid]

SELECT FROM fellas WHERE any() traverse(0,2) ( @rid = [Michelle @rid] )

SQL synthax

beyond SQL

SELECT FROM authors WHERE book.title = ...

ACID

speaks JSON

{ "schema": {
"name": "Address"
},
"result": [{
"@type": "d", "@rid": "#13:0", "@version": 6, "@class": "Address",
"type": "Residence",
"street": "Piazza Navona, 1",
"city": "#14:0",
"nick": "Luca2"
}, {
...
...

Double Protocol

HTTP

HTTP
Universal

HTTP
Easy to interact with

binary

binary
Blazing fast

on-record SELECTs

SELECT FROM cats

SELECT FROM cats

SELECT FROM 11:0

SELECT FROM 11:0

SELECT FROM [11:0,11:1]

SELECT FROM [11:0,11:1]

SELECT FROM [11:0,12:0]

SELECT FROM [11:0,12:0]

stress-free setup

2 Mb

./orient/bin/server.sh
93

in-memory DB

or disk-persisted

Supports standards Supports standards
96

•Inheritance
•Traversal
•Sql syntax like
•ACID
OrientDB •Speak JSON
•Double protocol
•on-record Select
•ThinkerPop Compliant

Oh, it's Java.
98

PHP ?

somebody started writing the
binary-protocol binding
https://github.com/AntonTerekhov/OrientDB-PHP
( beta0.4.1, 28 April 2010 )

$db = new OrientDB($host, $port);
$record = $db->recordLoad('1:1', '*:-1');
// $record instance of OrientDBRecord

and others

Orient Library
... are writing a complete library
https://github.com/congow/Orient
104

Orient = PHP Library to work with OrientDB
105

Data Mapper
Query Builder
HTTP Binding

HTTP Binding

use CongowOrient;
use CongowOrientFoundationBinding;
$driver = new OrientHttpClientCurl();
$orient = new Binding($driver, '127.0.0.1', '2480', 'admin', 'admin', 'demo');
$response = $orient->query("SELECT FROM Address");
$output = json_decode($response->getBody());
foreach ($output->result as $address)
{
var_dump($address->street);
}

use CongowOrient;
use CongowOrientFoundationBinding;
$driver = new OrientHttpClientCurl();
$orient = new Binding($driver, '127.0.0.1', '2480', 'admin', 'admin', 'demo');
$response = $orient->query("SELECT FROM Address");
$output = json_decode($response->getBody());
foreach ($output->result as $address)
{
var_dump($address->street);
}

use CongowOrient;
use CongowOrientFoundationBinding;
$driver = new OrientHttpClientCurl();
$orient = new Binding($driver, '127.0.0.1', '2480', 'admin', 'admin', 'demo');
$response = $orient->query("SELECT FROM Address");
$output = json_decode($response->getBody());
foreach ($output->result as $address)
{
var_dump($address->street);
}

use CongowOrient;
use CongowOrientFoundationBinding;
$driver = new OrientHttpClientCurl();
$orient = new Binding($driver, '127.0.0.1', '2480', 'admin', 'admin', 'demo');
$response = $orient->query("SELECT FROM Address");
$output = json_decode($response->getBody());
foreach ($output->result as $address)
{
var_dump($address->street);
}

use CongowOrient;
use CongowOrientFoundationBinding;
$driver = new OrientHttpClientCurl();
$orient = new Binding($driver, '127.0.0.1', '2480', 'admin', 'admin', 'demo');
$response = $orient->query("SELECT FROM Address");
$output = json_decode($response->getBody());
foreach ($output->result as $address)
{
var_dump($address->street); { "schema": {
"name": "Address"
} },
"result": [{
"@type": "d", "@rid": "#13:0", "@version": 6, "@class": "Address",
"type": "Residence",
"street": "Piazza Navona, 1",
"city": "#14:0",
"nick": "Luca2"
}, {
...
...

apart from ->query($SQL)

->get|delete|postClass($class)

->post|delete|put|getDocument($rid)

...and much more!
(connect, disconnect, ...)

Query Builder

use CongowOrientQuery;
$query = new Query();
$query->from(array('users'))->where('username = ?', "admin");
echo $query->getRaw();
// SELECT FROM users WHERE username = "admin"

use CongowOrientQuery;
$query = new Query();
$query->from(array('users'))->where('username = ?', "admin");
echo $query->getRaw();
// SELECT FROM users WHERE username = "admin"

use CongowOrientQuery;
$query = new Query();
$query->from(array('users'))->where('username = ?', "admin");
echo $query->getRaw();
// SELECT FROM users WHERE username = "admin"

use CongowOrientQuery;
$query = new Query();
$query->from(array('users'))->where('username = ?', "admin");
echo $query->getRaw();
// SELECT FROM users WHERE username = "admin"

