recent advances and development of composites

1. RECENT ADVANCES IN
COMPOSITE DENTAL
RESTORATIVE MATERIALS

2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Basic composition
• Advantages and limitations of composites
• Historical Evolution Of Composites
• Advances in Composites

3. INTRODUCTION TO COMPOSITES
• Aim of esthetic and restorative dentistry- replace lost or damaged
structure of tooth by artificial material which have biological,
physical and fuctional properties like natural teeth.

4. • Composites have- excellent esthetic potential, accptable longevity
and allows minimally invasive preparation.

5. •STURDEVANT
In materials and science word composite refers to a solid formed
from two or more distinct phases that have been combined to
produce properties superior to or intermediate to those of individual
constituents.

6. ADVANTAGES
• Esthetics
• Conservation
• Less complex
• Used almost universally
• Strengthening
• Bonded to tooth structure
• Repairable
• No corrosion
• No health hazard
• Cheaper then porcelain

7. BASIC COMPOSITION
MATRIX – Mostly polymer (BIS GMA)
FILLER – Glass, Quartz or Polymer
COUPLING AGENT – needed for glass or quartz fillers

8. MATRIX
A plastic resin material that forms a continuous phase and binds the
filler particles.
PRINCIPAL MONOMERS:
• BIS-GMA –aromatic-1962-”Bowen’s RESIN”
• UDMA- 1974
DILUENT MONOMERS:
• TEGDMA
• HEMA
Forms highly cross linked polymer structures

9. FILLER
•Increase strength
•Increase hardness
•Increase translucency
•Decrease water absorption
•Decrease total contraction

10. QUARTZ
• Crystalline- sillicon dioxide
•Non radiopaque composite
•Very hard
GLASSES
•Contain heavy metals- Sr, Ba, Al, Zn
•Radiopaque composite
•Fairly hard

11. COUPLING AGENT
Bonding agent that promotes adhesion between filler and matrix
Types:
• Organosilanes
•Titanates
•ZIrconates

14. LIMITATIONS
• Polymerization shrinkage
• Technique sensitive
• Higher coeff. Of thermal expansion
• Difficult, time consuming
• Increased occlusal wear
• Low modulus of elasticity
• Lack of anticariogenic property
• Staining
• Costly

15. POLYMERIZATION SHRINKAGE
• Polymerization is the chemical reaction that occurs when low
molecular weight molecules called monomers join together to form
long-chain, high molecular weight molecules called
polymers.Chemicals that cause the polymerization reaction to begin
are initiators and activators.
• Term refers to the shrinkage that occurs when the composite resin is
curedThe matrix, when cured, usually shrinks away from the cavity
walls.Material cures toward the center of the bulk of material, which
pulls the material away from the interface.Curing in small increments
(1 to 2 mm) decreases shrinkage.

18. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Invented almost 60 years back
• No one is born perfect and same goes with dental composites

19. ORIGINAL
DEVELOPMENT
1960
1950 1980
1970
2010
2000
1990

20. • The journey started way back in early 1950s with discovery of “Acid
Etching” by Michael G. Buonocore.
• He found that by applying a solution of phosphoric acid to enamel,
significant mechanical bonding of resins could be achieved.

21. • Dr. Rafael Bowen discovered Bis-GMA Bowen’s Resin
• He was the first to discover that chemically treating silica particles
would prepare their surfaces to bond with a polymer base (Bisphenol
A-glycidyl methacrylate, bis-GMA) when cured to create a strong
restorative material.

25. ORIGINAL
DEVELOPMENT
1960
1950 1980
1970
2010
2000
1990
MACROFILL
Self cured
composites

26. Macrofilled composites
• particle sizes inside the
coupling agent are plentiful and
were known for their strength
and durability.
•Filler particle size-8-12 micron
•Advantages- physical and
mechanical properties better
than unfilled acrylic resins

27. Disadvantages-
•rough surface finish and poor polishability
• more prone to staining

28. ORIGINAL
DEVELOPMENT
1960
1950 1980
1970
2010
2000
1990
MACROFILL
MIDIFILL

29. Midifill composites
Improved surface smoothness
Average particle size- 1 to 5 micron

30. ORIGINAL
DEVELOPMENT
1960
1950 1980
1970
2010
2000
1990
MACROFILL
MIDIFILL
MICROFILL

31. Microfill composites
•Also called fine finishing composites
•Size of filler- .02 to .04 micron
Main Advantage
•Polishable
•Anterior restorations

32. •problem with microfilled composites
SMALL FILLER PARTICLE high viscosity in the uncured mix
required addition of greater amount of monomer diluent and reduced filler
content which would affect the properties.

