Electroconvulsive Therapy

Electroconvulsive Therapy
An emerging area of experimental research in MDD treatment relates to the use of electromagnetic devices and stimulators in a therapeutic context.
The approach builds on historical treatment methods like electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which though exceptionally effective in the short term,
often sees a return of depressive symptoms. Compounding the problem with ECT was the increased tolerance some patients showed, thus requiring
higher and higher voltage dosages to achieve the same results, not unlike drug tolerance, and side–effects like generalized mental confusion in the
immediate aftermath of the therapy. As Ren et al. (21014) describe in electromagnetic treatments have advanced considerably since their inception and
sophisticated new
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Research Paper
Drug addiction is an illness that often requires multiple treatments to cure. However, a new treatment seems to promise a whole new world of potential
for people who are suffering from addiction: transcranial magnetic stimulation. Although this procedure hasn't yet been approved for use in treating
addiction, early studies have shown a lot of promise.
What Is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation?
Transcranial magnetic stimulation is now primarily a treatment type for people that suffer from depression. It utilizes magnetic fields to help stimulate
vitally important nerve cells in the brain, cells that help improve mood and eliminate symptoms of depression. Typically, transcranial magnetic
stimulation is used when other treatments (such as medicine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The University of Padova Medical School in Italy treated 32 addicted patients and treated half with traditional methods and the other half with
transcranial magnetic stimulation.
The results were staggering: 11 of the 16 people treated with the magnetic therapy beat their addiction and stayed clean. Only three of the other group
reported the same results. They even found that people who had utilized the procedure who tried cocaine later were more prone to avoid a relapse.
It's important to understand that this procedure still needs to be tested multiple times before confirming it's effectiveness. One promising study doesn't
automatically prove its usefulness. However, it is worth keeping an eye on this treatment, especially if it remains a potential treatment option.
Are There Any Risks?
Like any medical procedure, there are risks associated with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Thankfully, it's non–invasive nature means most of these
risks are fairly minimal and easily treatable. Some of the most common of these side effects include:
A light feeling in the head
Spasms of facial muscles
Discomfort on the scalp
Headaches

Conversion Disorder Research Paper
Conversion Somatoform Disorders Definition: According to the Mayo Clinic, conversion disorder is also called functional neurological symptom
disorder. "It is a condition in which you show psychological stress in physical ways. It also describes a health problem that starts as a mental or
emotional crisis and converts to a physical problem. Possible Causes: UNKNOWN Risk Factors: Recent stress or emotional trauma Being female
Having mental health condition, like a mood or anxiety disorder, dissociative disorder, or personality disorder Having a neurological disease Having
family member with conversion disorder History of physical or sexual abuse and neglect as a child Contributing Factors: Stressful event Emotional...
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Counseling, or psychotherapy, is recommended to help cope with anxiety, depression, and treat symptoms of conversion disorder. Treating the
underlying conditions can be apart of the treatment plan. Transcranial magnetic stimulation involves exciting brain activity by using weak electrical
currents that alter the brain's biochemisty, this treatment is still in its early stages of managing conversion disorder. Nursing Interventions: 1.
Administer Paxil R: to relieve depression I. Monitor for signs and symptoms of suicide or mood change II. Not approved for use in children III.
Avoid alcohol 2. Administer Ativan R: to relieve anxiety i. Take as prescribed ii. Report severe dizziness, weakness, drowsiness that persists, rash or
skin lesions, palpitations, edema of the extremities; visual changes; difficulty voiding iii. Avoid alcohol 3. Physical therapy R: to prevent muscle
weakness and

Neural Remodeling Research Paper
Section three
Retinal remodeling associated with retinal degenerative diseases
Though the neural retina was believed to survive photoreceptor loss in retinal degenerative diseases(RDD) such as RP and AMD, the reality is that
when photoreceptor inputs are lost, the neural retina undergoes remodeling, making visual data indecipherable by the visual cortex.
Neural retinal changes in response to stress:
Phase one: clinically occult changes occur to the circuitry of the neural retina in early stages.
Phase two: Early, ganglion cell responses are altered. Then outer nuclear layer changes occur: photoreceptor cell death, death of interneurons,
phagocytosis of dead neurons.
Phase three: extensive remodeling, glial hypertrophy and neuronal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rewiring begins early during the stress phase of neurons. (Marc et al, 2003) Neurocircuitry changes that occur in the retina
Applicatios of knowing these neurocircuitry changes:
Designing neuroprosthetic devices is then challenging due to the difficulty of dealing with a complex structure that changes its connectivity in
pathology. (Cuenca et al,2005)
The key error in transplant designs is the thought that neural retina is normal. In fact, in the degenerating retina, there is barely a cell type that is normal.
Current implant trials are limited to patients who are legally blind. These patients already likely exhibit profound alterations to the retinal circuitry that
damage any input to the brain.
The design of prosthetic devices will depend upon where in the visual pathway intervention is planned and at what phase of retinal degeneration the
patient is in.
Brain changes in visual loss:
Blind individuals make huge adjustments to loss of sight, by changes in the brain and specially in regions responsible for processing vision itself, to

process tactile, auditory stimuli and higher functions as verbal memory. For example, the ability to read

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Case Study
Overview:
The Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) is part of the frontal lobe, one of the most complex parts of the brain and among the last areas to develop.
According to numerous neuroimaging studies, it may not be fully mature until a person's mid–20s. The DLFPC has numerous connections with other
parts of the brain and helps integrate information from different systems.
The DLPFC is involved in higher–order processing and executive functions like working memory, planning, attention, and self–regulation. These
functions are crucial for everyday tasks like learning, decision–making, and socializing.
Location:
The Prefrontal Cortex lies in the frontal lobe anterior to the motor, premotor, and limbic areas and makes up about в…“ of the total neocortical area of
the brain. The prefrontal cortex may be further subdivided into the dorsolateral, orbitofrontal, and (sometimes) ventrolateral cortices, though there is
some debate about these divisions. There is not a clear anatomical line where the DLPFC begins and ends. One way of defining it is by its connection
to the parvocellular subdivision of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. Some authors say it includes Brodmann Areas 9 and 46 only, others may
include ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The whole group went through a normal daily treatment with deep transcranial magnetic stimulation over the four weeks, then a subgroup continued
with weekly maintenance sessions. This study is based on previous findings that depression is associated with hypoactivity in the left DLPFC and
hyperactivity in the right DLPFC. All subjects showed improvement after the initial treatment, but then declined if they did not receive weekly
maintenance

