The document discusses various topics related to employment and workers in India including: 1) It defines different types of workers such as self-employed, hired, casual, and regular. 2) It provides statistics on the size and characteristics of India's workforce, such as 70% living in rural areas and most working in agriculture. 3) It describes the occupational structure with most workers in the primary sector and trends of informalization. 4) It discusses different types of unemployment like open, structural, and disguised unemployment. 5) It outlines government efforts to generate employment through direct programs and indirectly through other initiatives.

2. I. Worker
II. Need to do work
III. Types of Workers
IV. Size of Workforce in India
V. Status Of Self Employed & Hired Workers
VI. Occupational Structure
VII. Informalization of Indian Workforce
VIII. Unemployment
IX. Types of Unemployment
X. Government & Employment Generation

3.  A worker is an individual who is in some
employment to earn a living.
 Example – Plumber , Electrician ,etc

4. People work for the following reasons:
 To earn money for survival
 Employment provides feeling of self worth &
self esteem
 It helps in the development of the nation

5.  Self Employed: these are the people working
in their own business or profession. They
earn profit as a reward for their services.
 Hired Workers: these are the people hired by
others & are paid wages or salaries as a
reward for their services.

6.  Casual Workers: these are like daily wagers,
not on permanent rolls of the employer, & do
not get social security benefits. Example -
construction workers.
 Regular Workers: these are hired on
permanent basis & are entitled to social
security benefits.

7.  Around 40% population in India comprise the
workforce
 70% of the workforce comprise of male
workers because men are able to earn higher
incomes, so families discourage female
members from taking up jobs.
 70% of the workforce is found in rural areas &
only 30% in urban areas because bulk of the
jobs is in rural areas. It implies maximum
people are employed in farming & allied
activities.

8.  For every 100 urban females, only about 14
are engaged in some economic activities &
this is 30 for every 100 women in rural areas.
 This is because, amongst most families in
urban areas, job work for women is still
considered forbidden.
 Higher employment among rural women is
because of their poverty.

9.  42% workers are self employed & 58% are
hired in urban areas.
 56% workers are self employed & 44% are
hired in rural areas. The reason is that in
urban areas people look for skilled jobs in
offices & factories while in rural areas, family
farm are most attractive proposition of
employment.
 51% of the male workers are self employed &
49% are hired

10.  55% of the female workers are self employed
& 45% are hired.
 Owing to family & social constraints, mobility
of women workers in search of job is less
compared to that of men workers.

11. Primary sector
 The primary sector of the economy is the
sector of an economy making direct use of
natural resources. This includes agriculture,
forestry, fishing and mining.
 It includes agriculture & allied activities,
mining & quarrying.

12. Secondary sector
 The secondary sector of the economy
includes those economic sectors that produce
a finished, usable product: production and
construction.
 It includes manufacturing & construction.

13. Tertiary sector
 The service sector consists activities where
people offer their knowledge and time to
improve productivity, performance, potential,
and sustainability,.
 The basic characteristic of this sector is the
production of services instead of end
products.
 It includes trade, transport, storage &
services.

15.  Distribution by Industry:
◦ 60% in primary
◦ 17% in secondary
◦ 23% in tertiary sector.
 Distribution by Area:
◦ Urban areas: Primary 10%, Secondary 31% & tertiary
59%
◦ Rural areas: Primary 77%, Secondary 11% & tertiary
12%

16.  Distribution by Gender:
◦ Male workers: Primary 54%, secondary 18% &
tertiary 28%
◦ Female workers: Primary 75%, secondary 12% &
tertiary 13%

17. Casualization of Workforce
 It refers to a situation when the percentage of
casually hired workers in the total workforce
tends to rise over time.
 It is a process of moving from self
employment & regular salaried employment
to casual wage works.
 In India, casualization of workforce has been
increasing

19.  Formal Sector or Organized Sector All the public
sector units & those private sector units which
employ more than 10 hired workers or more are
called formal sector establishments.
 Informal Sector or Unorganized Sector All the
other enterprises & workers working in those
enterprises form the informal sector. It includes
farmers, agricultural laborers, and owners of
small enterprises & people working in them, self
employed who does not have any hired workers &
non farm casual wage laborers.

21. Formal Sector Informal Sector
1. It includes all the public &
private sector establishments
employing 10 or more hired
workers.
2. They enjoy social security
benefits
3. They earn regular & more
income
4. They have govt. protection &
security of job
5. Modern technology is used &
proper accounts are maintained
1. It includes those private
enterprises employing less than
10 hired workers.
2. They do not have any such
facilities
3. They have irregular & less
income
4. They do not have govt.
protection as workers can be
dismissed without any
compensation.
5. The technology used is
outdated & there is no proper
maintenance of accounts.

22.  It refers to a situation where people who are
able & willing to work do not get work to earn
their means of living.
 The unemployment rate is a measure of the
prevalence of unemployment and it is
calculated as a percentage by dividing the
number of unemployed individuals by all
individuals currently in the labor force.
 During periods of recession, an economy
usually experiences a relatively high
unemployment rate.

24.  Open Unemployment: it refers to a situation
wherein worker is willing & able to work, but
fails to get any productive job.
 Structural Unemployment: it occurs due to
the structural changes in the economy. It
includes
◦ Changes in Technology
◦ Changes in the pattern of Demand

25.  Under Employment: it is that situation in
which a worker gets work for less time than
the time he can work. It is of two types:
 Visible Under Employment: in this case, people get
work for less than the normal hours of working.
 Invisible under employment: in this case people
work full time but their income is very low or they
have to do those jobs where they cannot make the
full use of their abilities.
 Frictional Unemployment: it occurs due to
imperfections in the mobility of labor across
different occupations.

27.  Seasonal Unemployment: it occurs in case of
those occupations which are seasonal in
nature. In off season there is not much
demand for labor. For Example - agriculture,
ice cream factories, woolen garments etc.
 Disguised unemployment: in this type, more
people are engaged in the work than the
people required. The excess of labor which
do not add to productivity are called
disguised unemployed.

29. Efforts done by the govt. in generating employment can
be classified into two categories as
 Direct Efforts: in this, govt. employs people in various
departments for administrative purposes. It also runs
industries, hotels, transport, companies, etc. to
provide employment directly to the people.
 Indirect Efforts: when output of goods & services
from the govt. enterprises increase, then the output
of private sector who supplies raw material to the
govt. sector would also increase & hence increasing
the demand for labor. This is the indirect effort of
generating employment by the govt.

30. Govt. has also started many poverty alleviation
& employment generation programs. Some of
these are:
 NREGA
 Food for Work Program
 Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yajana
 Rural Employment Generation Program