American Government And Politics Today—The EssentialsChapter 9.docx

American Government And Politics Today—The Essentials
Chapter 9
Campaigns and Elections
Learning Outcomes
Discuss who runs for office and how campaigns are managed.
Describe the current system of campaign finance.
Summarize the process of choosing a president of the United
States.
Explain the mechanisms through which voting takes place on
Election Day.
Discuss voter turnout in the United States and the types of
people most likely to vote.
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
2
The Twenty-First-Century
Campaign 1 of 5
Who Is Eligible?
President
Vice president
Senator

Representative
Who Runs?
Women as candidates
Professional status
3
Learning Outcome 1: Discuss who runs for office and how
campaigns are managed.
Presidential Primary- A statewide primary election of delegates
to a political party’s national convention, held to determine a
party’s presidential nominee.
3
The Twenty-First-Century Campaign 2 of 5
Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton campaigns in
Los Angeles.
What kinds of voters supported Clinton?
Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump campaigns in
Virginia.
How was Trump different from past Republican nominees?
Joseph Sohm/Shutterstock.com
Mark Wilson/Getty Images
4

4
Campaign 3 of 5
Managing the Campaign
Primary election
General election
The changing campaign
5
Primary Election- An election in which political parties choose
their candidates for the general election.
General Election- An election open to all eligible voters,
normally held on the first Tuesday in November, that
determines who will fill various elected positions.
5
Campaign 4 of 5
Managing the Campaign continued
The professional campaign
Political consultant
The use of opinion polls
Focus groups
6

Political Consultant-A paid professional hired to devise a
campaign strategy and manage a campaign.
Focus Group- A small group of individuals who are led in
discussion by a professional consultant in order to gather
opinions on and responses to candidates and issues.
6
Campaign 5 of 5
Political consultant Paul Manafort was Donald Trump’s
campaign manager for several months until he was fired in
August 2016. Earlier, Manafort worked for pro-Russian
Ukrainian leader Viktor Yanukovych, who was forced from
power in 2014 by an anti-Russian popular movement. It was
reported that Yanukovych’s party may have paid Manafort more
than $12 million. This news did not result in Manafort’s
dismissal, however. Rather, the cause was Manafort’s
opposition to the “let Trump be Trump” campaign strategy.
What consequences could follow from Trump’s admiration of
Russian President Vladimir Putin?
Tom Williams/CQ Roll Call
7
7
Financing the Campaign 1 of 4
The Evolution of the Campaign Finance System
Hatch Act
The Federal Election Campaign Act

Political action committees
Issue advocacy advertising
Soft money
The rise and fall of the McCain-Feingold Act
8
Learning Outcome 2: Describe the current system of campaign
finance.
Political action committee (PAC)- A committee set up by and
representing a corporation, labor union, or special interest
group. PACs raise and give campaign donations.
Hatch Act- An act passed in 1939 that restricted the political
activities of government employees. It also prohibited a
political group from spending more than $3 million in any
campaign and limited individual contributions to a campaign
committee to $5,000.
Federal Election Commission (FEC)- The federal regulatory
agency with the task of enforcing federal campaign laws. As a
practical matter, the FEC’s role is largely limited to collecting
data on campaign contributions.
Issue advocacy – Advertising paid for by interest groups that
support or oppose a candidate’s position on an issue without
mentioning voting or elections.
Soft money- Campaign contributions unregulated by federal or
state law, usually given to parties and party committees to help
fund general party activities.
8
Charles Koch is head of Koch Industries. With his brother