Tinnitus Treatment
Tinnitus treatment varies depending of the type and severity of your tinnitus. If you have too much wax in your ears, for example, then simply
removing the earwax should stop the sounds. Thus, the secret to choose an effective treatment lies in establishing the correct diagnosis for your
condition. Available Tinnitus treatments: 1.Conventional treatments Medications Prescription medications are being used as possible relief agents for
tinnitus. They include antidepressants, anti–convulsants, anti–histamines even anesthetics such as Lidocaine and more. Some of these drugs can help
patients to ease the symptoms of their tinnitus. Unfortunately, in most of the cases, the benefits are temporary. Surgery One of the treatments for
tinnitus is surgery. Although it can be effective,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tinnitus maskers and sound generators come in multiple forms. For example, they can look like small hearing aids you can wear right at your ear.
There are also table top models like a CD player. In any case, the aim is to produce some background sound, be a white–noise sound or any other soft
sound, to mask tinnitus. The attention of the brain is drawn towards this background sound in such a way that the ear ringing is still there but can
barely be heard because of the background noise. Neuromonic treatment This is a new sophisticated system. This treatment makes use of a small device
with headphones. The device creates a sound which is unique to each patient. The sound contains pleasant music. According to this method, your brain
learns a new way of interpreting sound. Some patients experience some relief almost immediately, but the whole program takes at least a 6–month
period to complete. 3.Other stimulation therapies: Electrical nerve stimulation This treatment involves transmitting a very small charge of electricity to
the auditory

Deep Brain Stimulation Research Paper
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a neurosurgical procedure introduced in 1987, involving the implantation of a medical device called a neurostimulator
(sometimes referred to as a 'brain pacemaker), which sends electrical impulses, through implanted electrodes, to specific targets in the brain for the
treatment of movement and neuropsychiatric disorders. Deep Brain Stimulation is a brain surgery performed to improve a patient's quality of life. The
procedure is not a cure, but it can significantly improve otherwise debilitating symptoms caused by certain neurological disorders. Deep brain
stimulation is not a first–line therapy. That means before considering this surgery, patients must have tried medications and other therapies and not
responded... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has changed 100,000's of life's drastically. Leadpoint Focus is a microelectrode recording (MER) system for DBS procedures. The next generation
technology combines performance, recording, customizable functionality, and ease of use. Leadpoint Focus offers: Reliable performance that increases
physiological localization and improves decision–making confidence, easy–to–use modular design with plug and play operation, and clinical research
capabilities in advanced signal recording and processing. Besides these goals, brain stimulation is already so advanced that scientist mainly shoot for
just improving the accuracy of it. Another type of brain stimulation is Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) uses an electric current to treat serious mental
disorders. This type of therapy is usually considered only if a patient's illness has not improved after other treatments (such as antidepressant
medication or psychotherapy) are tried, or in cases where rapid response is needed (as in the case of suicide risk and catatonia, for example).
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve
symptoms of depression. TMS is typically used when other depression treatments haven't been working. It works like this, during a TMS session, an
electromagnetic coil is placed against your scalp near your forehead. The electromagnet painlessly delivers a magnetic pulse that stimulates nerve cells
in the region of your brain involved in mood control and depression. And it may activate regions of the brain that have decreased activity in people
with depression. This is another form of brain stimulation that helps change many people's lives. As I mentioned before it is to help people that go
through depression. Brain stimulation is a very useful method, but many don't know that there is different types. There is agus

Biomagnetic Therapy Essay
Biomagnetic Therapy
Biomagnetic therapy is an alternative form of healing that has been in existence for over 100,000 years (1). The "AncientGreeks discovered the very
first natural magnet in the form of the lodestone, and Hippocrates, the father of medicine, noted it's healing powers" (2).
Unlike the United States, Japan, China, India, Austria, and Germany all are advanced in the field of magnetic therapy. (2). The United States does,
though, use magnets in complex machines to help better understand the body and brain, such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), which uses
magnetic fields to formulate 3–D images of the brain, and electroncephalogreaphs (EEG), which look at the electrical activity of the brain. But, as for ...
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The explanation: All cells that are alive are electrical; that is the outside of a cell has a negative charge and the inside, a positive charge. This
combination of opposite charges allows the cell to function normally. When a part of the body becomes damaged, such as the body's tissue, the
damaged area responds with inflammation, which is caused by a lack of blood flow. This lack of blood flow blocks the body's natural ability to
provide oxygen and nutrients to the injured cells. Thus, the polarity of the cells gets out of whack. The role biomagnets play in aiding damaged
tissue is based upon the belief that magnets can realign the cell's polarity, which helps the cell get back to functioning normally. They claim that an
increase in the diameter of the body's blood vessels is also an affect of using a biomagnet on damaged tissue. This enlargement allows more blood,
carrying rich nutrients and oxygen, to flow to the injured area and leave with tissue's toxins. (1)
They also say that the magnet's energy has been described as a catalyst, which speeds up biological processes and enables the body to heal itself and
ease pain. This catalyst stimulates blood circulation, allowing more oxygen to be distributed all over the body. (3)
THE CLAIMS MADE ABOUT THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BIOMAGNETIC THERAPY AND ITS EVIDENCE
No

Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor Case Study
As a psychiatrist I, Dr. Anna Morgan, feel that the best methods for treating mood and anxiety disorders follow the biological approach. There are
several different forms of medications that I recommend to my patients that are suffering from a wide variety of disorders. Selective Serotonin
Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely used for depressive symptoms and also work well for anxiety disorders. SSRIs have fewer side effects that
lead to patients discontinuing their use. They are also safer in the case of an overdose. Potential side effects include gastrointestinal symptoms,
tremors, nervousness, insomnia, daytime sleepiness, and decreased sex drive. Some familiar trade names include Paxil, Zoloft and Prozac. SSRIs
could be recommended for disorders including PTSD, Social Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, General Anxiety Disorder, Separation Anxiety
Disorder, Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder, and Bipolar... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Side effects are similar to those of SSRIs. Some familiar trade names are Effexor and Cymbalta. SNRIs are used in treating Social Anxiety Disorder,
Panic Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Bipolar Disorder. Benzodiazepines are typically used for phobias and General Anxiety Disorders. It
has shown some benefits, although to a lesser extent, for PTSD. Some forms of Benzodiazepines have been used for treatment of Bipolar Disorder.
Side effects can include drowsiness, dizziness, gastrointestinal symptoms, confusion, grogginess, change in heart rate and nightmares. Some common
trade names are Valium and Xanax. Some additional medications used for the treatment of mood disorders include anticonvulsants, Monoamine
Oxidase Inhibitors (MOAIs), and Lithium. Each type of medications has their own side effects that need to be