33. To circumvent this problem precured microfill composite was ground
to particle of 1-20 micron size and added as filler. This provided
strength and finishing properties both thus came to be known as
heterogenous microfills.

35. Shortcomings-
• they were weak and could not be used for posterior restorations.
• and their strength on incisal edge restorations was questionable.

36. ORIGINAL
DEVELOPMENT
1960
1950 1980
1970
2010
2000
1990
MACROFILL MIDIFILL MICROFILL
HYBRID
COMPOSITES

37. MICROHYBRIDS
• In 1990
• Highly filled microfills were difficult to use,
composites were formulaed with mixtures of
particles in microfill and 2-5micron range
• aesthetics of microfills + strength and
durability of macrofills

38. • These hybrids are called microhybrids, because they contain a
mixture of small particles (0.5 to 3.0 µm) and microfine particles (0.04
µm).
• Microhybrids can contain high filler content (70% by volume),
because microfine particles fill in spaces between small particles.

39. ORIGINAL
DEVELOPMENT
1960
1950 1980
1970
2010
2000
1990
MACROFILL MIDIFILL MICROFILL HYBRID
FLOWABLES

40. FLOWABLE
•Created for special handling
properties
•This material flows readily, spreads
uniformly and intimately adapts.

41. •Filler particle size
same as
microhybrid
•But Reduced filler
content
Decreased
viscosity

42. •Mechanical properties
less than hybrid
composites
•Higher fracture
toughness and low
modulus of elasticity
Can be used in low
stress bearing areas

43. USES
•Pit and fissure sealants
•Composite repairs
•Base in Class I and Class II Composite
•Incisal edge repair

44. ORIGINAL
DEVELOPMENT
1960
1950 1980
1970
2010
2000
1990
MACROFILL MIDIFILL MICROFILL HYBRID FLOWABLES
PACKABLES

45. PACKABLE COMPOSITES
•Paste consistency
•in posterior teeth in order to obtain
acceptable contour.
•Packables incorporate elongated,
fibrous fillers 100μm long & textured
surfaces that interlock & resist flow.

46. Advantages:
•Material is resistant to slumping but is mouldable
•Decreased Shrinkage
•Improved wear resistance

47. PRIMM – Polymeric Rigid Inorganic Matrix
Material
• DECREASED CURING SHRINKAGE
• Polymeric rigid inorganic matrix material this system also consists of a
resin and a ceramic component.
• Rather than ground filler, however, the inorganic phase consists of a
continuous network or scaffold of ceramic fibers.
• Composed of alumina and silicon dioxide, the individual fibers are
superficially fused together at selected sites, which generate a
continuous network of small chambers or cavities

48. • After silinating, the manufacturer infiltrates the spaces within the
fibrous network with an optimized BIS-GMA or UDMA resin.
• If the ceramic fiber component is maximized, most of the resin will be
located inside the scaffolding matrix. Only the interfacial regions
between the individual domains and the walls of the preparation
contain BIS-GMA resin component.
• Because of this, the curing shrinkage of the polymeric rigid inorganic
matrix material (PRIMM) can be reduced substantially.

51. INDICATIONS
• Class I Restorations
• Class II Restorations

52. ORIGINAL
DEVELOPMENT
1960
1950 1980
1970
2010
2000
1990
MACROFILL MIDIFILL MICROFILL HYBRID
FLOWABLES
PACKABLES
Mini-HYBRID

53. Mini-HYBRID
• The hybrids were improved upon by the use of even smaller particles.
• The next improvement was the introduction of the mini-microhybrids
with a particle size of 0.1 to 1 µm
• They are universal in application in that they can be used well in both
the anterior and posterior parts of the mouth.