David, he runs one of the largest fundraising operations in
American politics. The brothers consider themselves libertarians
and contribute to Republicans.
Are super PACs a problem in American politics? Why or why
not?
Bo Rader/Wichita Eagle/MCT/Tribune News Service/Getty
Images
9
The Current Campaign Finance Environment
Independent expenditures
Citizens United v. FEC
Super PACs
Hedge fund manager Tom Steyer opposes a California
proposition supported by oil companies. Steyer is one of the
Democrats’ largest donors.
Why might a billionaire Democrat be more interested in the
environment than, say, the minimum wage?
Anne Cusack/Getty Images
10
Independent Expenditures- Nonregulated contributions from
PACs, organizations, and individuals. The funds may be spent
on advertising or other campaign activities, so long as those

expenditures are not coordinated with those of a candidate.
superPAC – A political organization that aggregates unlimited
contributions by individuals and organizations to be spend
independently of candidate committees.
10
The Current Campaign Finance Environment continued
The 527 organization
The 501(c)4 organization
Candidate committees
The decline and fall of public financing
11
11
Running for President:
The Longest Campaign 1 of 8
Reforming the Presidential Primaries
The power of elected delegates
The role of the superdelegates
The Invisible Primary
12
Learning Outcome 3: Summarize the process of choosing a
president of the United States.

Superdelegate- A party leader or elected official who is given
the right to vote at the party’s national convention.
Superdelegates are not selected at the state level.
Invisible Primary- The pre-primary campaign to win supporters
among elected officials, fund-raisers, interest groups, and
opinion leaders.
12
Primaries and Caucuses
Direct and indirect primaries
Proportional and winner-take-all primaries
Closed primary
Open primary
13
Direct Primary- A primary election in which voters decide party
nominations by voting directly for candidates.
Indirect Primary- A primary election in which voters choose
convention delegates, and the delegates determine the party’s
candidate in the general election.
Closed Primary- A type of primary in which the voter is limited
to choosing candidates of the party of which he or she is a
member.
Open Primary- A primary in which any registered voter can vote
(but must vote for candidates of only one party).
13

Supporters of presidential candidate Senator Ted Cruz (R.,
Tex.) at a rally in Las Vegas the night before the 2016 Nevada
presidential caucuses.
Do rallies really help a candidate? Why or why not?
Joseph Sohm/Shutterstock.com
14
Direct Primary- A primary election in which voters decide party
nominations by voting directly for candidates.
Indirect Primary- A primary election in which voters choose
convention delegates, and the delegates determine the party’s
candidate in the general election.
Closed Primary- A type of primary in which the voter is limited
to choosing candidates of the party of which he or she is a
member.
Open Primary- A primary in which any registered voter can vote
(but must vote for candidates of only one party).
14
Primaries and Caucuses continued
Blanket primary
Run-off primary
The “top-two” primary
Conventions
Caucuses

UC Davis students line up at a campus polling place in Davis,
California, on Election Day. Should students vote where they
attend school or where their parents live? In either case, why?
Autumn Payne/Sacramento Bee/MCT/Getty Images
15
Caucus- A meeting of party members to select candidates and
propose policies.
15
Supporters of Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump
recite the Pledge of Allegiance at the 2016 Western
Conservative Summit in Denver.
What kind of conservatism does Trump represent?
Jason Connolly/Getty Images
16
Front-Loading the Primaries
The rush to be first
The national parties seek
to regain control

A Texas delegate at the 2012 Democratic National Convention
in Charlotte, North Carolina.
What kinds of Americans tended to support the Democratic
candidate?
Lucian Perkins/Washington Post/Getty Images
17
Front-Runner- The presidential candidate who appears to be
ahead at a given time in the primary season.
Front-Loading- The practice of moving presidential primary
elections to the early part of the campaign to maximize the
impact of these primaries on the nomination.
17
On to the National Convention
Seating the delegates
Credentials committee
Convention activities
18
Credentials Committee- A committee used by political parties at
their national conventions to determine which delegates may
participate. The committee inspects the claim of each
prospective delegate to be seated as a legitimate representative
of his or her state.

18
The Electoral College
The choice of electors
The electors’ commitment
Problems with the electoral college system
19
Elector- A member of the electoral college, which selects the
president and vice president. Each state’s electors are chosen in
each presidential election year according to state laws.
19
How Are Elections Conducted?
1 of 4
Office-Block and Party-Column Ballots
Massachusetts ballot
Party-column ballot
Indiana ballot
Coattail effect
Voting by Mail
20
Learning Outcome 4: Explain the mechanisms through which
voting takes place on Election Day.