Philosophy Of Psychology
I am applying to the Masters of Philosophy of Psychology at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, because the program, in more than one area,
coincides with many of my interests in psychology. I hope that the program would give me the tools to pursue my education further and get a PhD or
go directly into working with underserved groups, for which there is great need. These groups are often overlooked, and it is only now that
researchers and the public are weighing the options to aid in improving their overall well–being. These groups include people with personality
disorders, people on the autism spectrum, people with other, nebulous health problems and minorities. I am interested in the mind–body connection
related to social systems, in... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A simple example, studies on yoga and stress reduction are often done to see its rate of efficacy in reducing stress–– versus an alternative, such as, a
gym membership or physical fitness class in students. It seems to me that findings of these studies are not only related to stress, but they are also
related to other diseases, with which stress is correlated. In improving the person's overall well–being, it is possible to avert disease and to have a more
contented person, overall. Therefore, such psychological studies are also potentially useful in other fields, because general well–being is related to
overall good health. In the west, many of these correlations are acknowledged in different fields, but are hardly ever applied and related to one's own
field in research or in practice. I think that we are now seeing the 'split' between studying the mind and body begin to converge. We are beginning to
look more at the whole to get to the crux of the problem. They are beginning to acknowledge the fact that different fields, with their different aims, can
aid one another in accomplishing different goals to their mutual benefit. In short, research results from one field can inspire research and inquiry in
another field. New technologies and methods such as transcranial magnetic stimulation have only begun to be used clinically. This raises a lot of new

Parietal Lobe Function
There are four different lobes of the brain Frontal Lobe,Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe and Occipital lobe. The frontal lobe is performing the executive
function that coordinates other brain areas and the parietal lobe processes auditory information and integrates vision and touch. In addition the
temporal lobe process auditory information language and autobiographical memory whereas the occipital lobe process the visual information. Lobes
differ from hemispheres because lobes smaller parts of the brain and the hemisphere are referring to the two half of the brain ( hemispheres ). And both
hemispheres differ from one another the left hemisphere is what you use when doing math and things of that nature and the right hemisphere being the
more

Unipolar Depression: Review Paper
For this weeks' review assignment, I have chosen to write about the sweeping topic of unipolar depression. Depression is such a pervasive term in
today's society, and justifiably so. The textbook states that 19% of all adults will experience an episode of severe unipolar depression in their
lifetimes (Comer, 2014). Women are twice as likely to be affected by depression as their male counterparts. 85% of people diagnosed with the
disorder recover, while an additional 40% will have a reoccurrence at some point in their lives. The symptoms of unipolar depression are also
widespread. Many affected people described their emotional state as helpless, humiliating or hopeless. They may experience a lack of drive to
complete the daily tasks they

'Two Kinds of Commerce' by Aristotle
Clive Thompson on Why the Next Civil Rights Battle Will Be Over the Mind
By Clive Thompson 03.24.08
Illustration: Paula Scher/Pentagram START
Previous: A State–By–State Look at Where Cell Phones and Driving Don't Mix
Trolling down the street in Manhattan, I suddenly hear a woman's voice.
"Who's there? Who's there?" she whispers. I look around but can't figure out where it's coming from. It seems to emanate from inside my skull.
Was I going nuts? Nope. I had simply encountered a new advertising medium: hypersonic sound. It broadcasts audio in a focused beam, so that only a
person standing directly in its path hears the message. In this case, the cable channel A&E was using the technology to promote a show about, ... Show
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Will the Fifth Amendment protect you from self–incrimination by your own brain? Think about your workplace, too: Your boss can already demand
that you pee in a cup. Should she also be allowed to stick your head in an MRI tube as part of your performance review?
But this isn't just about reading minds; it's also about bombarding them with messages or tweaking their chemistry. Transcranial magnetic stimulation –
now used

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation And Electroconvulsive...
Numerous studies have been conducted to compare the therapeutic efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroconvulsive therapy
(ECT) as methods of treatment for major depressive disorder. In general, studies demonstrate that ECT is more effective in alleviating acute depressive
symptoms. However, there are advantages and disadvantages to both procedures. ECT is often accompanied by more adverse cognitive side effects
than rTMS, while the latter usually requires more sessions to achieve similar results. Additionally, multiple meta–analyses have revealed that the
observed differences in efficacy between the two treatments were not statistically significant. The current body of literature suggests that ECT is more
effective... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
296).
According to the World Health Organization (2017), major depression is a prevalent disorder, affecting over 300–million people globally. It is
common for depression to be comorbid with other disorders, it is the leading cause of disability, and greatly increases risk of suicide, the second
leading cause of death among individuals ages 15–29. This increasing prevalence is making the disorder continually pressing issue for mental health
providers worldwide (World Health Organization, 2017).
According to Mayo Clinic (2017), Major depression is often treatable, with the most effective modalities of treatment being psychotherapy,
antidepressant medications such as Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), or a
combination of the two. Depending on the severity, residential treatment may be necessary (Mayo Clinic, 2017). Although there are multiple routes of
treatment for this disorder, there are many severe cases in which patients are resistant to the more commonplace, aforementioned treatments. In these
cases, the patient's psychiatrist may recommend treatment through brain stimulation therapies such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
(rTMS) or Electro–convulsive shock therapy (ECT), and sometimes deep brain

Neuroplasticity In The Brain
This editorial concerns an interesting paper, recently published in Acta Physiologica, showing evidence that the focus of attention– internal or external
– during execution of a motor task can cause transient neuroplastic–like responses in motor areas of the brain (Khun et al., 2016). Neuroplasticity refers
to the capacity of the brain to reorganise itself in response to our experiences throughout life. Typically, changes to the organization of the brain come
about to support brain function. For instance, after a spinal cord injury or stroke, the brain must adapt to allow functional recovery (Rao et al., 2016).
The recognition that the brain must change to improve function has led to several attempts to boost neuroplasticity. Cutting–edge ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, loud acoustic stimulation delivered during movement preparation (Marinovic et al., 2014) and contraction (Chen et al., 2016) can cause
intracortical modulation. While the transient effects of loud sounds on movement facilitation (e.g. faster reaction times and increased response vigour)
are now well established (for a review see Marinovic and Tresilian, 2016), no studies have examined whether loud sounds can aid motor function
beyond the stimulation period. The new findings reported by Khun and colleagues (2016) demonstrate that we can now add the manipulation of the
focus of attention to the list of neuromodulatory techniques with the potential to boost motor

