he Sundarbans has been classified as a moist tropical forest demonstrating a whole mosaic of seres, comprising primary colonization on new accretions to more mature beach forests. Historically vegetation types have been recognised in broad correlation with varying degrees of water salinity, freshwater flushing and physiography. The generally accepted explanation, however, is its derivation from the sundari tree, the most common tree in these forests. The tract of the Sundarbans is of recent origin, raised by the deposition of sediments formed due to soil erosion in the Himalayas. The process has been accelerated by tides from the sea face.

1. Sundarban Beautiful Forest is the Natural Habitat of the world.
The Sundarbans is a vast forest on the coast of the Bay of Bengal. Sundarban is located in both
Bangladesh and West Bengal of India. In Bangladesh Part, you can access through Khulna and
Mongla. Sundarbans is one of the natural wonders of the world. Sundarbans is full of natural
beauty. The full forest is covered with a crisscrossed network of lakes or rivers. Not only for the
forest but also, its ecological systems make it one of the best natural beauty in the world.
Mangrove forest, spotted deer, wild bears, Bengal Tiger (Royal Bengal Tiger), Crocodile, Monkey
and many other wild animals altogether make the suburb a real threat to wildlife. This forest is
unique for Sundari tree species and the Royal Bengal tiger. The Sundarbans was declared a
UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. Thousands of tourists visit the Sundarbans every year.
Numerous tourists from local countries and abroad are fascinated by the unique beauty of the
Sundarbans. The Bengali name Sundarban Bengali: সুন্দরবন means "beautiful forest". It may have
been derived from the word Sundari or Sundri, the local name of the mangrove species Heritiera.
Alternatively, it has been proposed that the name is a corruption of Samudraban, Shomudrobôn
("Sea Forest"), or Chandra-bandhe, the name of a tribe. The Sundarbans, The largest single block
of tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world, located in the southwestern part of Bangladesh.
It lies on the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta at the point where it merges with the bay of bengal. The
forest lies a little south to the Tropic of Cancer between the latitudes 21°30'N and 22°30'N, and
longitudes 89°00'E and 89°55'E. With its array of trees and wildlife the forest is a showpiece of
natural history. It is also a center of economic activities, such as extraction of timber,fishing and
collection of honey. The forest consists of about 200 islands, separated by about
400interconnected tidal rivers, creeks and canals. (The Sundarban) The Sundarbans was
originally measured (about 200 years ago) to be about 16,700 sq km. Now it has dwindled to
about 1/3 of the original size. Because of the partition of India, Bangladesh received about 2/3
of the forest; the rest is on the Indian side. It is now estimated to be about 6,000 sq km, of which
about 1,700 sq km is occupied by water bodies. The forest lies under two forest divisions, and
four administrative ranges viz Chandpai, Sarankhola, Khulna and Burigoalini and has 16 forest
stations. It is further divided into 55 compartments and 9 blocks. The Sundarbans was declared
as a Reserve Forest in 1875. About 32,400 hectares of the Sundarbans have been declared as
three wildlife sanctuaries, and came under the UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997. These
wildlife sanctuaries were established in 1977 under the Bangladesh Wildlife (Preservation)
(Amendment) Act, 1974. These are Sundarbans West (9,069

2. ha), Sundarbans South (17,878 ha), and Sundarbans East (5,439 ha). The Bangla word ban
means forest, and the name Sundarban was coined either from the forests of Sundari tree ie
Sundari-ban, or from the forests of the samudra (sea) ie, Samudra-ban, or from its association
with the primitive tribe Chandra-bandhe which was corrupted into Sundarban. The forest is also
rich in bird life, with 286 species including the endemic brown-winged kingfishers (Pelargopsis
amauroptera) and the globally threatened lesser adjutants (Leptoptilos javanicus) and masked
finfoot (Heliopais personata) and birds of prey such as the ospreys (Pandion haliaetus),
white-bellied sea eagles (Haliaeetus leucogaster) and gray-headed fish eagles (Ichthyophaga
ichthyaetus). Some more popular birds found in this region are open billed storks, black-headed
ibis, water hens, coots, pheasant-tailed jacanas, pariah kites, brahminy kites, marsh harriers,
swamp partridges, red junglefowls, spotted doves, common mynahs, jungle crows, jungle
babblers, cotton teals, herring gulls, Caspian terns, gray herons, brahminy ducks, spot-billed
pelicans, great egrets, night herons, common snipes, wood sandpipers, green pigeons,
rose-ringed parakeets, paradise flycatchers, cormorants, white-bellied sea eagles, seagulls,
common kingfishers, peregrine falcons, woodpeckers, Eurasian whimbrels, black-tailed godwits,
little stints, eastern knots, curlews, golden plovers, pintails, white-eyed pochards and lesser
whistling ducks. The Sundarbans are an important habitat for the Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris).