Australian Ballot- A secret ballot prepared, distributed, and
tabulated by government officials at public expense. Since
1888, all states have used the Australian ballot rather than an
open, public ballot.
Office-Block, or Massachusetts, Ballot- A form of general
election ballot in which candidates for elective office are
grouped together under the title of each office. It emphasizes
voting for the office and the individual candidate, rather than
for the party.
Party-Column, or Indiana, Ballot- A form of general election
ballot in which all of a party’s candidates for elective office are
arranged in one column under the party’s label and symbol. It
emphasizes voting for the party, rather than for the office or
individual.
Coattail Effect- The influence of a popular candidate on the
success of other candidates on the same party ticket.
20
2 of 4
A badly marked ballot for a very close local race in Colorado.
Would you count this ballot as a vote for Myers? Why or why
not?
Aaron Ontiveroz/Getty Images
21
21
3 of 4

Voting Fraud and Voter ID Laws
Voter ID requirements
Voting restrictions
The impact of restrictive voting laws on voter turnout
22
4 of 4
Senator Charles Schumer (D., N.Y.) points to a blowup of a
flyer with misleading voting information. Schumer cosponsored
a bill to make the distribution of fraudulent election material a
federal offense.
How likely is it that a voter would be misled by such a flyer?
Tom Williams/CQ Roll Call/Getty Images
23
Turning Out to Vote 1 of 5
Voter turnout
Midterm election
Voting-age population
Vote-eligible population
24

Learning Outcome 5: Discuss voter turnout in the United States
and the types of people most likely to vote.
Voter Turnout- The percentage of citizens taking part in the
election process; the number of eligible voters that actually
“turn out” on election day to cast their ballots.
Midterm Elections- National elections in which candidates for
president are not on the ballot. In midterm elections, voters
choose all members of the U.S. House of Representatives and
one-third of the members of the U.S. Senate.
Voting-Age Population- The number of people of voting age
living in the country at a given time, regardless of whether they
have the right to vote.
Vote-Eligible Population- The number of people who, at a given
time, enjoy the right to vote in national elections.
24
Factors Influencing Who Votes
Age
Educational attainment
Income level
Minority statue
Ideology
25
25
Voter Turnout for Presidential and Midterm Elections, 1910–
2014

Note: Prior to 1948, the voting-age population is used as a
proxy for the population eligible to vote.
26
Figure 9-2 Voter Turnout for Presidential and Midterm
Elections, 1910–2014
The peaks represent voter turnout in presidential election years;
the troughs represent voter turnout in off-presidential election
years.
Why might voter turnout have picked up in recent years?
Sources: Historical Data Archive, Inter-university Consortium
for Political and Social Research; Michael P. McDonald and
Samuel L. Popkin, “The Myth of the Vanishing Voter,”
American Political Science Review, Vol. 95, No. 4 (December
2001), p. 966, and the United States Elections Project.
26
Voting in the 2014 Elections by Age Group
27
Figure 9-3 Voting in the 2014 Elections by Age Group

Turnout is given as a percentage of the voting-age citizen
population.
What could be done to make young people more likely to vote?
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, July 2015.
27
Voting in the 2014 Elections
by Education Level
28
Figure 9-4 Voting in the 2014 Elections by Education Level
Turnout is given as a percentage of the voting-age citizen
population.
Are there steps we could take that would encourage the less
well educated to vote?
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, July 2015.
28
Legal Restrictions on Voting
Property requirements
Further extensions of the franchise
Is the franchise still too restrictive?