Essay on Depression: Out of the Shadows
Everyone feels sad here and there, but for many people who experience depression those feelings can linger for years. Depression is a social disorder
characterized by a depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities, consistently for a 2 week period. "Depression is an under umbrella
mood disorder that can cause people to feel hopeless, not have enough energy to get up and do things, it can affect people ability to live a day to day
life , ranges from mild– severe or manic depression," according to Valerie Labanca MFT. A 2003 National Institutes of Health study estimates that more
than 16 percent of Americans, as many as 35 million, suffer from depression severe enough to warrant treatment.1... Show more content on
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The patient's responses can help the doctor make a diagnosis of depression and judge the severity of the depression. "More Americans Seeking
Help for Depression," Mary Duenwald, June, 18, 2003 There are many types of depression including Major Depression, Minor Depression ,
Dsythymia Depression , Postpartum , Premenstrual Dysphoric disorder, and Seasonal Affective Disorder. In order to have Major Depression, a
person has to have at least five of the depression symptoms, and these symptoms have to last for at least a two week period. Most people who
have Major Depression Disorder suffer from it for at least six months. Minor Depression is different from Major Depression because you can only
have two of the four symptoms. Dysythymia Depression is and extended form of Minor Depression because it can last for years if not treated.
Postpartum Depression is a depression that only women get after having a baby. Postpartum Depression has some of the same severe symptoms as
some Major Depressive Disorder. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder is also form of depression that only women can get one week before their
menstrual period. Seasonal Affective Disorder is depression that a person tends to get during the winter time due to lack of sunlight. The exact cause
of depression is not known, but there are several factors that play a role in depression.

Cross-Limb Transfer Research
Cross–limb transfer refers to the phenomenon by which physical practice with one limb results in performance gains in the trained and untrained
limbs. Performance gains occur both in terms of muscle strength (Farthing et al., 2005; Hinder et al., 2011) or skill (Wang and Sainburg, 2006), having
implications for rehabilitation scenarios in which one of the limbs is momentarily incapable of movement following injury. This phenomenon is also of
theoretical importance because it can help to reveal the basic neural processes involved in movement control and learning (Hendy et al., 2012; Lee and
Carroll, 2007). Therefore, determining the conditions in which cross–limb transfer may occur is of theoretical and applied interest. It is believed that
cross–limb transfer involves motor cortical areas representing the trained and untrained limbs (ipsilateral hemisphere in relation to the training side). In
an interesting study, Lee et al. (2010) showed that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the right primary motor cortex (M1)
(controlling the untrained side) led to reduced cross–limb transfer. In contrast, rTMS of the left M1 (controlling... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In this task, participants made synchronous bilateral isometric contractions with their wrists to control the direction of two cursors on a monitor screen
to reach visual targets, followed by a unilateral wrist contraction that was expected to bias bilateral contractions in trial N+1. In different experiments,
we sought to induce use–dependent directional biases in both limbs by manipulating the position of the unilateral target, wrist moved (right or left), and
displacement of the cursor in relation to the wrist movement. We show here that use–dependent effects are quite robust in the limb performing the
unilateral contraction, but the transfer effects are

Neuroplasticality And Rehabilitation Essay
Neuroplasticity and rehabilitation
Neurorehabilitation is the process of attempting to restore the cognitive or motor function for patients with disorders of the nervous system. This
process involves approaches intended to reduce impairments and disabilities, and ultimately improving quality of life. Neuroplasticity is the brain 's
ability to remodel or reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. This allows the neurons to compensate for injury and disease, and to adjust
their activities in response to new stimulations or changes in their environment. It encompasses alterations in neural pathways and synapses, in
response to changes in behavior, thinking and emotions, as well as remapping due to injury. Examples are memory, learning new skills, and recovery.
For a long time, the common consensus among neuroscientists was that neurons were relatively immutable after a certain age in early childhood. It is
now believed that the brain remains plastic throughout adulthood as well, and that neurogenesis may persist well into old age. Research indicates that
experience can actually change both the brain 's physical structure and functional organization. For example, if one hemisphere of the brain is damaged,
the intact hemisphere may take over some of the impaired side's functions. The brain compensates for damage by reorganizing and forming new
connections between intact neurons. To reconnect again, the neurons need to be stimulated through activity.2
Brain

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Case Study
1.Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): is a non–invasive technique that utilizes electrical impulses to stimulate areas of the cerebral cortex, spinal
roots, and cranial and peripheral nerves. TMS can be used to stimulate neurons to promote measurable effects that can be useful in examining the
excitability of the cerebral cortex and its associated anatomical connections. TMS may also be useful in accessing the pathophysiology behind the
neural activity that take place within several neurological and psychiatric disorders, and it may provide clinicians with a valuable insight to not only
diagnose, but treat these various conditions. 2.The motor threshold is the minimal TMS impulse needed to elect a motor evoked potentials (MEPs)
within its target muscle via a single impulse stimuli. Motor threshold is believed to indicate the neuronal excitability that takes place within the
corticospinal neurons and interneurons that are associated with the neurons of the motor cortex, spinal cord, neuromuscular junction, and target
muscle. 3.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Motor evoked potentials (MEPs): measures the contralateral activity of the extremity muscles in response to electrical stimulation. MEP is reflective of
the activity between the motor cortex, spinal cord, neuromuscular junction, and target muscle, and changes in MEP amplitude reflects a healthy and
functioning corticospinal tract, while also reflecting the "excitability of motor cortex and nerve roots and the conduction along the peripheral motor
pathway to the muscles" (Kobayashi et al. 4). Changes in MEP latency might suggest a compromised of damaged association of the corticospinal tract,
but the "the size and latency of MEPs shows great interindividual and intraindividual variability, leading to a broad range of normal values; therefore,
results are qualitative rather than quantitative" (Kobayashi et al.

Alzheimer's Disease: Neurodegenerative Disease
Alzheimer's is the most common form of Dementia. There is said to be 50% to 80% of Dementia cases. Alzheimer's Disease is a progressive
neurodegenerative disease. Neurodegenerative is "degenerative nerve diseases affect many of your body's activities, such as balance, movement,
talking, breathing, and heart function. Many of these diseases are genetic. Sometimes the cause is a medical condition such as alcoholism, a tumor, or
a stroke. Other causes may include toxins, chemicals, and viruses. Sometimes the cause is not known." (Medline Plus, n.d.) Neurodegenerative disease
is the abnormalities or death of neurons. "In the early–stage of AD, cognition and the ability to acquire new memories are impaired. In the later stages,
symptoms include