The forest also provides habitat for small wild cats such as the jungle cat (Felis chaus), fishing
cat (Prionailurus viverrinus), and leopard cat (P. bengalensis). Several predators dwell in the
labyrinth of channels, branches, and roots that poke up into the air. This is the only mangrove
ecoregion that harbors the Indo-Pacific region's largest terrestrial predator, the Bengal tiger.
Unlike in other habitats, tigers live here and swim among the mangrove islands, where they hunt
scarce prey such as the chital deer (Axis axis), Indian muntjacs (Muntiacus muntjak), wild boar
(Sus scrofa), and Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). It is estimated that there are now 180
Bengal tigers[32] and about 30,000 spotted deer in the area. The tigers regularly attack and kill
humans who venture into the forest, with human deaths ranging from 30 to 100 per year. A total
of 245 genera and 334 plant species were recorded by David Prain in 1903.[30] While most of
the mangroves in other parts of the world are characterized by members of the Rhizophoraceae,
Avicenniaceae or Combretaceae, the mangroves of Bangladesh are dominated by the
Malvaceae and Euphorbiaceae. The Sundarbans National Park is home to olive ridley turtle,
hawksbill turtle, green turtle, sea snake, dog-faced water snake, saltwater crocodile, South Asian
river dolphin, king cobra, Russell's viper, house gecko, monitor lizard, pythons, common krait,
checkered keelback and rat snake, river terrapin, Indian flapshell turtle (Lissemys punctata),
Indian peacock softshell turtle (Trionyx hurum), Asian water monitor (Varanus salvator), and
Indian python. Fish and amphibians in the Sundarbans include sawfish, butter fish, electric ray,
common carp, silver carp, barb, river eels, starfish, king crab, fiddler crab, hermit crab, prawn,
shrimps, skipper frogs, common toads and tree frogs. One particularly interesting fish is the
mudskipper, a gobioid that climbs out of the water into mudflats and even climbs trees. The
Sundarbans flora is characterized by the abundance of sundari (Heritiera fomes), gewa
(Excoecaria agallocha), goran (Ceriops decandra) and keora (Sonneratia apetala) all of which
occur prominently throughout the area. The characteristic tree of the forest is the sundari
(Heritiera littoralis), from which the name of the forest had probably been derived. It yields
hardwood, used for building houses and making boats, furniture and other things. New forest
accretions is often conspicuously dominated by keora (Sonneratia apetala) and tidal forests. It
is an indicator species for newly accredited mudbanks and is an important species for wildlife,
especially spotted deer (Axis axis). There is abundance of dhundul or passur (Xylocarpus
granatum) and kankra (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) though distribution is discontinuous. Among
palms, Poresia coarctata, Myriostachya wightiana and golpata (Nypa fruticans), and among

3. grasses spear grass (Imperata cylindrica) and khagra (Phragmites karka) are well distributed.
The varieties of the forests that exist in Sundarbans include mangrove scrub, littoral forest,
saltwater mixed forest, brackish water mixed forest and swamp forest. Besides the forest, there
are extensive areas of brackish water and freshwater marshes, intertidal mudflats, sandflats,
sand dunes with typical dune vegetation, open grassland on sandy soils and raised areas
supporting a variety of terrestrial shrubs and trees. Since Prain's report there have been
considerable changes in the status of various mangrove species and taxonomic revision of the
man-grove flora. However, very little exploration of the botanical nature of the Sundarbans has
been made to keep up with these changes. Differences in vegetation have been explained in
terms of freshwater and low salinity influences in the Northeast and variations in drainage and
siltation.
The Sundarbans has been classified as a moist tropical forest demonstrating a whole mosaic of
seres, comprising primary colonization on new accretions to more mature beach forests.