Ex-felons in Baltimore celebrate a new Maryland law that has
restored their right to vote.
Which party are these people likely to support?
The Washington Post/Getty Images
29
29
Legal Restrictions on Voting continued
Current eligibility and registration requirements
Voter-registration drives
Changes in the voting rights act
30
Registration- The entry of a person’s name onto the list of
registered voters for elections. To register, a person must meet
certain legal requirements of age, citizenship, and residency.
30
In Washington, D.C., Republican presidential candidate Dr. Ben
Carson greets Georgetown University students. Carson, a retired
pediatric neurosurgeon, was unsuccessful as a candidate.
Should persons who have never held elected office run for

president?
Why or why not?
Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images
31
31
American Government And Politics Today—The Essentials
Chapter 8
Political Parties
Learning Outcomes
Cite some of the major activities of U.S. political parties, and
discuss how they are organized.
Explain how the history of U.S. political parties has led to the
two major parties that exist today.
Summarize key differences between the policies and supporters
of the major parties.
Give reasons why the two-party system has endured in America,
and evaluate the impact of third parties on U.S. politics.
Discuss some of the ways in which support for the parties can

change, and explain the increasing importance of independents.
2
2
Political Parties in the
United States 1 of 8
Functions of Political Parties in the United States
Recruit candidates
Organize and run elections
Present alternative policies to the electorate
Accept responsibility for operating the government
Act as organized opposition to party in power
3
Learning Outcome 1: Cite some of the major activities of U.S.
political parties, and discuss how they are organized.
Political Party - A group of political activists who organize to
win elections, operate the government, and determine public
policy.
Policy Demanders- Individuals or interest group members who
participate in political parties with the intent to see that certain
policies are adopted or specific groups favored.
3

Republican Party supporters at the Republican National
Convention.
What does it take to become a member of a U.S. political party?
4
Emmanuel Dunand/Getty Images
4
The Three Faces of a Party
Party-in-the-electorate
Party organization
Party-in-government
The Party-In-The-Electorate
In June 2016, House members undertook an overnight sit-in on
the House floor in an attempt to force a vote on gun control
legislation. From left to right are John Lewis (D., Ga.), James
Clyburn (D., S.C.), Maxine Waters (D., Calif.), and Charles
Rangel (D., N.Y.).
Why is gun legislation so hard to pass?
5
Allison Shelley/Getty Images

Party-In-The-Electorate- Those members of the general public
who identify with a political party or who express preference of
one party over another.
Party Organization- The formal structure and leadership of a
political party, including election committees; local, state, and
national executives; and paid professional staff.
Party-In-Government- All of the elected and appointed officials
who identify with a political party.
5
The Party Organization
The national party organization
National convention and party platform
Convention delegates
The national committee
The national chairperson
Reince Priebus is the chairperson of the Republican National
Committee.
Do you think he’s like the head of a big corporation?
6
Christopher Halloran/Shutterstock.com
National Convention- The meeting held every four years by
each major party to select presidential and vice-presidential
candidates, write a platform, choose a national committee, and
conduct party business.

Party Platform- A document drawn up at each national
convention, outlining the policies, positions, and principles of
the party.
National Committee – A standing committee of a national
political party established to direct and coordinate party
activities between nation party conventions.
6
The Party Organization continued
The state party organization
State central committee
Local party machinery: the grassroots
Patronage and city machines
Local party organizations today
7
State Central Committee- The principal organized structure of
each political party within each state. This committee is
responsible for carrying out policy decisions of the party’s state
convention.
Patronage- The rewarding of faithful party workers and
followers with government employment or contracts.
7
Donna Brazile became the interim chair of the Democratic
National Committee during the July 2016 Democratic National
Convention. The previous chair, Representative Debbie

Wasserman Schultz of Florida, resigned after Russian hackers
released committee emails that suggested bias against Bernie
Sanders.
The Washington Post/Getty Images
8
The party-in-government
Divided government
Party polarization
Blocking tactics
Senator Amy Klobuchar (D., Minn.) participates in the Twin
Cities Gay Pride Parade in Minneapolis.
What positions do leaders of the major parties usually take on
gay rights?
miker/Shutterstock.com
9
Divided government – A situation in which one major political
party controls the presidency and the other controls one or more
chambers of Congress, or in which one party controls a state
governorship and the other controls part or all of the state
legislature.
9