Motor Recovery After Stroke Essay
Stroke is the third most frequent cause of death and the most common cause of acquired adult disability in developed countries (WHO 2003). The
ability to predict early an accurate prognosis for motor recovery after stroke is important as it could provide useful information for specific
rehabilitation strategies and final motor outcomes. In fact, decisions on the type, duration, and goals of rehabilitation are based on several factors,
including estimates of the patient's potential for recovery of motor function, and have far–reaching consequences. The ability to evaluate the expected
level of motor and functional recovery after stroke may help in early decision–making on medical and rehabilitation treatments as well as in research
trials for assessment of intervention effects. Improvements in the accuracy of prognosis for the recovery of independence in daily activities would
enable realistic goal–setting and efficient resource allocation by clinicians and patients. Therefore, many of previous studies have attempted to predict
motor outcomes in stroke patients using various methods, including clinical findings (Hendricks et al., 2002), MRI (DeVetten et al., 2010; Schiemanck
et al., 2006), functional MRI (Marshall et al. 2009), diffusion tensor tractography (DTT)... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Subjects with a MMSE score < 21, that precluded active cooperation in the study, and subjects with severe aphasia were excluded. All subjects agreed
to participate in the study by signing a consent form approved by the internal ethics

I Am Employed By Emerald Coast Behavioral Hospital
I am employed by Emerald Coast Behavioral Hospital, which is under management by a national corporation, Universal Health Services. My work
environment consists of an 86–bed psychiatric facility that provides specialized inpatient and outpatient services to adults, children, elderly, active–duty
service members and veterans. I work the nightshift on the resiliency unit which provides post–traumatic stress disorder and chemical dependency
treatment to active–duty military members and veterans. I, as a registered nurse, work with psychiatrists, therapists, social workers, nurse practitioners,
mental health technicians, other registered nurses and upper management of the facility. Together, we form an interdisciplinary team that works... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5). Some unique resources we have at Emerald Coast Behavioral are specialized inpatient programs that are tailored to treat patients with PTSD,
chemical dependency and even adolescents. We also use transcranial magnetic stimulation, or TMS, which is an advanced therapy option for the
treatment of depression. Soon, electroconvulsive therapy, or ECT, will be available at our facility. When others look at our facility, they see safe,
competent and experienced staff that provide care with a nurturing attitude.
Every facility has its weaknesses and the SWOT analysis asks to openly and honestly consider some areas that need improvement. My facility
suffers from poor implementation and continuity of workplace policies. I've noticed many of my coworkers saying "well, everyone does it
differently, but here's how I do it..." when attempting to explain a policy or procedure to a new hire. This shows a lack of unity on many rules in the
workplace. A specific example would be patient privileges such as smoke breaks. Nursing staff and physicians often allow patients to have extra smoke
breaks other than those scheduled. A solution to this problem could be a clear statement from management to enforce scheduled smoke breaks and
punish those who

Electroconvulsive Therapy Vs Interpersonal Therapy
Subsequently, as there are several forms of depressive disorder there are also several forms of treatment. The most common forms of treatment are
psychotherapy and medication. Psychotherapy is a type of talk therapy. Psychotherapy can be used to look into someone's relationships in life and
search for a meaning the person may have missed. It can also attempt to give someone a new perspective or way of looking at things, and try to
change their current behavior into a more appropriate behavior. There are two main types of psychotherapy cognitive–behavioral therapy and
interpersonal therapy. Interpersonal therapy helps people work through situations or relationships that may be causing them depression.
Cognitive–behavioral therapy helps... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although it is a common disorder, there is much about it still a mystery.Major depressive disorder not only has an effect on the person suffering with
it but it has an impact on the economy. Over the course of a year, between 13.1 and 14.1 million people will experience MDD (AHRQ, 2011). Sadly
only half of those people will attempt to get treatment and only half of those who seek treatment will respond adequately to treatment. After two or
more failed treatments those people have now moved into treatment resistant–depression (TRD). People who suffer with treatment resistant–depression
have the highest medical costs of people who suffer with major depressive disorder. They also are two times more likely to get hospitalized and their
hospitalization costs are more than six times higher than people who suffer with depression that are hospitalized and are not resistant to treatment.
Employers of people with treatment resistant–depression also bare a higher financial burden than with employees who do not suffer with the mood
disorder. Keeping in mind that depression is the world's leading cause of disability, one has to think about who bares the cost associated with this
disability. After considering both medical and disability claims from an employer's perspective, one study found that TRD employees cost $14, 490
per employee per year, whereas the cost for non TRD employees was $6,665 per employee per

Treatment for Depression
Treatment of Depression
Abstract
Depression affects many people around the world. Depression can be described as feeling sad, lost, angry, and frustrated. Today, antidepressants are
the main way to treat depression. Researchers are working on a new treatment to better help people with depression. This treatment is called
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). Researchers want to know how TMS can be used, and what type of depression patients they want to use it
on. Studies have helped narrow down the facts of depression and the effect of TMS. The future of TMS is still unclear but one day it will provide a
new era of treatment for depression.
According to the center for disease control , one in ten adults has depression (Centers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although this study did not give out great data it did help pave the way for other experiments. This experiment helped Janicak and his team design a
study using the durability of TMS. Philip Janicak and his team tested the durability of TMS on patients with major depression. They found that the
majority of patients benefited from active TMS over a 24–week period. Only 10% of that group relapsed. Whereas 13.6% relapsed for the sham group
(Janicak, Nahas, Lisanby, Solvason, Sampson & McDonald, 2010). Janicak concluded that the effects of TMS were durable. He also concluded
that TMS may be successfully used as a strategy to deter further relapse. One major imitation to this study was the lack of controlled comparison. It is
hard to determine if a study supported if there is not enough to base the results on.
Later studies focused more on where in the brain depression effected. Researchers wanted to see the effect TMS has on patients with depression.
These studies tested the durability and the overall effects of TMS on specific lobes of the brain. One study that wanted to test the effect of TMS was
done by Yechiel Levkovits and his team. They wanted to focus the effect of TMS on the prefrontal cortex in patients with depression and apathy.
Levkovits found that TMS over the prefrontal cortex improved both apathy and depression but this did not lead to remission (Levkovitz, Sheer, Harel,
Katz, Most, Zangen & Isserles,