Historically vegetation types have been recognised in broad correlation with varying degrees of
water salinity, freshwater flushing and physiography. The generally accepted explanation,
however, is its derivation from the sundari tree, the most common tree in these forests. The tract
of the Sundarbans is of recent origin, raised by the deposition of sediments formed due to soil
erosion in the Himalayas. The process has been accelerated by tides from the sea face. The
Sundarbans play an important role in the economy of the southwestern region of Bangladesh as
well as in the national economy. It is the single largest source of forest produce in the country.
The forest provides raw materials for wood-based industries. In addition to traditional forest
produce like timber, fuelwood, pulpwood etc., large-scale harvest of non-wood forest products
such as thatching materials, honey, beeswax, fish, crustacean and mollusc resources of the
forest takes place regularly. The vegetated tidal lands of the Sundarbans function as an
essential habitat, producing nutrients and purifying water. The forest also traps nutrients and
sediment, acts as a storm barrier, shore stabilizer and energy storage unit. Last but not the least,
the Sunderbans provides an aesthetic attraction for local and foreign tourists. The water
houseboat in the Sundarbans is also a recent attraction among the tourists. The forest has
immense protective and productive functions. Constituting 51% of the total reserved forest
estate of Bangladesh, it contributes about 41% of total forest revenue and accounts for about
45% of all timber and fuel wood output of the country.[70] A number of industries (eg newsprint
mill, match factory, hardboard, boat building, furniture making) are based on raw materials
obtained from the Sundarbans ecosystem. Non-timber forest products and plantations help
generate considerable employment and income opportunities for at least half a million poor
coastal people. It provides natural protection to life and properties of the coastal population in
cyclone-prone Bangladesh. The substratum consists mainly of Quaternary Era sediments, sand
and silt mixed with marine salt deposits and clay. Geologists have detected a southeastern
slope and tilting of the Bengal basin during the Tertiary. Because of neotectonic movements
during the 10th-12th century AD, the Bengal Basin titled eastward. Evidence from borehole
studies indicate that while the western side of the Sundarbans is relatively stable, the
southeastern corner is an active sedimentary area and is subsiding. Soil Soils of the Sundarbans
mangrove forest differ from other inland soils in that they are subjected to the effects of salinity
and waterlogging, which naturally affect the vegetation. In places soils are semi-solid and poorly

4. consolidated. The pH ranges widely from 5.3 to 8.0. Although the Sundarbans soil is in general
medium textured, sandy loam, silt loam or clay loam, the grain size distribution is highly variable.
Silt loam is the dominant textural class. Sodium and calcium contents of the soil vary from 5.7
to 29.8 meq/100g dry soil and are generally low in the eastern region and higher towards the
west. The available potassium content of the soil is low, 0.3-1.3 meq/100g dry soil. Organic
matter content varies between 4% and 10% in dry soil. Soil salinity increases from east (slight to
moderate) to west (highly saline), but the salinity is not uniform from north to south throughout
the forest. A Sundarbans stream Climate Since the forest is located on the south of the Tropic
of Cancer and bounded by the northern limits of the Bay of Bengal, it is classified as tropical
moist forest. The temperatures in the Sundarbans are fairly equal than those of the adjacent
land areas. The average annual maximum and minimum temperatures vary between 30° and
21°C. High temperatures occur from mid-March to mid-June and low in December and January.
The mean maximum temperature for the hottest months has been recorded as 32.4°C at
Patuakhali, in the east of the Sundarbans. The mean annual relative humidity varies from 70% at
Satkhira to 80% at Patuakhali. Humidity is highest in June-October and lowest in February.
