Hydro power Nuclear power Solar power details. It consists of : 1. Conventional 2. Non-conventional 3. Nuclear 4. Solar

1. UNIT 1
EME
Prof Anurag V Srivastava

2. HYDEL

3. HYDRO
1. Energy from flowing water
2. Dam stores water and potential energy is
converted to kinetic energy with help of
turbine
3. Electricity is transmitted to sub stations.
4. More in class…

4. NUCLEAR

5. Nuclear fusion

6. Fusion
• Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic
nuclei are combined to form one or more different atomic
nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons or protons). .
• This difference in mass arises due to the difference in atomic
"binding energy" between the atomic nuclei before and after
the reaction
• To ignite and sustain required 100 million degree centigrade

7. Nuclear fission
• Utilizes energy of nucleus.
• Energy of bond is released.
• U-235 , neutron hits the uranium atom, splits it
releasing energy and heat.
• More neutrons are released and leads to another
reaction hence chain reaction.
• Utilizes to heat boiling water to form super
heated steam.
• Steam drives turbine and hence electricity.

8. NUCLEAR
• Nuclear fuel is a substance that is used in nuclear power stations to
produce heat to power turbines. Heat is created when nuclear fuel
undergoes nuclear fission.
• Most nuclear fuels contain heavy fissile elements that are capable of
nuclear fission, such as Uranium-235 or Plutonium-239
• These neutrons then go on to split more nuclei. This creates a self-
sustaining chain reaction that is controlled in a nuclear reactor, or
uncontrolled in a nuclear weapon.
• One tonne of uranium produces = millions of tonnes of coal or several
barrels of oil.
• Nuclear waste emit dangerous radiation.
• Must be sealed and kept for many yrs to allow radioactivity to go away.
• Fukishima accident in 2011.

9. Nuclear power plant

10. Ozone depletion

11. Ozone depletion
• Ozone layer is found in stratosphere.
• Due to cl and br mainly
• Saves from UV radiation.
• The main cause of ozone depletion and the ozone hole is manufactured
chemicals, especially manufactured refrigerants (chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
HCFCs, referred to as ozone-depleting substances.
• These compounds are transported into the stratosphere by the winds after
being emitted from the surface.
• Once in the stratosphere, they release halogen atoms, which catalyze the
breakdown of ozone (O3) into oxygen (O2).
• Both types of ozone depletion were observed to increase as emissions of
halocarbons increased.
• Effects on human - Skin cancer, eye cataracts, damage to immune system
• In India ban came into effect in 2010.

12. GLOBAL WARMING

13. G.H.G
• It absorbs and emits radiant energy within
the thermal infrared range. Increasing
greenhouse gas emissions cause the greenhouse
effect.
• The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's
atmosphere are water vapor, carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone.
• Without greenhouse gases, the average
temperature of Earth's surface would be about
−18 °C, rather than the present average of 15 °C

16. Solar power
• UV,VB and IR reaches the Earth’s surface.
• Solar constant value =1370 watts per square
meter
• Solar constant – It is the measure of incoming
solar irradiance per unit area perpendicular to
the ray at a distance equal to mean distance
between the Earth and the Sun.
• Direct rays and Diffused – In class

17. Flat plate collector

18. Flat Plate collector
• A solar collector is basically a flat box and are composed of three main
parts, a transparent cover, tubes which carry a coolant and an insulated
back plate.
• The solar collector works on the green house effect principle; solar
radiation incident upon the transparent surface of the solar collector is
transmitted through though this surface.
• The inside of the solar collector is usually evacuated, the energy contained
within the solar collect is basically trapped and thus heats the coolant
contained within the tubes.
• The tubes are usually made from copper, and the backplate is painted
black to help absorb solar radiation. The solar collector is usually insulated
to avoid heat losses.
• Flat-plate collectors heat the circulating fluid to a temperature
considerably less than that of the boiling point of water and are best
suited to applications where the demand temperature is 30-70°C (86-
158°F) and for applications that require heat during the winter months.

19. Parabolic focusing collector

20. Continued..
• This uses a simple concept of reflection and
absorber surface (black).
• The surface of reflected surface has a parabolic
shape.
• Solar rays after getting reflected from mirrors,
focuses on the pipe or object
• The pipe or object on which rays are falling is
black in colour and absorbs all the heat and
hence increases its temperature.
• This increased temperature because of solar
radiation will be utilized for various processes.

21. Image -2 (For understanding)

22. Solar Pond

23. Solar pond
• Solar ponds are very useful and a great example of a renewable energy source. This
energy source holds the suns rays in the solar pond and gives us heat.
Principle
• Warm water if it is at the bottom can be used for better use.
• The solar radiation absorbed by bottom of the pond
• It can be used domestically or piped to boiled where it is heated more to produce
steam.
• Adding salt Nacl or Mgcl at the bottom of pond.
• Water become heavy and can’t come up as density will increase.
• The top layer is called the surface zone and mostly only has freshwater because
normally salt water settles at the bottom. The middle layer is called the insulation
zone and has a little more salt water than the surface zone. The bottom layer is called
the storage zone and has the most concentration of salt because the bottom layer has
the most direct heat.

24. PV cell and electricity generation – Not
to draw

25. PV –Helioelectrical Process (in class)