The Effects Of Chronic Conditions On A Diagnosis Of Major...
The article, "Quantifying the impact of chronic conditions on a diagnosis of major depressive disorder in adult focuses on the background on the
diagnosis and how chronic illness can lead to major depressive disorder. The researcher conduct a study at Mayo clinic with patients that were
diagnosed with a chronic illness. Researchers found that patients with specific chronic illness such as diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis/osteoarthritis
may have a greater change of being diagnosis with major depressive disorder.
Ryu, E., Chamberlain, A. M., Pendegraft, R. S., Petterson, T. M., Bobo, W. V., & Pathak, J. (2016). Quantifying the impact of chronic conditions on a
diagnosis of major depressive disorder in adults: a cohort study using ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 68(2), 110–119. doi:10.1111/pcn.12106
The article, "A descriptive analysis of quality of life using patient– reported measures in major depressive disorder in a naturalistic outpatient setting,"
focuses on how major depressive disorder affects a persons quality of life. The researcher conducted a cross– sectional study with 319 patients that
were seeking treatment for Major depressive disorder at a outpatient hospital.
The researcher concluded that, impairment of quality of life increases in a monotonic fashion with depressive symptoms severity"(Ishak, Bresee,
Greenberg, Fakhry, Christensen, & Rapaport, 2013).
IsHak, W., Balayan, K., Bresee, C., Greenberg, J., Fakhry, H., Christensen, S., & Rapaport, M. (2013). A descriptive analysis of quality of life using
patient–reported measures in major depressive disorder in a naturalistic outpatient setting. Quality Of Life Research, 22(3), 585–596. doi:10.1007
/s11136–012–0187–6
Mental Health Interventions: Major Depressive Disorder
The article, "Cognitive–Emotional Training as an Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder," focuses on cognitive emotional training as an
intervention tool to assist patient with Major Depressive Disorder. The researcher utilized cognitive emotional training to enhance cognitive control for
emotional information processing and targeting components in patients with major depressive disorder (Xiaozhen, Tianmei, Gang, Huali, Qi,
Changqing, &Xin, 2016). The

Hildegard: Scotomas And Phosphenes: A Case Study
The Visions of Hildegard: Scotomas and Phosphenes
Oliver Sacks (2007) discussed a case study concerning Hildegard of Bingen, a nun who lived from 1098 to 1180 A.D. Hildegard experienced visual
auras caused by scintillating scotomas which inspired her to write the book Scivias documenting her visual experiences (Sacks, 2007). From these
illustrations and written descriptions, Sacks (2007) was able to theorize that Hildegard was actually experiencing an array of scotomas and phosphenes.
Sacks (2007) proposed that Hildegard's visions were her interpretations of scintillating and central scotomas, occurring both individually and
back–to–back within the same migraine (Sacks, 2007). For instance, Sacks (2007) believed the bright falling stars in one of her visions were the result
of phosphenes, followed by a negative scotoma which was a blindspot in her visual field. The vibrant colors within the illustrations were also
influenced by her scotomas (Sacks, 2007). This paper provides an understanding of what Hildegard may have perceived with her scotomas and
phosphenes through the use of two research articles.
First Article
In the first article, Knight, Mazzi and Savazzi (2015) made 3 hypotheses. The first hypothesis was that the Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
threshold would change when the background changed from uniform to pattern (Knight et al., 2015). The second hypothesis was that the likelihood of
the participant sensing light versus dark percepts would change when global luminance of the background changed (Knight et al., 2015). The third
hypothesis was that the likelihood of light versus dark percepts would stay the same at different TMS intensities (Knight et al., 2015). The study had
16 participants who all wore corrective lens (Knight et al., 2015). To test the threshold of phosophenes, a Method of Constant Stimuli (MOCS) was
used (Knight et al., 2015). The participants received 120 randomly administered trials with pulses from TMS under two different background conditions
(Knight et al., 2015). A paired t–test was used to analyze the difference in stimulator intensity threshold for inducing percepts between background
conditions (Knight et al., 2015). A repeated–measures analysis of variance

Non Pharmacological Approach for Depression and Other...
Non Pharmacological Approach for Depression and Other Disorders
Brain stimulation therapies:
Brain stimulation therapies are non pharmacological method which involves activating or touching the brain directly with electricity, magnets, or
implants to treat depression and other disorders. Among many techniques, electroconvulsive therapy is the most researched stimulation therapy.
Other stimulation therapies discussed here includes
пЃ¶Vagus nerve stimulation
пЃ¶repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
пЃ¶magnetic seizure therapy
пЃ¶Deep brain stimulation.
The latter methods are newer and more theoretical.
1. Electroconvulsive therapy
Introduction:
It is a non pharmacological standard psychiatric treatment in which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Amnesia following the procedure.
Clinical guidelines/Pearls
It is used about three times a week until the patient's depression wears away (usually within six to 12 treatments) which is followed by the
maintenance treatment in case of recurrence which range from one session per week to one session every few months.
It is found that antidepressant medication or a mood stabilizing medication are also consumed by patient undergoing ECT.
In the past, a "sine wave" was used to administer electricity in a constant, high dose. However, studies have found that a "brief pulse" of electricity
applied at frequent interval is less likely to cause memory loss.
The patient wakes up after few minutes of the procedure with some dizziness (anesthetic effects) and becomes alert after few hours and can resume

normal activities.
Vagus nerve stimulation
Introduction
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an adjunctive treatment for certain types of intractable epilepsy and treatment–resistant depression .
Despite FDA approval, VNS remains a controversial treatment for depression because the studies have not shown the promising outcome.
Source: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/brain–stimulation–therapies/brain–stimulation–therapies.shtml
Uses
It is used for following cases.
Eplilepsy,intractable
Treatment resistant

The Importance Of Self-Awareness And Internal Beliefs, And...
Humans are created to socially interact with other beings, and without even realizing it, they analyze others. While humans analyze their external
environment, they often turn it around and examine themselves. This can be impacted by objects in the external world and the individual may become
self–aware. Self–awareness involves analyzing one's internal beliefs and values, and deciding if the behavior demonstrates these values. Analyzing
one's self cane have a positive or negative impact on the individual; either the person will be satisfied or dissatisfied with how their values and behavior
align. If they are satisfied, this can influence the individual to think pleasantly of themselves and have a high self–esteem. If they are dissatisfied with
what they see, it can influence or motivate them to change something about themselves. This research paper will highlight the importance of the
self–awareness theory and how it can be used to have a positive influence on humans.
Self–Awareness Theory
The self–awareness theory is defined as, "the idea that when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behavior to
their internal standards and values" (Aronson, Wilson, Akert, & Sommers, 2016). Humans often analyze the world around them. They can analyze the
environment or other people, but individuals are constantly taking in information around them. Sometimes, this analyzes it turned inward. Individuals
begin to become aware about

Summary of the Research: Treatment of Post-stroke...
In their study titled Treatment of post–stroke dysphagia with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, Khedr, Abo–Elfetoh and Rothwell (2009)
aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of rTMS over the esophageal motor cortex for treating post–stroke dysphagia. The authors rationale for
the purpose of this study is that dysphagia often follows a stroke. Due to the numerous and potential grave effects of dysphagia, developing best
practices which ameliorate the condition has been long considered a priority.
Twenty–six patients with dysphagia resulting from stroke participated in this study. All patients suffered monohemispheric stroke and were assigned
randomly to treatment and sham treatment groups. Fourteen patients were assigned to the treatment group and twelve patients were assigned to the
sham treatment group. Patients received repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment over the esophageal motor cortex to the
affected motor cortex for five consecutive days with pulses at intensity levels of 120% over their hand motor threshold for 300 pulses. Motor
disability and dysphasia were assessed "before and immediately after the last session and then again after 1 and 2 months" (p. 155).
The group that received real rTMS treatment demonstrated significantly greater improvement over the sham treatment group in motor disability and
dysphagia symptoms. Improvements were seen in dysphagia score, and Barthel index scores. These improvements were