Republican Nikki Haley is the governor of South Carolina. Her
parents immigrated from India, but she was born in the United
States.
How can Republicans maximize their support among Asian
Americans?
State of South Carolina
10
10
A History of Political Parties in the United States 1 of 6
The Formative Years: Federalists and Anti-Federalists
Federalists and Republicans
The one-party interlude
Democrats and Whigs
Thomas Jefferson was particularly adamant about his dislike of
political parties. Nonetheless, he helped create a new party that
we call the Jeffersonian Republicans.
Why did he find it necessary to engage in party politics?
Everett Historical/Shutterstock.com
11
Learning Outcome 2: Explain how the history of U.S. political
parties has led to the two major parties that exist today.

Two-Party System- A political system in which only two parties
have a reasonable chance of winning.
Democratic Party- One of the two major American political
parties evolving out of the Republican Party of Thomas
Jefferson.
Whig Party- A major party in the United States during the first
half of the nineteenth century, formally established in 1836. The
Whig Party was anti-Jackson and represented a variety of
regional interests.
11
The Civil War Crisis
Republican Party
The Post-Civil War Period
Cultural politics
The triumph of the Republicans
12
GOP – Grand old party
Republican Party- One of the two major American political
parties. It emerged in the 1850s as an antislavery party and
consisted of former northern Whigs and antislavery Democrats.
12
Andrew Jackson earned the name “Old Hickory” for his exploits
during the War of 1812. In 1828, Jackson was elected president
as the candidate of the new Democratic Party.

What policies held the new party together?
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
13
13
Abraham Lincoln ran on the Republican ticket for president in
1860.
What political groups banded together to form the modern
Republican party?
14
14
The Progressive Interlude
The New Deal Era
The Era of Divided Government
The parties in balance
Red state, blue state

15
President Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921) at baseball opening
day in 2016. Wilson considered himself a progressive.
How did he change Democratic policies?
Everett Historical/Shutterstock.com
16
The Two Major U.S. Parties Today 1 of 6
A Series of Wave Elections
Wave elections sweep out the Republicans
Wave elections threaten the Democrats
Two electorates?
17
Learning Outcome 3: Summarize key differences between the
policies and supporters of the major parties.
Wave election An election in which voters display
dissatisfaction with one of the major parties through a “wave”
of support for the other. In contrast to a realigning election, the
results of a wave election are not permanent.
17

The 2016 Presidential Elections
18
Figure 8-2 The 2016 Presidential Elections
In the 2016 presidential elections, Donald Trump received a
majority of the electoral college votes, outdoing Hillary Clinton
by a convincing margin. The map is somewhat different than in
the presidential election years 2000 through 2012 because of
Trump’s breakthrough in the Midwest. Why might Trump have
done so well in that region?
Source: Cengage Learning
18
The Parties’ Core Constituents
Core Democratic groups
Core Republican values
Divisions within the Parties
Different kinds of Democrats
Obama verses Clinton in 2008
Clinton verses Sanders in 2016
19

19
Donald Trump and Mike Pence with their families behind them
after accepting the Republican nominations for president and
vice president at the Republican National Convention in
Cleveland in July 2016.
Can a candidate for vice president really help the ticket? Why
or why not?
Samuel Corum/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images
20
20
Divisions within the Parties continued
Different Kinds of Republicans
Business-oriented Republicans
Libertarian Republicans
Conservative nationalists
Radicals and Moderates
21
21

Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton and her
running mate Senator Tim Kaine (D., Va.) celebrate at the
Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia in July 2016.
In what ways do the national conventions serve the parties?
Tom Williams/CQ Roll Call
22
22
Cultural Politics and Party Loyalty
Changing points of view
Motivated reasoning
23
Motivated reasoning – The process of beginning with the
conclusion you want, and only then assembling data and
arguments to back up your conclusions.
23
Why Has the Two-Party
System Endured? 1 of 5
The Historical Foundations of the Two-Party System
Political Socialization and Practical Considerations