Annual rainfall in the Sundarbans is in the range of 1640-2000 mm, rainfall increases from west
to the east. Most rainfall occurs during the monsoon from May to October. Frequent and heavy
showers occur from mid-June to mid-September. Often storms accompanied by tidal waves
result in widespread inundation and cause damage to vegetation and animal life. The vegetation
is largely of mangrove type and encompasses a variety of plants including trees, shrubs,
grasses, epiphytes, and lianas. Being mostly evergreen, they possess more or less similar
physiological and structural adaptations. Most trees have pneumatophores for aerial
respiration. The prominent species are Sundari (Heritiera fomes) and Gewa (Excoecaria
agallocha). Prawn (1903) recorded 334 species under 245 genera. Of these 17 are
pteridophytes, 87 monocotyledons and the rest are dicotyledons. The plant species include 35
legumes, 29 grasses, 19 sedges, and 18 euphorbias. Of the 50 true mangrove plant species
recorded, the Sundarbans alone contain 35. Almost all mangrove plant species are evergreen,
dwarf, shrubby or tall trees, and grow gregariously without leaving any space on the floor. The
Sundarbans has a population of over 4 million but much of it is mostly free of permanent human
habitation. Despite human habitations and a century of economic exploitation of the forest well
into the late 1940s, the Sundarbans retained a forest closure of about 70% according to the
Overseas Development Administration (ODA) of the United Kingdom in 1980. The history of the
area can be traced back to 200–300 AD. A ruin of a city built by Chand Sadagar has been found
in the Baghmara Forest Block. During the Mughal period, the Mughal Emperors leased the
forests of the Sundarbans to nearby residents. The Bangladesh part of the forest lies under two
forest divisions, and four administrative ranges viz Chandpai (Khulna District), Sarankhola
(Khulna), and Burigoalini (Satkhira District) and has sixteen forest stations. It is further divided
into fifty-five compartments and nine blocks.[14] There are three wildlife sanctuaries established
in 1977 under the Bangladesh Wildlife (Preservation) Order, 1973 (P.O. 23 of 1973). The West
Bengal part of the forest lies under the district of South & North 24 Parganas. Protected areas
cover 15% of the Sundarbans mangroves including Sundarbans National Park and Sajnekhali
Wildlife Sanctuary, in West Bengal, Sundarbans East, Sundarbans South and Sundarbans West
Wildlife Sanctuaries in Bangladesh. In May 2019, the local authorities in Bangladesh killed 4
tiger poachers in a shootout in the Sundarbans mangrove area where currently 114 tigers dwell.
Many criminals took refuge in the Sundarbans from the advancing armies of Emperor Akbar.
Many have been known to be attacked by tigers.[15] Many of the buildings which were built by
them later fell to the hands of Portuguese pirates, salt smugglers and dacoits in the 16th and

5. 17th centuries. Evidence of the fact can be traced from the ruins at Netidhopani and other
places scattered all over the Sundarbans. The legal status of the forests underwent a series of
changes, including the distinction of being the first mangrove forest in the world to be brought
under scientific management. The area was mapped first in Persian, by the Surveyor General as
early as 1769 following soon after proprietary rights were obtained from the Mughal Emperor
Alamgir II by the British East India Company in 1757. Systematic management of this forest
tract started in the 1860s after the establishment of a Forest Department in the Province of
Bengal, in British India. The management was entirely designed to extract whatever treasures
were available, but labor and lower management mostly were staffed by locals, as the British
had no expertise or adaptation experience in mangrove forests. The first Forest Management
Division to have jurisdiction over the Sundarbans was established in 1869. In 1875 a large
portion of the mangrove forests was declared as reserved forests under the Forest Act, 1865
(Act VIII of 1865). The remaining portions of the forests were declared a reserve forest the
following year and the forest, which was so far administered by the civil administration district,
was placed under the control of the Forest Department. A Forest Division, which is the basic
forest management and administration unit, was created in 1879 with the headquarters in
Khulna, Bangladesh. The first management plan was written for the period 1893–98. In 1911, it
was described as a tract of waste country that had never been surveyed nor had the census
been extended. It then stretched for about 266 kilometers (165 mi) from the mouth of the
Hooghly River to the mouth of the Meghna River and was bordered inland by the three settled
districts of the 24 Parganas, Khulna and Bakerganj. The total area (including water) was
estimated at 16,900 square kilometers (6,526 sq mi). It was a water-logged jungle, in which
tigers and other wild beasts abounded. Attempts at reclamation had not been very successful.
Sundarbans South Wildlife Sanctuary extends over an area of 36,970 hectares (91,400 acres) in
Bangladesh. There is evidently the greatest seasonal variation in salinity levels and possibly
represents an area of relatively longer duration of moderate salinity where Gewa (Excoecaria
agallocha) is the dominant woody species. It is often mixed with Sundri, which is able to
displace in circumstances such as artificially opened canopies where Sundri does not
regenerate as effectively. It is also frequently associated with a dense understory of Goran
(Ceriops tagal) and sometimes Passur.
© Durbar Bagerhat
SUNDARBAN BEAUTIFUL FOREST IS THE NATURAL
HABITAT OF THE WORLD.
Durbar Bagerhat
Source