Experiential-Humanistic Psychotherapy
Building upon the philosophy of cognitive–behavioral therapy is a relatively recent form of psychotherapy known as experiential–humanistic
psychotherapy (Hollon 901). Experiential–humanistic psychotherapy adds to cognitive–behavioral therapy the fundamental principle of humanistic
psychology, that is, self–actualization (Hollon 901). Self–actualization is defined as the expression of one's creativity and the realization of their
capabilities (Hollon 901). Given the limited amount of time that the scientific and medical communities have had to study this type of psychotherapy, it
is not surprising that there is precious little data in regards to its efficacy in treating anxiety and mood disorders (Hollon 901). Having stated that,
experiential–humanistic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though most of these nonpharmacological treatments, like deep–brain stimulation (DBS), psychosurgery, and vagal nerve stimulation (VNS), are
experimental and off–label in nature, there does exist two nonpharmacological treatments for psychiatric illnesses that have been documented as
effective (Li 41). The older of the two is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), formerly referred to disparagingly as shock treatment (Li 41). This form of
therapy involves the production of generalized seizures due to large–scale neuronal discharges via the application of short electrical impulses through
the scalp (Li 41). Data shows that modern electroconvulsive therapy is successful at managing treatment–resistant depression in roughly half of patients
(Li 41). However, given the level of side effects (such as memory loss and decreased cognition) associated with this type of treatment, electroconvulsive
therapy is used exclusively as a last resort (Li 41). It was for this reason that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a form of therapy in
which electromagnetic induction is utilized in order to depolarize or hyperpolarize neurons in the brain, was developed (Li 41). In repetitive
transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromagnetic induction is attained by attaching a pulse generator to a magnetic field generator, which is then
placed near the head of the patient (Li

Sensorimotor And Neurophysiological Basis Of Human...
1. In–depth knowledge in one or more of the following areas: Sensorimotor and Neurophysiological Basis of Human Movement, Motor Learning and/or
Adaptation, Neuromechanics, or Biomechanics.
I held a position as a lecturer in Human Movement Studies (2001–2004) – teaching motor control & learning – before starting my PhD. I have a
masters degree in motor control and my PhD work was about sensorimotor control of interceptive actions. Since finishing my PhD (8 years ago), I have
been an active researcher in the field of sensorimotor control of movement. I consistently review manuscripts for the major specialist journals in my
area of expertise (see https://publons.com/author/1179228/welber–marinovic#profile). I have published 35 peer–reviewed ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
2. Evidence of clear and effective science communication.
I have presented my work in 12 conferences and was invited to be a guest speaker at an international conference in 2012. I was a lecturer at the
University of Queensland (2015) and regularly contributed as a guest lecturer in both undergraduate and graduate levels. As the first author of most of
my papers (в‰€70%), I believe my communication skills are exemplary.
3. Advanced skills in collection, analysis and management of human data, particularly related to sensorimotor and neurophysiological basis of human
movement; and research methods.
I have extensive experience with data collection using: movement recording systems (Optotrak 3020), force transducers, electromyography (EMG),
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and eye–tracking. I am particularly experienced with
integrating these different systems to collect human data using Matlab and Labview. I also write my own code in Matlab to process the data I collect
and perform all statistical analyses in R.
4. Demonstrated ability to write scientific proposals to seek internal and external funding.
I have been awarded a very competitive ARC Discovery Early Career Research Award (DECRA 2012
–2014) to study how the brain can predict the
future position of objects in motion and use these predictions to control our actions (AU$ 375K). I was the leading CI on a seeding grant awarded by

Narrative Transcranial Magnetic Recovery
The aim of this study was to investigate whether repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can improve motor recovery in lower extremities
of the patients with subacute stage spinal cord injury (SCI). This study was conducted with 19 subjects diagnosed with paraplegia because of SCI. The
experimental group included 10 subjects who underwent active rTMS, and the control group included 9 subjects who underwent sham rTMS. The SCI
patients in the experimental group underwent conventional rehabilitation therapy, and active rTMS was applied daily to the hotspot of the lesional
hemisphere. The SCI patients in the control group underwent sham rTMS and conventional rehabilitation therapy. The participants in both the groups
received therapy five days per week for six weeks. Latency, amplitude, and velocity were assessed before and after the six–week therapy period. A
significant difference in post–treatment gains for the latency and velocity was observed between the experimental and control groups (p 0.05). We
conclude that rTMS may be beneficial in improving motor recovery in lower extremities of subacute stage SCI patients.
Keywords: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; spinal cord injury; subacute stage
Introduction
Voluntary... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conventional rehabilitation therapy, consisting of neurodevelopmental facilitation techniques, was administered by the therapists blinded to the study
protocol and to subjects' assignment to groups. The objectives of conventional rehabilitation therapy were to improve patients' functional abilities
including transfer, ambulation, and balance to help patients achieve earlier and/or greater independence in daily–life activities. The subjects in the
control group received sham therapy and conventional rehabilitation therapy for a total of 50 min (sham rTMS: 20 min, conventional rehabilitation
therapy: 30 min) per day on the same

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) might be an appropriate alternative treatment Because of its simplicity, Single TMS pulses have been used as
the noninvasive and painless method for stimulating the brain of intact conscious human subjects through the scalp [4]. Repeated applications of single
TMS pulses (rTMS) can sometimes elicit long–lasting changes in the excitability of the corticospinal tract, M1, and spinal cord structures, significantly
improving the sensory and motor function in the patients with motor disorders [5].
Applications of rTMS to the motor cortex at appropriate stimulation intensity can enable recording of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the
muscles of the contralateral extremity. MEP amplitude can be affected... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the results of this study, latency and MNCV were more enhanced in the experimental group than the control group after the intervention.
Active rTMS was more effective than sham rTMS in improving motor recovery.
According to another study, rTMS could reduce motor improvement in SCI. It is possible that motor score improvement and amelioration of spasticity
with rTMS in SCI can be induced through enhancement of descending corticospinal projection and reduction in corticospinal inhibition [11].
Using a sample of 17 SCI AIS D level patients, Benito et al. [12] applied 20 Hz high–frequency rTMS to an experimental group consisting of seven
patients, and applied sham rTMS to the control group consisting of ten patients, for 15 days each and reported that the experimental group showed
significant improvement in modified Ashworth scale (MAS), 10 m walking test (MWT), cadence, step length, and timed up and go test (TUG)
compared to the control group.
Belci et al. [6] reported improvement in the motor score and upper extremity function in four patients with chronic incomplete cervical SCI after the
application of rTMS over the motor cortex for five