$query->select(array('name', 'username', 'email'), false)
->from(array('12:0', '12:1'), false)
->where('any() traverse ( any() like "%danger%" )')
->orWhere("1 = ?", 1)
->andWhere("links = ?", 1)
->limit(20)
->orderBy('username')
->orderBy('name', true, true)
->range("12:0", "12:1");
SELECT name, username, email
FROM [12:0, 12:1]
WHERE any() traverse ( any() like "%danger%" )
OR 1 = "1" AND links = "1"
ORDER BY name, username
LIMIT 20
RANGE 12:0 12:1

Data Mapper

A Doctrine2 strange ODM

namespace PolandPHPConEntity;
use CongowOrientODMMapperAnnotations as ODM;
/**
* @ODMDocument(class="Person")
*/
class Speaker
{
/**
* @ODMProperty( type="string")
*/
protected $name;
public function setName($name)
{
$this->name = $name;
}

namespace PolandPHPConEntity;
use CongowOrientODMMapperAnnotations as ODM;
/**
* @ODMDocument(class="Person")
*/
class Speaker
{
/**
* @ODMProperty(type="string")
*/
protected $name;
public function setName($name)
{
$this->name = $name;
}

namespace PolandPHPConEntity;
use CongowOrientODMMapperAnnotations as ODM;
/**
* @ODMDocument(class="Person")
*/
class Speaker
{
/**
* @ODMProperty(type="string")
*/
protected $name;
public function setName($name)
{
$this->name = $name;
}

namespace PolandPHPConEntity;
use CongowOrientODMMapperAnnotations as ODM;
/**
* @ODMDocument(class="Person")
*/
class Speaker
{
/**
* @ODMProperty(type="string")
*/
protected $name;
public function setName($name)
{
$this->name = $name;
}

Domain Driven Design

{ "schema": {
"name": "Speaker"
},
"result": [{
"@type": "d", "@rid": "#1:0", "@version": 6, "@class": "Speaker",
"name": "David Coallier"
}, {
...
...

{ "schema": {
"name": "Speaker"
},
"result": [{
"@type": "d", "@rid": "#1:0", "@version": 6, "@class": "Speaker",
"name": "David Coallier"
}, {
...
...
$david = $mapper->hydrate(json_decode($speaker));

{ "schema": {
"name": "Speaker"
},
"result": [{
"@type": "d", "@rid": "#1:0", "@version": 6, "@class": "Speaker",
"name": "David Coallier"
}, {
...
...
$david instanceOf PolandPHPConEntitySpeaker

Repository Pattern
$repo = $manager->getRepository('Speaker')

$speakers = $repo->findAll();

$speaker = $repo->find($rid);

$criteria = array('Name' => 'Lorna');
$lornas = $repo->findBy($criteria);

$criteria = array(
'Name' => 'Lorna',
'last_name' => 'Jane'
);
$lornaJ = $repo->findOneBy($criteria);

Know your boundaries
138

https://github.com/doctrine/common/tree/master/lib/Doctrine/Common/Persistence
139

Theory sucks.
140

Demo

Demo
Menu items in RDBMS
id type page url
1 external NULL http://www.google.com
2 page 1 NULL
142

Demo
Menu items in OrientDB
Link
PageLink
rid title
{page
ExternalLink
rid title url
9:1 home 1 8:2 google google.com
143

That’s all, folks!
144

That’s all, folks!
David Funaro
@ingdavidino
http://davidfunaro.com
144

That’s all, folks!
David Funaro Alessandro Nadalin
@ingdavidino @_odino_
http://davidfunaro.com http://odino.org
144

That’s all, folks!
David Funaro Alessandro Nadalin
@ingdavidino @_odino_
http://davidfunaro.com http://odino.org
144

Credits
http://www.flickr.com/photos/sayamindu/5677281218/sizes/l/in/photostream/
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http://www.flickr.com/photos/atomdocs/3275758118/sizes/o/in/photostream/
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http://www.everaldo.com/
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http://www.flickr.com/photos/fionasjournal/379587818/sizes/z/in/photostream/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/nperlapro/1297392267/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/fastphive/28428808/sizes/m/in/photostream/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/rnugraha/2003147365/sizes/o/in/photostream/
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http://www.flickr.com/photos/greatnet/4667555436/sizes/l/in/photostream/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/mnsc/2768391365/sizes/l/in/photostream/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/christmaswithak/4675962453/sizes/l/in/photostream/
http://www.amazon.com/Trainspotting-Irvine-Welsh/dp/0393314804
http://www.flickr.com/photos/franconadalin59/5778176872/sizes/l/in/photostream/
http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5176/5474445627_875d621689_b.jpg
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http://i130.photobucket.com/albums/p266/feike1977/PES6-4-3-3defencesettings.jpg
http://images.usatoday.com/life/_photos/2006/11/30/numb3rs-topper.jpg
http://www.flickr.com/photos/jakecaptive/3205277810/sizes/l/in/photostream/