24
Learning Outcome 4: Give reasons why the two party system
has endured in America, and evaluate the impact of third parties
on U.S. politics.
24
The Winner-Take-All Electoral System
Plurality
Presidential voting
Popular election of the governors and the president
Proportional representation
25
Plurality- A number of votes cast for a candidate that is greater
than the number of votes for any other candidate but not
necessarily a majority.
25
State and Federal Laws Favoring the Two Parties
The Role of Minor Parties in U.S. Politics
Ideological third parties
Splinter parties

The impact of minor parties
Influencing the major parties
Affecting the outcome of an election
26
Third Party- A political party other than the two major political
parties (Republican and Democratic).
Splinter Party- A new party formed by a dissident faction within
a major political party. Often, splinter parties have emerged
when a particular personality was at odds with the major party.
26
Why Has the Two-Party System Endured? 4 of 5
Congressional pages carry the electoral college votes to the
House chamber where the election of Barack Obama as the forty
fourth president of the United States was certified on January 8,
2009.
What effect does the electoral college have on the political
system?
Bill Clark/Roll Call/Getty Images
27
The Most Successful Third-Party Presidential Campaigns since
1864YearMajor Third PartyThird-Party Presidential Candidate%
of the Popular VoteElectoral VotesWinning Presidential
Candidate & Party1892PopulistJames Weaver8.522Grover

Cleveland (D)1912ProgressiveTheodore
Roosevelt27.488Woodrow Wilson (D)SocialistEugene Debs6.0-
1924ProgressiveRobert LaFollette16.613Calvin Coolidge
(R)1948States’ RightsStrom Thurmond2.439Harry Truman
(D)1960Independent DemocratHarry Byrd0.415*John F.
Kennedy (D)1968American IndependentGeorge
Wallace13.546Richard Nixon (R)1980 National UnionJohn
Anderson6.6-Ronald Reagan (R)1992IndependentRoss
Perot18.9-Bill Clinton (D)1996ReformRoss Perot8.4-Bill
Clinton (D)
*Byrd received fifteen electoral votes from unpledged electors
in Alabama and Mississippi.
28
Source: Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections at
www.uselectionatlas.org.
Table 8-1 The Most Successful Third-Party Presidential
Campaigns since 1864
28
Why Has the Two-Party System Endured? 5 of 5
Eugene V. Debs was the nation’s most popular socialist ever—
at least until Senator Bernie Sanders (D., Vt.). Debs ran for
president five times from 1900 to 1920, the last time from a
prison cell. He had been convicted of speaking out against
World War I.
Why would such a conviction be impossible today?

29
Mechanisms of Political Change 1 of 3
Realignment
Realignments in American politics
Is realignment still possible?
30
Learning Outcome 5: Discuss some of the ways in which
support for the parties can change, and explain the increasing
importance of independents.
Realignment- A process in which a substantial group of voters
switches party allegiance, producing a long-term change in the
political landscape.
30
Dealignment
Independent voters
Party identification
Straight-ticket voting
Split-ticket voting
Not-so-independent voters
Swing voters
31

Dealignment- A decline in party loyalties that reduces long-
term party commitment.
Party Identification- Linking oneself to a particular political
party.
Straight-Ticket Voting- Voting exclusively for the candidates of
one party.
Split-Ticket Voting- Voting for candidates of two or more
parties for different offices, such as voting for a Republican
presidential candidate and a Democratic congressional
candidate.
Swing Voters- Voters who frequently swing their support from
one party to another.
31
Party Identification
from 1944 to the Present
Why would people who usually support one of the two major
parties still call themselves independents?
32
Sources: Gallup Report, August 1995; New York Times/CBS
poll, June 1996; Gallup Report, February 1998; The Pew
Research Center for the People and the Press, November 2003;
Gallup polls, 2004 through 2016.
Figure 8-3 Party Identification from 1944 to the Present
32
Tipping
Tipping in Massachusetts and California

Tipping in the Twenty-First century?
33
Tipping- A phenomenon that occurs when a group that is
becoming more numerous over time grows large enough to
change the political balance in a district, state, or country.
33

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