The Benefits Of Electroconvulsive Therapy ( Ect )
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Question 1: The electroconvulsive therapy is considered one of the most reliable treatments for depressions. This
therapy use electrodes that deliver a very tiny electric current to the patient's scalp. Due to the fact that this electrical current causes a seizure in the
grain, the patient is under general anesthesia. Doctors recommended this therapy only when a people suffers from severe depression and is not
responsive to pills and psychotherapy. It is also considered, the best treatment when the patient is a threat for himself or others. Sometimes, it is also
use when the symptoms are too severe that the doctor cannot take the risk of waiting for the medication take effect. Furthermore, according to the
website, the Electroconvulsive Therapy is only one of several brain stimulation therapies. ECT uses electrical current, but other use magnets or
implants to cure depressions. The advantages are as follows: It is the fastest way to relieve symptoms in severely depressed or suicidal patients. It is
also very effective to control mania. Moreover, when a patient is not responding to medications, ECT is one of the safest therapies to control clinical
depression and other several mental problems. The first disadvantage is that it can cause more damage than relief, if something goes wrong. It may
also cause memory loss, serious headaches, muscle aches, and severe stomachache. Question 2: Based on what I read, and even knowing that

The Complex Variety Of Stimuli We Constantly Encounter Essay
Abstract
Our uniqueness in solving problems and forming an understanding of the complex variety of stimuli we constantly encounter is a defining feature of
human experience. A very powerful problem–solving tool is known as the Mental Set and takes place largely at an unconscious level. Mental sets
increase the problem solving success rate for related problems by enlisting a mental framework that recycles methods that proved successful for
solving similar problems in the past. Conversely, the mental set inhibits the success of similar problems that require a slightly different method to be
solved. Once in a mental set, it is difficult to find a solution for a novel problem. Mental sets vary in the intensity and duration in which they inhibit an
individual's creativity for solving novel problems. The mental processes that allow for mental sets have long been viewed as static. Recent research
involving transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct–current stimulation (tDCS) has provided support that these processes are
actually quite dynamic and capable of being influenced in a laboratory setting. Dissolving a mental set with these aforementioned procedures has also
been shown to temporarily induce savant skills. I propose that Keywords:
It is well known that individuals with savant syndrome and autistic spectrum disorder have some degree of hemispheric imbalance. This imbalance has
been shown to be an inhibition of the left hemisphere and a

The Effect Of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation On...
Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Brain Plasticity and Learning
Noam Katz
California State University, Long Beach
Abstract
Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS andbrain
plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff
about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity
/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning,... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The present study examines past research that looks at the effect of tDCS on learning and memory, specifically the differences in novice compared to
experienced learning.
Researchers Coffman, Trumbo, Flores, Garcia, Merwe, Wasserman, and Clark (2012) looked at how tDCS affects performance when placed over the
right inferior frontal cortex, and at different current strengths. Differential effects in responses to stimuli were looked at which included varying by
repetition and target presence, differences related to expectancy, and individual differences in skin stimulation and mood. Participants received training
for 1 hour in a complex virtual environment with the task of detecting hidden objects. Anodal tDCS was applied over the right inferior frontal cortex at
either 0.1 mA or 2.0 mA for the first 30 minutes of training, and participants were tested before, immediately after, and 1 hour after training. It was
found that participants who received the higher current of tDCS had increased performance for all of the test stimuli, but performance was greatest for
repeated test stimuli with the presence of hidden targets. This study was replicated with a second set of participants and the findings showed that the
enhancement performance with tDCS is

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Research Paper
About TMS Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation also commonly known as rTMS is a neurostimulation technique which uses electromagnetic
energy to stimulate portions of the brain. The existence of Transcranial magnetic stimulation, which is based on the science of bioelectricity, is
relatively unknown to the wider masses. The health benefits it can offer covers a wide spectrum of people requiring mental wellness. The use of
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) has been approved by Health Canada since 2002. FAQ What are the side effects and risks of rTMS?
Compared to traditional anti–depressant medications, rTMS is safe and well–tolerated. Side effects can include: Headaches, usually mild and dull,
which respond to simple analgesics... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Patients are usually seated in a comfortable chair for the duration of a session and can drive home or even return to work right after a session.
Why does a medical doctor need to refer me to MediCare? It is necessary to have a general physician refer you as the consultation would be covered
by Alberta PHN. Also, the general physician (GP) would oversee your mental and physical health during the course of rTMS treatment. What is the
likelihood that my condition will respond to rTMS? The statistics derived from the treatment for Major Depression suggests that 66% to 75% of those
who undergo rTMS will see significant improvements in their conditions. Why do I need to stay on my medications during the rTMS course?
Stopping medication(s) or reducing dosages may confound the effects of rTMS. Studies in which patients had rTMS along with medications seemed to
overall show higher effectiveness, compared to patients in studies which involved "washing out" (i.e. stopping) their medications prior to the rTMS
course. Your TMS psychiatrist will advise you if there are any medications that do need to be changed, stopped or not taken just before each treatment

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Essay
A 54 year old patient named Rod suffered from severe depression since the age of 17. He tried many combinations of therapy and medications for
over 2 decades with no success, however, at the age of 53, Rod went to the Calabasa TMS Center for a three week TMS treatment, and his depression
was greatly improved. Now, he still attends therapy and a routine TMS treatment, and his depression is cured. He spoke of the treatment in an interview
with the center, "TMS has eliminated the depression and allowed me to be awake and alive" (Success Story). Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
is an alternative treatment to medication for severely depressed persons that uses magnetic currents to simulate the brain, thus treating depression
symptoms (Fawcett). It has been a successful alternative for many patients when they do not respond to medication, and in 2008, the FDA approved
TMS for those with major... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are very few patients who discontinue treatment because of side effects, and side effects are rare (Mennitto). Unlike other alternative
treatments, TMS is very targeted, and is unlikely to cause seizures (Fawcett).A TMS study conducted at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago,
Illinois, showed a positive success rate for a majority of the patients, with a small relapse rate (Achieve). The Calabasas TMS Center, and many other
TMS centers, provide many stories of patients who responded well to treatment, like Rob (Success Story). Overall, TMS is a successful treatment
option for the majorly depressed who have not responded to prior treatment. It works by simulating the brain through electromagnetic pulses, thus
resetting the system. TMS alters neuronal activity in regions of the brain specializing in mood regulation. As seen in Rob's story, this resetting of the
system relieves depressive symptoms, and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation is a safe, FDA approved alternative to

Electroconvulsive Therapy

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