54. ORIGINAL
DEVELOPMENT
1960
1950 1980
1970
2010
2000
1990
MACROFILL MIDIFILL MICROFILL HYBRID
FLOWABLES
PACKABLES
Mini HYBRID
CONTROLLED
SHRINKAGE

55. SILORANES
•Siloxane + Oxiranes based composites
•Ring opening monomers
Siloxanes are well known
in industrial applications
for their distinct
hydrophobicity
Oxiranes have been used
for a very long time in
many technical fields,
especially where high
forces and a challenging
physical environment are
expected

56. As silorane-based
composite polymerizes,
“ring-opening”
monomers connect by
opening, flattening and
extending toward each
other.
As methacrylate-based
composites cure, the
molecules of these
“linear monomers”
connect by actually
SHIFTING closer
together in a linear
response.

57. FILTEK-LS by 3M

58. ORIGINAL
DEVELOPMENT
1960
1950 1980
1970
2010
2000
1990
MACROFILL MIDIFILL MICROFILL HYBRID
FLOWABLES
PACKABLES
Mini HYBRID
CONTROLLED SHRINKAGE
Nano-HYBRID
COMPOSITE

59. NANOHYBRIDS
• Incorporation of nano particles in
composite formulations.
• Nanomers are 5nm to 75nm in size
nanoclusters are 0.6micron to 1.4
micron

60. • Physical and mechanical properties similar to microhybrids
• Significantly better polish and gloss retention
• Lower solubility
• Reduces scattering of curing light

63. COMPOMERS

64. COMPOMERS
• Introduced in 1994.
•An acronym of the words composite and glass ionomer .
•Formerly classified as polyacid-modified resins.
• Primarily composite resin-like materials that contain one or more
basic GIC components.
•Composed of an ion-leachable glass embedded in a polymeric matrix

67. Compomers are different from composite
• Contain monomers with acidic functional groups that can participate
in an acid/base glass ionomer reaction following polymerization of
the resin molecule.
• Lower wear resistance
• Less strength, and
• Poorer esthetics than composites.

68. Compomers are different from GIC
• A single component system
• Doesn’t contain any water thus a premature GI reaction is
prevented.
• Contain partially silanized glass particles which provide a
direct bond to the resin matrix
• The matrix is formed by a light activated, radical polymerisation
reaction.

69. BULK FILL COMPOSITES

75. GIOMERS

76. GIOMERS
• Hybrids of glass ionomers and composites
• Contain pre-reacted glass-ionomer (PRG) particles
fluoroaluminosilicate glass reacted with polyalkenoic acid
•Incorporated into silica filled urethane resin.
•Light activated ,require a bonding agent.

77. ADVANTAGES
•Fluoride release
•Fluoride recharge
•Excellent esthetics
•Easy polishability
•Biocompatibility
•Clinical Stability.

80. INDICATIONS

81. ORMOCERS
• Organically Modified Ceramic technology.
• Introduced by Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research.
• EXTREMELY LOW POLYMERIZATION SHRINKAGE
• INERT EXTREMELY BIOCOMPATIBLE as no residual monomer
EXTREMELY RESISTANT TO DISCOLOURATION
• FLOW ON DEMAND- The material becomes flowable only when under
pressure or in motion. When the application has been completed, it is
stable enough not to flow of the cavity.

83. Smart Composites are active
dental polymers that contain
bioactive amorphous calcium
phosphate (ACP) filler capable of
responding to environmental pH
changes by releasing calcium
and phosphate ions and thus
become adaptable to the
surroundings.

84. • Ivoclair introduced a material named Ariston pHC (pH control).
• Releases Fluoride & Ca Hydroxide when the pH in restoration in the
material is less than 5.5

87. ANTI- BACTERIAL COMPOSITES

88. SELF HEALING COMPOSITES
• If a crack occurs in the epoxy resin material, some of the
microcapsules are destroyed near the the crack & release the resin.
• The resin fills the crack & reacts with Grubbs catalyst dispersed in the
epoxy composite resulting in polymerization of resin & repair of crack

89. GINGIVAL MASKING COMPOSITES

90. CONCLUSION
• The development and implementation of composite dental restorative
materials rely on a comprehensive understanding of each component
of the composite and consideration of methods for changing each
component. Here, we discuss basic components of composite
restoratives and their role in the ultimate restoration. Composites are
composed of three distinct phases, each with its own role in dictating
material properties: the polymerizable resin, filler, and the filler-resin
interface.